GPB-366 PPT-Hy. Seed Production-1-1.pdf
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May 21, 2023
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About This Presentation
Hybrid seed products of genetics
Slide Content
Hybrid Seed production of
Sunflower, Safflower, rabi
sorghum & Castor
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
Sunflower, Safflower, rabi
sorghum & Castor
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
Pollen shedder :
Plants of seed parent in monoecious or male sterile system
showing male fertility in complete plant / inflorescence or
partially in some part of the inflorescence / plant are considered
as pollen shedder and partial pollen shedders, respectively.
Roguing :
• Off-type from both pollen and seed parent
• Field should be visited every alternate day.
• Plants infected with seed borne diseases should be rogued out
regularly upto physiological maturity.
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
Plants of seed parent in monoecious or male sterile system
showing male fertility in complete plant / inflorescence or
partially in some part of the inflorescence / plant are considered
as pollen shedder and partial pollen shedders, respectively.
Roguing :
• Off-type from both pollen and seed parent
• Field should be visited every alternate day.
• Plants infected with seed borne diseases should be rogued out
regularly upto physiological maturity.
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
Nicking:
The synchrony in flowering of seed and pollinator parent
is termed as nicking.
Required for high yield Influenced by
➢Genetic constitution
➢Climatic conditions
➢Agronomical practices
It varies from parent to parent and place to place.
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
The synchrony in flowering of seed and pollinator parent
is termed as nicking.
Required for high yield Influenced by
➢Genetic constitution
➢Climatic conditions
➢Agronomical practices
It varies from parent to parent and place to place.
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
Nicking can be achieve by Staggering
➢Mainly by early sowing of late flowering parent.
➢The seed setting of hybrid and ‘A’ line seed production
programme can be increased significantly by
Supplementary pollination
➢Mainly by hand or other devices
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
➢Mainly by early sowing of late flowering parent.
➢The seed setting of hybrid and ‘A’ line seed production
programme can be increased significantly by
Supplementary pollination
➢Mainly by hand or other devices
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
Pollen shedder :
➢Plants of seed parent in monoecious or male sterile
➢system showing male fertility in complete plant /
➢inflorescence or partially in some part of the
➢inflorescence / plant are considered as pollen shedder
➢and partial pollen shedders, respectively.
Roguing :
➢Off-type from both pollen and seed parent
➢Field should be visited every alternate day.
➢Plants infected with seed borne diseases should be
rogued out regularly upto physiological maturity
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
➢Plants of seed parent in monoecious or male sterile
➢system showing male fertility in complete plant /
➢inflorescence or partially in some part of the
➢inflorescence / plant are considered as pollen shedder
➢and partial pollen shedders, respectively.
Roguing :
➢Off-type from both pollen and seed parent
➢Field should be visited every alternate day.
➢Plants infected with seed borne diseases should be
rogued out regularly upto physiological maturity
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
Types of contamination
Presence of B line in A line called as pollen
shedders
Presence of A line in B line called as off type
Presence of R line in B line called as rogue
Presence of B line in R line called as rogue
Pollen shedders and off type cause physical
contamination,
whereas, rogue cause physical and genetical
contamination.
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
Presence of B line in A line called as pollen
shedders
Presence of A line in B line called as off type
Presence of R line in B line called as rogue
Presence of B line in R line called as rogue
Pollen shedders and off type cause physical
contamination,
whereas, rogue cause physical and genetical
contamination.
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
Scheme of hybrid seed
production using CGMS
in sunflower/rabi sorghum
& safflower
Layout of hybrid seed
production plot
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
production using CGMS
in sunflower/rabi sorghum
& safflower
Layout of hybrid seed
production plot
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
Hybrid seed production technology in Rabi crops
1.HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION IN SUNFLOWER
•Hybrids are produced by employing cytoplasmic
genetic male sterility.
•Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) in commercial
sunflower hybrids is thought to be derived from a
related wild species, Helianthus petiolaris (PET)
•The male sterile female and male parents are raised in
BSH 3, 1:6, KBSH 1, 1:4 ratio under 400 m isolation for
certified and 600m for foundation.
•Seeds are produced by transferring the pollen of male
parent to the female parent with the help of honeybees
reared at 5 hives / ha.
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
1.HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION IN SUNFLOWER
•Hybrids are produced by employing cytoplasmic
genetic male sterility.
•Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) in commercial
sunflower hybrids is thought to be derived from a
related wild species, Helianthus petiolaris (PET)
•The male sterile female and male parents are raised in
BSH 3, 1:6, KBSH 1, 1:4 ratio under 400 m isolation for
certified and 600m for foundation.
•Seeds are produced by transferring the pollen of male
parent to the female parent with the help of honeybees
reared at 5 hives / ha.
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
•The cultivation of hybrids in sunflower has become
reality due to discovery of reliable cytoplasmic male
sterility (CMS) and restorer system.
•Hybrids cover more than 90% of area under
sunflower. Number of hybrids (>45) have been
released from public and private institutions.
•Sunflower is cross pollinated crop and honey bees
are the major pollinators.
•Often poor quality of hybrid seed is due to the many
compromises during the process of seed production
and backing support of quality parental lines and
genetic deterioration.
•Poor quality seeds limit the genetic potentiality of
the chosen hybrids and all other resources.
Technology for quality hybrid seed production of
sunflower is provided.
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
reality due to discovery of reliable cytoplasmic male
sterility (CMS) and restorer system.
•Hybrids cover more than 90% of area under
sunflower. Number of hybrids (>45) have been
released from public and private institutions.
•Sunflower is cross pollinated crop and honey bees
are the major pollinators.
•Often poor quality of hybrid seed is due to the many
compromises during the process of seed production
and backing support of quality parental lines and
genetic deterioration.
•Poor quality seeds limit the genetic potentiality of
the chosen hybrids and all other resources.
Technology for quality hybrid seed production of
sunflower is provided.
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION IN SUNFLOWER
HYBRIDS
BSH -1 = CMS 234 A x RHA 274
KBSH 1 = CMS 234 Ax 6 DI
MSFH 1 = MHS 71 x MHR 48
MSFH 8 MSFH -17
TCSH 1 = CMS 234 A x RHA 272
Season: June - July, October - November
Isolation distance: Foundation & Certified seed Hybrids 600 m
/400 m
SEEDS AND SOWING
Seeds are sown in ridges and furrows
Seed rate: Female 12 kg /ha and Male 4 kg/ha.
Spacing 60 x 30 cm (hybrids)
Planting ratio : 8:1 or 4:1
Border row : two
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
HYBRIDS
BSH -1 = CMS 234 A x RHA 274
KBSH 1 = CMS 234 Ax 6 DI
MSFH 1 = MHS 71 x MHR 48
MSFH 8 MSFH -17
TCSH 1 = CMS 234 A x RHA 272
Season: June - July, October - November
Isolation distance: Foundation & Certified seed Hybrids 600 m
/400 m
SEEDS AND SOWING
Seeds are sown in ridges and furrows
Seed rate: Female 12 kg /ha and Male 4 kg/ha.
Spacing 60 x 30 cm (hybrids)
Planting ratio : 8:1 or 4:1
Border row : two
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
Requirements for hybrid seed
production
CMS or ‘A’ line
Maintainer or ‘B’ line (isogenic line of A)
Restorer line or ‘R’ line
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
production
CMS or ‘A’ line
Maintainer or ‘B’ line (isogenic line of A)
Restorer line or ‘R’ line
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
Breeder seed production of female parent (A and B
lines)
➢Seed plot should be raised under an isolation distance of over
1000 m in well drained fertile plots without the previous crop
history of sunflower in the previous season.
➢Plant A and B lines in the ratio of 3:1 row method or block
method
➢In both ‘A’ and ‘B’ lines, rogue out or remove off types
before flowering at vegetative and pre-flowering stages based
on morphological characters.
➢During flowering, collect pollen from B line and pollinate A
line manually in alternate days to cover the anthesis period for
good seed set.
➢Remove B plants after complete pollination to avoid mechanical
mixture.
➢The seeds harvested from ‘A’ line is bulked, dried, processed and
stored in the safe container.
