Golden rice by aashi

This is a brief presentation about the genetically engineered crop Golden Rice, which provides as the best source of vitamin A in our Daily diet.

1. - Aashi G upta B.Tech (BT)- VI sem GOLDEN RICE (A Controversial GM CROP)

2. Introduction Golden Rice is a variety of Oryza sativa rice produced from genetic engineering to  biosynthesize   beta-carotene , a precursor of  vitamin A , in the edible parts of rice. It is yellow because β -carotene, a yellow precursor to vitamin A is abundant in the seed. Biofortification *- The creation of plants that make or accumulate micronutrients. Main purpose is to provide pro-vitamin A to third world, developing, countries where malnutrition and vitamin A deficiency are common.

3. Brief History Started in 1982 by Ingo Potrykus -Professor emeritus of the Institute for Plant Sciences and Peter Beyer -Professor of Centre for Applied Biosciences, Uni . Of Freiburg, Germany. Funded by the Rockefeller Foundation, the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, and Syngenta , a crop protection company . Golden Rice Humanitarian Board -responsible for the global development, introduction and free distribution of Golden Rice to target countries . The first field trials* of golden rice cultivars were conducted by   Louisiana State University, Agricultural Center in 2004. Additional trials have been conducted in the  Phillipines , Taiwan and in Bangladesh ( 2015).

4. Effects of Malnutrition Symptoms of vitamin A deficiency (VAD) include; night blindness, increased susceptibility to infection and cancer, anemia (lack of red blood cells or hemoglobin), deterioration of the eye tissue, and cardiovascular disease. Nearly 9 million children die from malnutrition each year. A large proportion of those children die from common illnesses that could have been avoided through adequate nutrition. The reduced immune competence increases the morbidity and mortality rates of children.

5. Challenges ??? Mutate rice plants to produce Carotenoids , or organic pigments, specifically β -carotene (pro-vitamin A) in the endosperm, the edible part of the grain. Make Golden Rice accessible locally, free of charge to farmers, who are able to grow, save, consume, replant and locally sell Golden Rice. Vitamin (A) Retinol

6. The Hybridisation Process Addition of 2 genes in the rice genome completes the biosynthetic path. 1 . Phytoene synthase ( psy ) – derived from daffodils ( Narcissus pseudonarcissus ) ( Phytoene synthase is a transferase enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of carotenoids . It catalyzes the conversion of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate to phytoene ) 2. Carotene desaturase ( crt1) – from soil bacteria Erwinia uredovora (Produces enzymes and catalysts for the biosynthesis of carotenoids in the endosperm)

7. The psy and crt1 genes were transformed into the rice nuclear genome and placed under the control of an endosperm-specific promoter , so they are only expressed in the endosperm. The exogenous lyc gene has a transit peptide sequence attached so it is targeted to the plastid , where geranylgerany diphosphate formation occurs. The bacterial crt1 gene was an important inclusion to complete the pathway, since it can catalyze multiple steps in the synthesis of carotenoid , while these steps require more than one enzyme in plants

8. The end product of the engineered pathway is lycopene , but if the plant accumulated lycopene , the rice would be red. Recent analysis have shown the plant's endogenous enzymes process the lycopene to beta-carotene in the endosperm, giving the rice the distinctive yellow color for which it is named. The original golden rice was called SGR1, and under greenhouse conditions it produced 1.6 µg/g of carotenoids .

9.  -Carotene Pathway Problem in Plants IPP Geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GPP) Phytoene Lycopene  -carotene (vitamin A precursor) Phytoene synthase Phytoene desaturase Lycopene-beta-cyclase ξ-carotene desaturase Problem: Rice lacks these enzymes Normal Vitamin A “Deficient” Rice

10. The Golden Rice Solution IPP Geranylgeranyl diphosphate Phytoene Lycopene  -carotene (vitamin A precursor) Phytoene synthase Phytoene desaturase Lycopene-beta-cyclase ξ-carotene desaturase Daffodil gene Single bacterial gene; performs both functions Daffodil gene -Carotene Pathway Genes Added Vitamin A Pathway is complete and functional Golden Rice

11. Advantages Golden rice give more quantity vitamin-A Easy distribution when released to needy Cheaper option to supply vitamin A requirement compared to other supplementary measures Sustainable option as once released for common cultivation can be cultivated every growing season by farmer saved seeds, therefore no need of yearly budgetary investment for distribution

12. Disadvantages Health May cause allergies or fail to perform desired effect Supply does not provide a substantial quantity as the recommended daily intake Environment Loss of Biodiversity. May become a gregarious weed and endanger the existence of natural rice plants Genetic contamination of natural, global staple foods Culture Some people prefer to cultivate and eat only white rice based on traditional values and spiritual beliefs

13. “ Read, Think and Love Science ” Thank You