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
lines)
➢Seed plot should be raised under an isolation distance of over
1000 m in well drained fertile plots without the previous crop
history of sunflower in the previous season.
➢Plant A and B lines in the ratio of 3:1 row method or block
method
➢In both ‘A’ and ‘B’ lines, rogue out or remove off types
before flowering at vegetative and pre-flowering stages based
on morphological characters.
➢During flowering, collect pollen from B line and pollinate A
line manually in alternate days to cover the anthesis period for
good seed set.
➢Remove B plants after complete pollination to avoid mechanical
mixture.
➢The seeds harvested from ‘A’ line is bulked, dried, processed and
stored in the safe container.
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
Planting methods: Two methods can be adopted to
produce different classes of seed in sunflower.
Row method:
➢Breeder/foundation seed production of female (A) line, the
planting ratio of ‘A’ and ‘B’ is 3:1.
➢The sowing of ‘A’ and ‘B’ lines should be taken up separately
with clear row identification.
➢Follow 60cm x 30cm spacing. Sow with 2 seeds/hill by dibbling
at 3 to 5 cm depth and thin out to maintain one healthy seedling
per hill at 15 DAS.
3 rows ‘A’ line 1 row ‘R’ line
produce different classes of seed in sunflower.
Row method:
➢Breeder/foundation seed production of female (A) line, the
planting ratio of ‘A’ and ‘B’ is 3:1.
➢The sowing of ‘A’ and ‘B’ lines should be taken up separately
with clear row identification.
➢Follow 60cm x 30cm spacing. Sow with 2 seeds/hill by dibbling
at 3 to 5 cm depth and thin out to maintain one healthy seedling
per hill at 15 DAS.
3 rows ‘A’ line 1 row ‘R’ line
Block method
➢‘A’ and ‘B or R’ lines in breeder/foundation stages
are planted in 75:25 proportion in adjacent blocks.
➢During anthesis, the pollen is collected from ‘B’ or
‘R’ lines and pollinated on to ‘A’ line in respect of
breeder/foundation and certified seed production,
respectively.
For breeder seed production of maintainer (‘B’)
line, the bulked remnant seeds of ‘B’ line obtained
in nucleus seed production forms the base
material for ‘B’ line breeder seed production.
For breeder seed production of restorer (‘R’) line,
use nucleus seed as followed for the ‘B’ line.
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
➢‘A’ and ‘B or R’ lines in breeder/foundation stages
are planted in 75:25 proportion in adjacent blocks.
➢During anthesis, the pollen is collected from ‘B’ or
‘R’ lines and pollinated on to ‘A’ line in respect of
breeder/foundation and certified seed production,
respectively.
For breeder seed production of maintainer (‘B’)
line, the bulked remnant seeds of ‘B’ line obtained
in nucleus seed production forms the base
material for ‘B’ line breeder seed production.
For breeder seed production of restorer (‘R’) line,
use nucleus seed as followed for the ‘B’ line.
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
Roguing
Remove all off-types plants in both male and female lines before
bloom
Remove plants that are significantly taller or shorter and earlier or
later than the average
If R line is branching type, remove non-branching type plants and vice
versa
Pollen shedders should be removed each morning as they open; place
heads face down.
Plants with other morphological deviations like plant type, stem, leaf, height,
hairiness, leaf size, margins, color and tip angles, etc. are to be removed in
‘A’ and ‘B’ lines.
Roguing in seed production plot Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
Remove all off-types plants in both male and female lines before
bloom
Remove plants that are significantly taller or shorter and earlier or
later than the average
If R line is branching type, remove non-branching type plants and vice
versa
Pollen shedders should be removed each morning as they open; place
heads face down.
Plants with other morphological deviations like plant type, stem, leaf, height,
hairiness, leaf size, margins, color and tip angles, etc. are to be removed in
‘A’ and ‘B’ lines.
Roguing in seed production plot Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
Isolation:
Safe minimum 1.0 km from other sunflower plots (for
breeder seed production).
Time isolation of 30-35 days.
Pollination:
Pollen collection:
Begin in morning (10:00-11:00 AM) when pollen is viable
at anther tips; high humidity and low temperature may
delay collection.
Collect pollen with a soft brush in to a small plastic
bucket.
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
Safe minimum 1.0 km from other sunflower plots (for
breeder seed production).
Time isolation of 30-35 days.
Pollination:
Pollen collection:
Begin in morning (10:00-11:00 AM) when pollen is viable
at anther tips; high humidity and low temperature may
delay collection.
Collect pollen with a soft brush in to a small plastic
bucket.
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
Duration of pollination
➢Plan to pollinate each female plant a minimum of 3
times.
➢Make first pollination when there is 2.5 cm ring of
open stigmas (2-3 whorls).
➢Make second pollination when 5.0 cm of stigmas are
exposed (4 to 6 whorls).
➢Make third pollination when all stigmas are exposed
except 2.5 cm diameter circle in the center of head
(7-10 whorls).
➢Further continue depending on the flower development
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
➢Plan to pollinate each female plant a minimum of 3
times.
➢Make first pollination when there is 2.5 cm ring of
open stigmas (2-3 whorls).
➢Make second pollination when 5.0 cm of stigmas are
exposed (4 to 6 whorls).
➢Make third pollination when all stigmas are exposed
except 2.5 cm diameter circle in the center of head
(7-10 whorls).
➢Further continue depending on the flower development
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
Transfer of pollen: Begin pollinations in mid-morning
with freshly collected pollen. Gently transfer pollen
collected in bucket to exposed stigmas with a soft
brush. Repollinate older stigmas with each successive
pollination. Store pollen (4
0
C) if required for the next
few days.
Male (B & R) removal: Remove inter planted and
border male rows or block planted R line when pollen
collection and female pollination is completed to
prevent physical admixture during harvesting.
Collection of pollen from ‘R’ line and applying on ‘A’ line
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
with freshly collected pollen. Gently transfer pollen
collected in bucket to exposed stigmas with a soft
brush. Repollinate older stigmas with each successive
pollination. Store pollen (4
0
C) if required for the next
few days.
Male (B & R) removal: Remove inter planted and
border male rows or block planted R line when pollen
collection and female pollination is completed to
prevent physical admixture during harvesting.
Collection of pollen from ‘R’ line and applying on ‘A’ line
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
Certified hybrid seed production
The A line and ‘R’ line is to be planted either in 4:1 row or 3 :1
proportion or block planting (separate block for A and R lines) as per
the recommended staggering for the chosen hybrid.
Isolation distance of over 400 m should be ensured (600m for
foundation).
Roguing for off types/pollen shedders should be carried out from the
vegetative stage before the commencement of flowering.
Plants are rogued based on plant height, head size and colour of
seeds during pre-flowering stage upto harvest.(Off type Foundation-
0.1% & Certified-0.2 %).
Transfer of pollen from R line to ‘A’ line is compulsory.
Utmost care must be taken for synchrony of flowering in ‘A’ and ‘R’
lines.
In case of difference in flowering of ‘A’ and ‘R’ lines, staggered
planting must be followed as per the recommendation for each
hybrid.
Supplementary pollination
1. In hybrids, the palm is first gently rubbed on the male parent
flowers and then on the female line to transfer the pollen.
2. Keeping of bee hives 5 ha
-1
.
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
The A line and ‘R’ line is to be planted either in 4:1 row or 3 :1
proportion or block planting (separate block for A and R lines) as per
the recommended staggering for the chosen hybrid.
Isolation distance of over 400 m should be ensured (600m for
foundation).
Roguing for off types/pollen shedders should be carried out from the
vegetative stage before the commencement of flowering.
Plants are rogued based on plant height, head size and colour of
seeds during pre-flowering stage upto harvest.(Off type Foundation-
0.1% & Certified-0.2 %).
Transfer of pollen from R line to ‘A’ line is compulsory.
Utmost care must be taken for synchrony of flowering in ‘A’ and ‘R’
lines.
In case of difference in flowering of ‘A’ and ‘R’ lines, staggered
planting must be followed as per the recommendation for each
hybrid.
Supplementary pollination
1. In hybrids, the palm is first gently rubbed on the male parent
flowers and then on the female line to transfer the pollen.
2. Keeping of bee hives 5 ha
-1
.
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
Agronomical practices
Selection of land: Well drained fertile soils. No
sunflower in preceding 3 to 4 seasons.
Sowing time: Rabi planting is best, from October to
November and summer seasons from December to
January.
Spacing: 60cm (Row) x 30cm (plant)
Seed rate : A line: 12.0 kg/ha; B or R line: 4.0 kg/ha
Secondary and micronutrients: Application of S, Ca or
Mg and other micro nutrients improve the seed yield
and seed filing.
Boron (0.2 per cent borax) application at ray floret
opening stage also improves seed quality parameters like
germination and vigour index.
Manures and fertilizers:
Compost : 12.5 t/ha &NPK : 60:45:45 kg /ha
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
Selection of land: Well drained fertile soils. No
sunflower in preceding 3 to 4 seasons.
Sowing time: Rabi planting is best, from October to
November and summer seasons from December to
January.
Spacing: 60cm (Row) x 30cm (plant)
Seed rate : A line: 12.0 kg/ha; B or R line: 4.0 kg/ha
Secondary and micronutrients: Application of S, Ca or
Mg and other micro nutrients improve the seed yield
and seed filing.
Boron (0.2 per cent borax) application at ray floret
opening stage also improves seed quality parameters like
germination and vigour index.
Manures and fertilizers:
Compost : 12.5 t/ha &NPK : 60:45:45 kg /ha
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
Agronomical practices
Selection of land: Well drained fertile soils. No sunflower
in preceding 3 to 4 seasons.
Sowing time: Rabi planting is best, from October to
November and summer seasons from December to January.
Spacing: 60cm (Row) x 30cm (plant)
Seed rate : A line: 12.0 kg/ha; B or R line: 4.0 kg/ha
Secondary and micronutrients: Application of S, Ca or Mg
and other micro nutrients improve the seed yield and
seed filing.
Boron (0.2 per cent borax) application at ray floret
opening stage also improves seed quality parameters like
germination and vigour index.
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
Selection of land: Well drained fertile soils. No sunflower
in preceding 3 to 4 seasons.
Sowing time: Rabi planting is best, from October to
November and summer seasons from December to January.
Spacing: 60cm (Row) x 30cm (plant)
Seed rate : A line: 12.0 kg/ha; B or R line: 4.0 kg/ha
Secondary and micronutrients: Application of S, Ca or Mg
and other micro nutrients improve the seed yield and
seed filing.
Boron (0.2 per cent borax) application at ray floret
opening stage also improves seed quality parameters like
germination and vigour index.
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
Harvesting: Ensure the B or R line has been removed before
harvesting hybrid. Cut heads, dry and thresh. Harvest at
physiological maturity when the back of the capitulum turns into
lemon yellow. Minimize mechanical damage during threshing.
Field dry in sun briefly and collect the seed after grading with
7mm sieve. Dry to 9-10% moisture, with stirring frequently.
Seed storage: Store under cool and dry conditions packed in
moisture proof container.
Seed dormancy: Seed dormancy varies for a period up to 40-50
days depending on the cultivar. Pre-soaking dormant seeds with
ethrel solution (25 ppm equivalent to 40% by volume of seeds)
can break dormancy effectively.
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
harvesting hybrid. Cut heads, dry and thresh. Harvest at
physiological maturity when the back of the capitulum turns into
lemon yellow. Minimize mechanical damage during threshing.
Field dry in sun briefly and collect the seed after grading with
7mm sieve. Dry to 9-10% moisture, with stirring frequently.
Seed storage: Store under cool and dry conditions packed in
moisture proof container.
Seed dormancy: Seed dormancy varies for a period up to 40-50
days depending on the cultivar. Pre-soaking dormant seeds with
ethrel solution (25 ppm equivalent to 40% by volume of seeds)
can break dormancy effectively.
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
Certification standards
Field standards: Field standards have been established
for all those factors which affect the purity (genetical
and analytical) and seed health of standing crop. The
various field standards can be grouped into four
categories.
Land requirement: A seed crop of sunflower shall not
be eligible for certification, if planted on land where
the same kind of crop was grown in the previous year.
Minimum isolation requirement: For foundation seed:
600 m: for certified seed: 400 m
Seed field inspections standards: For each
variety/hybrid the specific requirements to be
observed while conducting the field inspection as per
specific crop standards
Physical purity standards for sunflower hybrids: The
specific seed standard for purity and germinability
should be ensured as per the standards
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
Field standards: Field standards have been established
for all those factors which affect the purity (genetical
and analytical) and seed health of standing crop. The
various field standards can be grouped into four
categories.
Land requirement: A seed crop of sunflower shall not
be eligible for certification, if planted on land where
the same kind of crop was grown in the previous year.
Minimum isolation requirement: For foundation seed:
600 m: for certified seed: 400 m
Seed field inspections standards: For each
variety/hybrid the specific requirements to be
observed while conducting the field inspection as per
specific crop standards
Physical purity standards for sunflower hybrids: The
specific seed standard for purity and germinability
should be ensured as per the standards
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
Tips for maximizing hybrid seed production
Follow strict isolation standard. Fertile and
well-drained soil. Apply adequate and balanced
nutrition.
Follow block method of planting.
Follow recommended staggering of A and R
lines for the chosen hybrid.
Pollen should be applied on alternate days on
the florets which are opened on that day.
Harvest female and male line separately.
Realiazable yield: Parental line: A line: 1.5 to
2q/ac; B and R line 2q/ac; Hybrid seed: 3-5q/a
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
Follow strict isolation standard. Fertile and
well-drained soil. Apply adequate and balanced
nutrition.
Follow block method of planting.
Follow recommended staggering of A and R
lines for the chosen hybrid.
Pollen should be applied on alternate days on
the florets which are opened on that day.
Harvest female and male line separately.
Realiazable yield: Parental line: A line: 1.5 to
2q/ac; B and R line 2q/ac; Hybrid seed: 3-5q/a
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION IN SUNFLOWER
Field standards
Foundation seeds Certified seeds -Off types 0.1 % 0.2%
Harvesting
The change of head colour from green to lemon yellow is the
indication of physiological maturity.
The heads are harvested separately first in male and then in
female.
Drying, processing labeliing
Physical purity (min) % 98. 98
Inert matter (max) % 2.2
Germination (min)% 60
Moisture content (max)%
(a) Open storage 8 %
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
Field standards
Foundation seeds Certified seeds -Off types 0.1 % 0.2%
Harvesting
The change of head colour from green to lemon yellow is the
indication of physiological maturity.
The heads are harvested separately first in male and then in
female.
Drying, processing labeliing
Physical purity (min) % 98. 98
Inert matter (max) % 2.2
Germination (min)% 60
Moisture content (max)%
(a) Open storage 8 %
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION IN SAFFLOWER
Varieties – Manjira, Sgaramuthyalu (APRR – 3),
Parbhani Kusum, Phule Kusum, A-1 , Bhima, Girna,
Sharda and Sweta
Hybrids - DSH – 129, NH – 1 ( Firdt non-spiny hybrid in
the world), NARI – 15, NARI – 38,.
LAND PREPARATION:
Safflower requires fairly pulverized seed bed free
from clods. Being a deep rooted crop it requires deep
ploughing.
Crop raised for dye purpose require more and fine
tilth than oil crop.
One deep ploughing with M.B. plough is sufficient
followed by 2-3 harrowings with planking.
Isolation Distance-
Foundation seed Certified seed Hybrids 600 m 400 m
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
Varieties – Manjira, Sgaramuthyalu (APRR – 3),
Parbhani Kusum, Phule Kusum, A-1 , Bhima, Girna,
Sharda and Sweta
Hybrids - DSH – 129, NH – 1 ( Firdt non-spiny hybrid in
the world), NARI – 15, NARI – 38,.
LAND PREPARATION:
Safflower requires fairly pulverized seed bed free
from clods. Being a deep rooted crop it requires deep
ploughing.
Crop raised for dye purpose require more and fine
tilth than oil crop.
One deep ploughing with M.B. plough is sufficient
followed by 2-3 harrowings with planking.
Isolation Distance-
Foundation seed Certified seed Hybrids 600 m 400 m
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION IN
SAFFLOWER
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
SAFFLOWER
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
Safflower is predominantly a self-pollinated crop; however,
some extent of cross-pollination occurs mainly through
honeybee so grouped as often-cross pollinated crop..
Varieties has been the status in safflower.
Recently a CGMS based hybrid with high yield potential
has been released for all India cultivation during 2018
from IIOR.
IIOR-ICAR-Indian Institute of Oilseed Research,
Hyderabad
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
some extent of cross-pollination occurs mainly through
honeybee so grouped as often-cross pollinated crop..
Varieties has been the status in safflower.
Recently a CGMS based hybrid with high yield potential
has been released for all India cultivation during 2018
from IIOR.
IIOR-ICAR-Indian Institute of Oilseed Research,
Hyderabad
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
Hybrid Seed Production in Safflower: DSH-185
A CGMS based hybrid in safflower has been developed from
IIOR and released for all India cultivation notified during 2018.
Three lines, A-, B- and R-line are required for hybrid DSH-185
seed production.
Seed production of hybrid can be taken up in Telangana, AP,
Maharashtra, Karnataka, Chhattisgarh, MP, UP and Bihar States
under irrigation.
Guidelines for producing quality hybrid seed of safflower is
described.
Hybrid: DSH-185 Female parent/A-line: A-133
Male parent/R-line: 1705-p22
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
A CGMS based hybrid in safflower has been developed from
IIOR and released for all India cultivation notified during 2018.
Three lines, A-, B- and R-line are required for hybrid DSH-185
seed production.
Seed production of hybrid can be taken up in Telangana, AP,
Maharashtra, Karnataka, Chhattisgarh, MP, UP and Bihar States
under irrigation.
Guidelines for producing quality hybrid seed of safflower is
described.
Hybrid: DSH-185 Female parent/A-line: A-133
Male parent/R-line: 1705-p22
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
Staggered sowing:
Male parent/R-line (1705-p22) should be sown
about 5-7 days earlier than female parent/A-line
(A-133).
Female: Male row ratio: 4:1 ratio (female: male)
Seed rate: Female (A line): 7.5kg/ha; Male (R line):
2.5kg/ha
Isolation distance: A minimum isolation of 700 m
for foundation and 400 m for certified seed
production is optimum.
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
Male parent/R-line (1705-p22) should be sown
about 5-7 days earlier than female parent/A-line
(A-133).
Female: Male row ratio: 4:1 ratio (female: male)
Seed rate: Female (A line): 7.5kg/ha; Male (R line):
2.5kg/ha
Isolation distance: A minimum isolation of 700 m
for foundation and 400 m for certified seed
production is optimum.
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
Rouging
Visit Crop stage Days after
sowing
Description of off-type for rouging
1st Pre-flowering 60-65 Plants deviating from plant
morphological description
2nd Flowering 80-85 Plants deviating for flower colour
description at bloom. Plants shedding
pollen (fertile flowers) should be
removed as soon as flower opens in
female rows
3rd Post-flowering 95-100
Plants deviating for flower colour
description
•During the field visits, the plants in seed production plots of hybrid
should be inspected for the morphological descriptions of both A-line and
R-line for identification for rouging the deviating plants.
A-line: A-133
R-line: 1705-p22
Note: All plants in A-line (female)
rows should be sterile type.
Sometimes about 1-2% pollen
shedders (fertile) may appear in A-
line rows, which need to be removed
immediately after opening of few
florets in a flower.
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
Visit Crop stage Days after
sowing
Description of off-type for rouging
1st Pre-flowering 60-65 Plants deviating from plant
morphological description
2nd Flowering 80-85 Plants deviating for flower colour
description at bloom. Plants shedding
pollen (fertile flowers) should be
removed as soon as flower opens in
female rows
3rd Post-flowering 95-100
Plants deviating for flower colour
description
•During the field visits, the plants in seed production plots of hybrid
should be inspected for the morphological descriptions of both A-line and
R-line for identification for rouging the deviating plants.
A-line: A-133
R-line: 1705-p22
Note: All plants in A-line (female)
rows should be sterile type.
Sometimes about 1-2% pollen
shedders (fertile) may appear in A-
line rows, which need to be removed
immediately after opening of few
florets in a flower.
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
Identification of fertile and sterile plants
A-line/Female parent
All plants in A-line (female) rows should be of sterile type.
Sometimes about 1-2% pollen shedders (fertile) may appear in A-line rows,
which need to be removed as soon as the flower opens.
Pollen shedders or fertile and sterile plants can be identified using the
below description and images
Sterile plants: Flowers are not fully
opened, pinched brush like
appearance, small and thin florets,
pollen absent; styles small and under
developed.
Fertile plants or pollen shedders:
Wide open flowers, big florets, long
protruding styles; abundant yellow
colour pollen present.
Note: Rouge-off any plants with fertile flowers,
appeared in female/A-line rows in hybrid seed
production.
R-line/Male parent: In R-line/male parent seed
production, all plants should be fertile type, remove
sterile plants, if any.
Note: Maintain 2 bee hives/acre for enhancing cross
pollination through honeybees Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
A-line/Female parent
All plants in A-line (female) rows should be of sterile type.
Sometimes about 1-2% pollen shedders (fertile) may appear in A-line rows,
which need to be removed as soon as the flower opens.
Pollen shedders or fertile and sterile plants can be identified using the
below description and images
Sterile plants: Flowers are not fully
opened, pinched brush like
appearance, small and thin florets,
pollen absent; styles small and under
developed.
Fertile plants or pollen shedders:
Wide open flowers, big florets, long
protruding styles; abundant yellow
colour pollen present.
Note: Rouge-off any plants with fertile flowers,
appeared in female/A-line rows in hybrid seed
production.
R-line/Male parent: In R-line/male parent seed
production, all plants should be fertile type, remove
sterile plants, if any.
Note: Maintain 2 bee hives/acre for enhancing cross
pollination through honeybees Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
Agronomic Management
Sowing method: Ridge and furrow sowing is ideal for seed production
Spacing: Row-to-row: 45 cm; Plant-to-plant: 20 cm
Irrigation:
Hybrid seed production should be taken up under irrigation for reaping higher yield:
One pre-sowing irrigation; First irrigation at 40- 45 days (elongation & branching
stage) after sowing, and Second irrigation at 70-80 days (pre-flowering to flowering
stage) after sowing.
Harvesting
Harvest at about 120 to 125 days after sowing in hot rabi areas (Telanagana, AP,
Karnataka, Maharashtra, Odisha) and 140-145 days in cooler rabi areas (MP,
Chhattisgarh, UP, Bihar).
In hybrid seed production plots, harvest the male rows first, and then female
rows. After completing threshing of seed from male rows thresh seed from female
rows.
Combine harvester should be used with care and cleanliness in harvesting of hybrid
seed to avoid seed contamination with seed from other safflower field.
Harvesting should be done manually in the early hours of the day. Wrap used gunny
bags around body to avoid pricking of spines.
Thresh the seed either by beating with stick or with the help of bullock drawn
stone roller or tractor.
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
Sowing method: Ridge and furrow sowing is ideal for seed production
Spacing: Row-to-row: 45 cm; Plant-to-plant: 20 cm
Irrigation:
Hybrid seed production should be taken up under irrigation for reaping higher yield:
One pre-sowing irrigation; First irrigation at 40- 45 days (elongation & branching
stage) after sowing, and Second irrigation at 70-80 days (pre-flowering to flowering
stage) after sowing.
Harvesting
Harvest at about 120 to 125 days after sowing in hot rabi areas (Telanagana, AP,
Karnataka, Maharashtra, Odisha) and 140-145 days in cooler rabi areas (MP,
Chhattisgarh, UP, Bihar).
In hybrid seed production plots, harvest the male rows first, and then female
rows. After completing threshing of seed from male rows thresh seed from female
rows.
Combine harvester should be used with care and cleanliness in harvesting of hybrid
seed to avoid seed contamination with seed from other safflower field.
Harvesting should be done manually in the early hours of the day. Wrap used gunny
bags around body to avoid pricking of spines.
Thresh the seed either by beating with stick or with the help of bullock drawn
stone roller or tractor.
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
Seed standards
The seed samples of hybrid should be subjected to
standard physical purity tests before distribution.
Tips for maximizing seed production
Follow recommended seed rate, spacing and row ratio.
Avoid moisture stress at any stage especially during
budding to flowering.
Adopt recommended fertilizer dose of NPK.
Follow recommended need based IPM.
Avoid plant protection measures during the peak periods
of honeybee visit.
Combine harvester should be used with care and
cleanliness.
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
The seed samples of hybrid should be subjected to
standard physical purity tests before distribution.
Tips for maximizing seed production
Follow recommended seed rate, spacing and row ratio.
Avoid moisture stress at any stage especially during
budding to flowering.
Adopt recommended fertilizer dose of NPK.
Follow recommended need based IPM.
Avoid plant protection measures during the peak periods
of honeybee visit.
Combine harvester should be used with care and
cleanliness.
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION IN SAFFLOWER
SEED AND SOWING:
Season – rabi
Time of Sowing –
II. FN September to I. FN of October.
If the crop is delayed, Aphid damage is more common.
Seed Rate – 8-10 kg/ha pure crop.
4-6 kg/ha- Mixed crop/ Border crop.
Spacing - 45×20 cm.
Method of sowing – Broadcasting, behind the plough (pora
method) and seed drill.
Depth of sowing – 4-5 cm (Normal). 7.5-10 cm (dry Land).
Thinning – 10-15 DAS.
Very high density of plant population significantly reduces the
branching ability.
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
SEED AND SOWING:
Season – rabi
Time of Sowing –
II. FN September to I. FN of October.
If the crop is delayed, Aphid damage is more common.
Seed Rate – 8-10 kg/ha pure crop.
4-6 kg/ha- Mixed crop/ Border crop.
Spacing - 45×20 cm.
Method of sowing – Broadcasting, behind the plough (pora
method) and seed drill.
Depth of sowing – 4-5 cm (Normal). 7.5-10 cm (dry Land).
Thinning – 10-15 DAS.
Very high density of plant population significantly reduces the
branching ability.
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION IN SAFFLOWER
MANURES AND FERTILIZERS:
NPK- 60 - 65kgN, 30 kgP 2O5 and 40 – 45 kg K2O ha
FYM @ 5-10 t/ha
HARVESTING:
The crop comes to maturity within 110-120 days.
As soon as the leaves and most of the bracteoles except a few of last formed become
brown and seeds are dried and easily separated from the head.
The crop is harvested either by uprooting the plant or cutting at the bottom.
Plants are thorny and harvesting is taken up at the early hours of the day and to be
completed before 10.00 am when the spines will be soft.
As the day advanced, spine becomes stiff causing inconvenience to harvesting.
The harvested plants are heaped for a day or two in the field and threshed by beating
with
stick, cleaned, dried and stored at 8% moisture content.
Combined harvesters used in wheat could also be used for harvesting and threshing.
The heads are harvested separately first in male and then in female.
Drying, processing and others – as in varieties
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
MANURES AND FERTILIZERS:
NPK- 60 - 65kgN, 30 kgP 2O5 and 40 – 45 kg K2O ha
FYM @ 5-10 t/ha
HARVESTING:
The crop comes to maturity within 110-120 days.
As soon as the leaves and most of the bracteoles except a few of last formed become
brown and seeds are dried and easily separated from the head.
The crop is harvested either by uprooting the plant or cutting at the bottom.
Plants are thorny and harvesting is taken up at the early hours of the day and to be
completed before 10.00 am when the spines will be soft.
As the day advanced, spine becomes stiff causing inconvenience to harvesting.
The harvested plants are heaped for a day or two in the field and threshed by beating
with
stick, cleaned, dried and stored at 8% moisture content.
Combined harvesters used in wheat could also be used for harvesting and threshing.
The heads are harvested separately first in male and then in female.
Drying, processing and others – as in varieties
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
3. HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION OF CASTOR
Land requirement
➢Well drained fertile soil should be selected.
➢The crop cannot tolerate alkalinity and salinity.
➢It performs well with medium to deep sandy loam and
heavy loam soils are highly suited for seed production.
Isolation distance
Foundation seed :600 m
Certified seed: 300 m
for Varieties and Hybrids
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
Land requirement
➢Well drained fertile soil should be selected.
➢The crop cannot tolerate alkalinity and salinity.
➢It performs well with medium to deep sandy loam and
heavy loam soils are highly suited for seed production.
Isolation distance
Foundation seed :600 m
Certified seed: 300 m
for Varieties and Hybrids
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
3. HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION OF CASTOR
Castor (Ricinus communis),
Family: Euphorbiacea,
Chromosome Number : 2N =20
Highly cross pollinated crop by wind and insects.
Seed production in castor is challenging due to
➢environmentally sensitive sex expression in parental lines,
➢depends on good seed source,
➢isolation distance and
➢roughing.
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
Castor (Ricinus communis),
Family: Euphorbiacea,
Chromosome Number : 2N =20
Highly cross pollinated crop by wind and insects.
Seed production in castor is challenging due to
➢environmentally sensitive sex expression in parental lines,
➢depends on good seed source,
➢isolation distance and
➢roughing.
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
3. HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION OF CASTOR
Castor (Ricinus communis), Family: Euphorbiacea,
Chromosome Number : 2n =20
Highly cross pollinated crop by wind and insects.
Seed production in castor is challenging due to environmentally sensitive
sex expression in parental lines, depends on good seed source, isolation
distance and roughing.
Season: Rabi / Winter – Hybrid seed production.
Summer and kharif provide ideal male promoting environment for
undertaking seed production of the variety, male and female parents of
hybrids.
Kharif and summer encourages good expression of less productive plant
which could be easily eliminated through timely roguing.
Female parents when raised in male promoting environment produce
environmentally sensitive staminate flowers, which are very essential for self
production of the female parents.
Seed and sowing
Seed rate : 10 kg / ha (varieties)
2 kg / ha male and 5 kg/ ha female for hybrids.
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
Castor (Ricinus communis), Family: Euphorbiacea,
Chromosome Number : 2n =20
Highly cross pollinated crop by wind and insects.
Seed production in castor is challenging due to environmentally sensitive
sex expression in parental lines, depends on good seed source, isolation
distance and roughing.
Season: Rabi / Winter – Hybrid seed production.
Summer and kharif provide ideal male promoting environment for
undertaking seed production of the variety, male and female parents of
hybrids.
Kharif and summer encourages good expression of less productive plant
which could be easily eliminated through timely roguing.
Female parents when raised in male promoting environment produce
environmentally sensitive staminate flowers, which are very essential for self
production of the female parents.
Seed and sowing
Seed rate : 10 kg / ha (varieties)
2 kg / ha male and 5 kg/ ha female for hybrids.
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
Basic sex expression forms in castor
Monoecious: A spike with a basal 1/3
rd
to half portion
filled with male flowers and upper portion female flowers,
Pistillate: A spike with female flowers completely.
Interspersed Staminate flower (ISF): Staminate (male)
flower interspered throughout the spike.
Revertant: A pistillate spike that reverts to monoecious in
later order. Sex expression in castor is influenced by
environmental conditions. Winter season ≤30
o
C monthly
mean temperatures, young age of plants, high nutrition
especially nitrogen promote female flowers in different spike
orders.
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
Monoecious: A spike with a basal 1/3
rd
to half portion
filled with male flowers and upper portion female flowers,
Pistillate: A spike with female flowers completely.
Interspersed Staminate flower (ISF): Staminate (male)
flower interspered throughout the spike.
Revertant: A pistillate spike that reverts to monoecious in
later order. Sex expression in castor is influenced by
environmental conditions. Winter season ≤30
o
C monthly
mean temperatures, young age of plants, high nutrition
especially nitrogen promote female flowers in different spike
orders.
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
Castor and its specialty
Castor is a cross pollinated crop, monecieious,
protogynous and wind pollinated. Inflorescences are borne
terminally on the main and lateral branches.
The main stem ends in raceme, which is the first or
primary raceme.
After the first raceme appears, 2 or 3 branches arise at the
nodes immediately below it.
Each of these branches terminates in racemes after 4 or
more nodes have formed which are known as secondary
racemes.
Branches arise from the nodes just beneath secondary
racemes, ultimately terminating in tertiary racemes. This
sequence of development (indeterminate growth habit)
continues.
The racemes of castor are monoecious with the pistillate
flowers on the upper 30-50% and staminate flowers on the
lower part of the inflorescence.
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
Castor is a cross pollinated crop, monecieious,
protogynous and wind pollinated. Inflorescences are borne
terminally on the main and lateral branches.
The main stem ends in raceme, which is the first or
primary raceme.
After the first raceme appears, 2 or 3 branches arise at the
nodes immediately below it.
Each of these branches terminates in racemes after 4 or
more nodes have formed which are known as secondary
racemes.
Branches arise from the nodes just beneath secondary
racemes, ultimately terminating in tertiary racemes. This
sequence of development (indeterminate growth habit)
continues.
The racemes of castor are monoecious with the pistillate
flowers on the upper 30-50% and staminate flowers on the
lower part of the inflorescence.
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
The proportion of pistillate and staminate flowers
among the racemes varies a great deal both
within and among genotypes.
It is influenced by the environment of the plant,
genotypes and nutrition.
Female tendency is the highest in winter, while
male tendency predominates in summer and rainy
seasons.
Also, the femaleness in young plants with high
levels of nutrition is stronger than in old plants
with low levels of nutrition.
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
among the racemes varies a great deal both
within and among genotypes.
It is influenced by the environment of the plant,
genotypes and nutrition.
Female tendency is the highest in winter, while
male tendency predominates in summer and rainy
seasons.
Also, the femaleness in young plants with high
levels of nutrition is stronger than in old plants
with low levels of nutrition.
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
Pistillate mechanism
In addition to monoecism a sub form of dioecism exists in castor, which has led to
the identification of 3 different pistillate mechanisms.
1. N type or conventional mechanism : In the N type
pistillate lines, pistillate condition is governed by single
recessive gene n and all the plants in such lines are 100%
female. i.e. they produce only pistillate flowers.
The pistillate lines , therefore, have to maintained by crossing
them with heterozygous monoecieus (Nn) lines that
produce both male and female flowers. In the progeny of such
crosses, 50 % of the plants are pistillates (nn) , while the rest 50
% are monoecious (Nn). This type pf pistillateness is comparable
to genetic male sterility in inheritance, maintainance and use in
hybrid seed production.
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
In addition to monoecism a sub form of dioecism exists in castor, which has led to
the identification of 3 different pistillate mechanisms.
1. N type or conventional mechanism : In the N type
pistillate lines, pistillate condition is governed by single
recessive gene n and all the plants in such lines are 100%
female. i.e. they produce only pistillate flowers.
The pistillate lines , therefore, have to maintained by crossing
them with heterozygous monoecieus (Nn) lines that
produce both male and female flowers. In the progeny of such
crosses, 50 % of the plants are pistillates (nn) , while the rest 50
% are monoecious (Nn). This type pf pistillateness is comparable
to genetic male sterility in inheritance, maintainance and use in
hybrid seed production.
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
2. S type or non conventional mechanism
These pistillate lines were developed in Israel by
continued selection for increased expression of pistillate
condition within sex reversal variants.
Sex reversal variants are plants that are pistillate to
begin with, but alter change to monoecy. In such lines,
pistillate trait is governed by polygene.
The two characteristics features of S type pistillate lines are as follows:
i) only upto 50-70 % of plants are pistillate, and
ii) the pistillate plants revert to monoecious state that are different
stages of development e.g. in the inflorescences of secondary branches
(second order reversion), of tertiary branches (third order reversion) and
so on.
These pistillate lines are maintained by pollinating pistillate plants with
such sib plants that have less than 20 % more flowers in their infloresence.
Castor lines VP1, Geeta and LRES 17 are of this types.
Use of this type of pistillate lines in hybrid seed production requires the
removal of monoecious plants and early revartants.
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
These pistillate lines were developed in Israel by
continued selection for increased expression of pistillate
condition within sex reversal variants.
Sex reversal variants are plants that are pistillate to
begin with, but alter change to monoecy. In such lines,
pistillate trait is governed by polygene.
The two characteristics features of S type pistillate lines are as follows:
i) only upto 50-70 % of plants are pistillate, and
ii) the pistillate plants revert to monoecious state that are different
stages of development e.g. in the inflorescences of secondary branches
(second order reversion), of tertiary branches (third order reversion) and
so on.
These pistillate lines are maintained by pollinating pistillate plants with
such sib plants that have less than 20 % more flowers in their infloresence.
Castor lines VP1, Geeta and LRES 17 are of this types.
Use of this type of pistillate lines in hybrid seed production requires the
removal of monoecious plants and early revartants.
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
3. NES system
The NES pistillate lines are essentially temperature
sensitive N lines: Plants in these lines are 100% pistillate when
the temperature during flowering is below 35
0
C but they
produce male flowers as well as if temperature is above
35
0
C.
Therefore, these lines are multiplied during hot season or
at hot places where temperature during flowering is below
35
0
C.
Thus this situation is comparable to TGMS/PGMS are used
for hybrid seed production in the same manner.
The NES type is the best type of pistillate condition, requires
roughing only for off-types, and is the most suited for hybrid
seed production.
An example of such a pistillate castor line is JP65, the female
parent of hybrid GCH6 (Gujrat Castor Hybrid 6).
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
The NES pistillate lines are essentially temperature
sensitive N lines: Plants in these lines are 100% pistillate when
the temperature during flowering is below 35
0
C but they
produce male flowers as well as if temperature is above
35
0
C.
Therefore, these lines are multiplied during hot season or
at hot places where temperature during flowering is below
35
0
C.
Thus this situation is comparable to TGMS/PGMS are used
for hybrid seed production in the same manner.
The NES type is the best type of pistillate condition, requires
roughing only for off-types, and is the most suited for hybrid
seed production.
An example of such a pistillate castor line is JP65, the female
parent of hybrid GCH6 (Gujrat Castor Hybrid 6).
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
Specialty with Hybrids in castor
➢The development of N type pistillate line, N 145-4 has led to the
exploitation of hybrid vigour in USA in 1950.
➢A 100% pistillate line TSP 10 R (Texas S- pistillate 10) was
released in 1962 in USA.
➢Another stable pistillate line (NES 1) based on environmentally
sensitive staminate flower character in combination with recessive
sex switching gene released at Davis, California in 1964, is now
used.
➢In India, Gujarat first started hybrid seed production in mid
sixties.
➢First hybrid in India was released in 1968 in Gujarat as GCH3
(Gujarat castor hybrid) using TSP 10 R x JI 15.
➢Indigenous pistillate line VP 1 was developed at Vijapur and
using this GAUCH was released in 1973. But it is susceptible to
wilt and root rot diseases.
➢Hence another hybrid GCH 2 was released in 1985.
➢Another hybrid GCH 4 was released in 1986 and is in cultivation
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
➢The development of N type pistillate line, N 145-4 has led to the
exploitation of hybrid vigour in USA in 1950.
➢A 100% pistillate line TSP 10 R (Texas S- pistillate 10) was
released in 1962 in USA.
➢Another stable pistillate line (NES 1) based on environmentally
sensitive staminate flower character in combination with recessive
sex switching gene released at Davis, California in 1964, is now
used.
➢In India, Gujarat first started hybrid seed production in mid
sixties.
➢First hybrid in India was released in 1968 in Gujarat as GCH3
(Gujarat castor hybrid) using TSP 10 R x JI 15.
➢Indigenous pistillate line VP 1 was developed at Vijapur and
using this GAUCH was released in 1973. But it is susceptible to
wilt and root rot diseases.
➢Hence another hybrid GCH 2 was released in 1985.
➢Another hybrid GCH 4 was released in 1986 and is in cultivation
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
3. HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION OF CASTOR
Land requirement:
➢Well drained fertile soil should be selected.
➢The crop cannot tolerate alkalinity and salinity.
➢It performs well with medium to deep sandy loam and
heavy loam soils are highly suited for seed production.
Isolation Distance
Castor:
Foundation
seed
Certified
seed
Season/time of
sowing
Varieties and male
parents Hybrids
600m 300m
June 2nd fortnight
Female parents of
commercial hybrids
1000m 300m
Foundation-
January 2nd Fortnight
Certified hybrid-
September2nd
Fortnight
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
Land requirement:
➢Well drained fertile soil should be selected.
➢The crop cannot tolerate alkalinity and salinity.
➢It performs well with medium to deep sandy loam and
heavy loam soils are highly suited for seed production.
Isolation Distance
Castor:
Foundation
seed
Certified
seed
Season/time of
sowing
Varieties and male
parents Hybrids
600m 300m
June 2nd fortnight
Female parents of
commercial hybrids
1000m 300m
Foundation-
January 2nd Fortnight
Certified hybrid-
September2nd
Fortnight
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
•Season: Rabi / Winter – Hybrid seed production.
•Summer and kharif provide ideal male promoting
environment for undertaking seed production of
the variety, male and female parents of hybrids.
•Kharif and summer encourages good expression of
less productive plant which could be easily
eliminated through timely roguing.
•Seed and sowing :
Seed rate : 10 kg / ha (varieties)
2 kg / ha male and 5 kg/ ha female for hybrids.
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
•Summer and kharif provide ideal male promoting
environment for undertaking seed production of
the variety, male and female parents of hybrids.
•Kharif and summer encourages good expression of
less productive plant which could be easily
eliminated through timely roguing.
•Seed and sowing :
Seed rate : 10 kg / ha (varieties)
2 kg / ha male and 5 kg/ ha female for hybrids.
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
Spacing
Varieties : 90 x 20 to 90 x 60 cm
Hybrids : 90 x 40 to 90 x 60 cm
Planting ratio 3:1 or 4 - 6:1
Fertilizer : Basal 40:60: 40 NPK / ha Top: 1st 20 kg N/ha (40-50 DAS) ,
20 kg N/ha. (After 1st picking)
Bloom: Presence of white waxy coating which protects from chilling
and jassid attack.
4 types of bloom:
1. No bloom
2. Single bloom - Bloom only on stem
3. Double bloom- On stem, petioles, and lower sides of leaves
4. Triple bloom - On all parts
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
Varieties : 90 x 20 to 90 x 60 cm
Hybrids : 90 x 40 to 90 x 60 cm
Planting ratio 3:1 or 4 - 6:1
Fertilizer : Basal 40:60: 40 NPK / ha Top: 1st 20 kg N/ha (40-50 DAS) ,
20 kg N/ha. (After 1st picking)
Bloom: Presence of white waxy coating which protects from chilling
and jassid attack.
4 types of bloom:
1. No bloom
2. Single bloom - Bloom only on stem
3. Double bloom- On stem, petioles, and lower sides of leaves
4. Triple bloom - On all parts
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
Roguing (Certified)
The main principle in roguing of certified hybrid seed production is to keep the female
line as completely female and get it fertilized by the desirable male or pollen line.
First stage (<30 days prior to primary spike initiation)
Morphological off-types both in female and male lines should be
removed.
Second stage: In female line, remove, in addition to morphological
off types, sex variants like monoecious, ISF in pistillate, revertants,
hermaphrodite or bisexual flower at the tip of the spike. In male lines:
Rogue out morphological off-types and monoecious plants with male
flowers beyond 2nd whorl of flowers on main axis.
Third stage of roguing at secondary spike initiation: Rogue out
morphological off-types based on capsule spininess, spike shapes,
compactness of capsules etc. Rogue out sex-variants like revertants in
second or third order and ISF in female lines. Production of ISFs
increase with high temperature, low nutrition and moisture stress.
Fourth stage of roguing at tertiary spike initiation: Rogue out
early revertants, plants with ISF, hermaphrodite.
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
The main principle in roguing of certified hybrid seed production is to keep the female
line as completely female and get it fertilized by the desirable male or pollen line.
First stage (<30 days prior to primary spike initiation)
Morphological off-types both in female and male lines should be
removed.
Second stage: In female line, remove, in addition to morphological
off types, sex variants like monoecious, ISF in pistillate, revertants,
hermaphrodite or bisexual flower at the tip of the spike. In male lines:
Rogue out morphological off-types and monoecious plants with male
flowers beyond 2nd whorl of flowers on main axis.
Third stage of roguing at secondary spike initiation: Rogue out
morphological off-types based on capsule spininess, spike shapes,
compactness of capsules etc. Rogue out sex-variants like revertants in
second or third order and ISF in female lines. Production of ISFs
increase with high temperature, low nutrition and moisture stress.
Fourth stage of roguing at tertiary spike initiation: Rogue out
early revertants, plants with ISF, hermaphrodite.
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
Stages of inspection
➢10 days prior to flowering -Stem colour, inter-node
length.
➢During flowering - No. of nodes upto primary
raceme
➢Before 1st picking (Spike and capsule character,
reversion to monoecious in second order raceme)
➢After 1st picking - Reversion to monoecious or
flower initiation in third order raceme.
Irrigation
➢ Critical stages are primordial initiation and flowering stage
in differential segmental order branches.
➢ Moisture stress in sensitive crop growth stages may lead to
production of more male flowers in monoecious varieties.
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
➢10 days prior to flowering -Stem colour, inter-node
length.
➢During flowering - No. of nodes upto primary
raceme
➢Before 1st picking (Spike and capsule character,
reversion to monoecious in second order raceme)
➢After 1st picking - Reversion to monoecious or
flower initiation in third order raceme.
Irrigation
➢ Critical stages are primordial initiation and flowering stage
in differential segmental order branches.
➢ Moisture stress in sensitive crop growth stages may lead to
production of more male flowers in monoecious varieties.
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
Harvesting
➢Castor produces 4 or 5 sequential order spikes,
which can be harvested in 3- 4 pickings starting from
90-120 days at 25-30 days interval.
➢Premature harvesting leads to reduced seed weight,
oil content and germination.
➢If shattering is not a problem in a variety, harvesting
can be delayed until all capsules are fully dried.
Grading
The seeds are size graded using round perforated
metal sieve of 8/64".
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
➢Castor produces 4 or 5 sequential order spikes,
which can be harvested in 3- 4 pickings starting from
90-120 days at 25-30 days interval.
➢Premature harvesting leads to reduced seed weight,
oil content and germination.
➢If shattering is not a problem in a variety, harvesting
can be delayed until all capsules are fully dried.
Grading
The seeds are size graded using round perforated
metal sieve of 8/64".
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
3. HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION OF CASTOR
Field standards
Foundation seeds Certified seeds
Off types (Varieties) 0.1 0.2%
Off types (Hybrids) 0.5 1.0%
Seed storage
Seed treatment with Thiram @ 2 g / kg
Storability in Pervious container - 1 year
Storability in Moisture vapour proof container – 2
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
Field standards
Foundation seeds Certified seeds
Off types (Varieties) 0.1 0.2%
Off types (Hybrids) 0.5 1.0%
Seed storage
Seed treatment with Thiram @ 2 g / kg
Storability in Pervious container - 1 year
Storability in Moisture vapour proof container – 2
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
Seed standards
The graded seed should possess the following characters for
certification and sale as certified/ truthfully labelled seeds
Parameter Foundation seed Certified seed
Physical purity (min) % 98 98
Inert matter (max) % 2 2
Other crop seed &Weed Seed (max) - -
Other distinguishable variety seeds 5 / kg 10/kg
Germination (min)% 70 %
Moisture content (max)%
(a) Open storage 8 %
(b) Moisture vapour proof storage 5 %
Varieties - SA 1, SA 2, TMV 4, 5, 6, CO 1, Aruna, Bhagya and
Sowbaghya
Hybrids : DCH-177, RHC-1, DCH-519, GCH-7, GCH-8, GCH-9,
ICH-66
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
The graded seed should possess the following characters for
certification and sale as certified/ truthfully labelled seeds
Parameter Foundation seed Certified seed
Physical purity (min) % 98 98
Inert matter (max) % 2 2
Other crop seed &Weed Seed (max) - -
Other distinguishable variety seeds 5 / kg 10/kg
Germination (min)% 70 %
Moisture content (max)%
(a) Open storage 8 %
(b) Moisture vapour proof storage 5 %
Varieties - SA 1, SA 2, TMV 4, 5, 6, CO 1, Aruna, Bhagya and
Sowbaghya
Hybrids : DCH-177, RHC-1, DCH-519, GCH-7, GCH-8, GCH-9,
ICH-66
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION OF RABI SORGHUM
Breeding technique for Commercial production
Cytoplasmic genetic male sterility (CGMS)
Source of male strility-Combined Kafir.
Seeds produced in different stages
Nucleus seed stage : Maintenance of basic source by
seed to row progenies.
Breeder Stage : A (AxB), B and R line are multiplied
Foundation Stage : A (AxB) and R line are multiplied
Breeder and foundation seed stage : Multiplication of
male sterile line or maintenance of A and B line
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
Breeding technique for Commercial production
Cytoplasmic genetic male sterility (CGMS)
Source of male strility-Combined Kafir.
Seeds produced in different stages
Nucleus seed stage : Maintenance of basic source by
seed to row progenies.
Breeder Stage : A (AxB), B and R line are multiplied
Foundation Stage : A (AxB) and R line are multiplied
Breeder and foundation seed stage : Multiplication of
male sterile line or maintenance of A and B line
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION OF RABI SORGHUM
Certified seed stage : A x R – F1 hybrid produced.
Certified seed stage : Production of hybrid seed
Stages of Seed Production
Breeder seed - - -> A x B - B - R
Foundation seed - - -> A x B - B - R
Certified seed - - -> A x R
Popular hybrids of their parents:
The first hybrid (CSH 1) was released in 1964. In 1969, the
Coordinated Sorghum Improvement Project was established.
Now there are more than 30 hybrids.
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
Certified seed stage : A x R – F1 hybrid produced.
Certified seed stage : Production of hybrid seed
Stages of Seed Production
Breeder seed - - -> A x B - B - R
Foundation seed - - -> A x B - B - R
Certified seed - - -> A x R
Popular hybrids of their parents:
The first hybrid (CSH 1) was released in 1964. In 1969, the
Coordinated Sorghum Improvement Project was established.
Now there are more than 30 hybrids.
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION OF RABI SORGHUM
Some popular are
CSH1 CK 60 A x IS 84
CSH5 2077A x CS3541
CSH9 MS 296 A x CS 3541
CSH13 R 296 A x RS 29
CSH14 AKMS 14A x AKR 150
CSH16 27 A x C 43
CSH15 (R) 104 A x R 585
CSH17 AKMS 14A x RS 673
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
Some popular are
CSH1 CK 60 A x IS 84
CSH5 2077A x CS3541
CSH9 MS 296 A x CS 3541
CSH13 R 296 A x RS 29
CSH14 AKMS 14A x AKR 150
CSH16 27 A x C 43
CSH15 (R) 104 A x R 585
CSH17 AKMS 14A x RS 673
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION OF RABI SORGHUM
Stages of seed multiplication : Breeder seed – foundation
seed – certified seed.
Foundation seed production : A and B line are raised in 4:2
ratio with 4 rows of B line as border row and allowed for
cross pollination. The seeds from A line will be collected as A
line seeds (multiplied).
Certified seed production : Hybrid seed production
Commercial in Hybrid seed production techniques
Isolation distance FS CS
Normal 200 100
On presence of Johnson Grass 400 400
On Presence of forage Sorghum 400 200
Hybrids 300 200
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
Stages of seed multiplication : Breeder seed – foundation
seed – certified seed.
Foundation seed production : A and B line are raised in 4:2
ratio with 4 rows of B line as border row and allowed for
cross pollination. The seeds from A line will be collected as A
line seeds (multiplied).
Certified seed production : Hybrid seed production
Commercial in Hybrid seed production techniques
Isolation distance FS CS
Normal 200 100
On presence of Johnson Grass 400 400
On Presence of forage Sorghum 400 200
Hybrids 300 200
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION OF RABI SORGHUM
SEEDS AND SOWING
Seed rate : A line : 8 kg ha-1 R line : 4 kg ha-1
Spacing : A line : 45 x 30cm R line : 45 x solid row spacing.
Planting ratio : Foundation seed stage: 4:2 (A: B)
Certified seed stage : 5.2 (A:R)
Border rows : 4 rows of male (either B or R line) to, supply
adequate pollen.
Live markers : • Live plants used for identification of male line
live markers are used.
• It should have distinguishable morphological characters.
• Live markers can be sunflower, daincha etc.
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
SEEDS AND SOWING
Seed rate : A line : 8 kg ha-1 R line : 4 kg ha-1
Spacing : A line : 45 x 30cm R line : 45 x solid row spacing.
Planting ratio : Foundation seed stage: 4:2 (A: B)
Certified seed stage : 5.2 (A:R)
Border rows : 4 rows of male (either B or R line) to, supply
adequate pollen.
Live markers : • Live plants used for identification of male line
live markers are used.
• It should have distinguishable morphological characters.
• Live markers can be sunflower, daincha etc.
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION OF RABI SORGHUM
MANURES AND FERTILIZERS
Compost : 12.5 t / ha
NPK : 100:50:50 kg ha-1
Basal : 50:50:5 kg ha-1
Top dressing : 25kg N after last ploughing
25kg N after boot leaf stage (45 days)
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
MANURES AND FERTILIZERS
Compost : 12.5 t / ha
NPK : 100:50:50 kg ha-1
Basal : 50:50:5 kg ha-1
Top dressing : 25kg N after last ploughing
25kg N after boot leaf stage (45 days)
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION OF RABI SORGHUM
Synchronization technique
1. Staggered sowing: Sowing of male parent and female parents are
adjusted in such a way that both parents come to flowering at the
same time.
➢CSH-5, MS 2077 A must be sown 10-15 days earlier to the male
➢CS 3541,CSH 6, the female parent MS 2219 A can be sown
simultaneously with CS 3541
➢CSH 9, the female parent MS 296 A must be sown 7-10 days earlier
than male CS 3541 in November- December season.
2. Spraying growth retardent MH 500 ppm at 45 DAS, delays
flowering in advancing male parent.
3. MH wont dissolve in water and hence dissolve it in NaOH and
then mix with water.
4. Urea spraying 1% to the lagging parent.
5. Withhold one irrigation to the advancing parent.
6. Spraying CCC 300 ppm will delay flowering.
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
Synchronization technique
1. Staggered sowing: Sowing of male parent and female parents are
adjusted in such a way that both parents come to flowering at the
same time.
➢CSH-5, MS 2077 A must be sown 10-15 days earlier to the male
➢CS 3541,CSH 6, the female parent MS 2219 A can be sown
simultaneously with CS 3541
➢CSH 9, the female parent MS 296 A must be sown 7-10 days earlier
than male CS 3541 in November- December season.
2. Spraying growth retardent MH 500 ppm at 45 DAS, delays
flowering in advancing male parent.
3. MH wont dissolve in water and hence dissolve it in NaOH and
then mix with water.
4. Urea spraying 1% to the lagging parent.
5. Withhold one irrigation to the advancing parent.
6. Spraying CCC 300 ppm will delay flowering.
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION OF RABI SORGHUM
FIELD STANDARDS
Isolation Distance FS CS
Offtypes (max) Varieties 0.05 0.10
Hybrids 0.05 0.10
Pollen shedders (max) 0.05 0.10
Designated diseased plants (max)
(Ergot and smut) 0.05 0.10
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
FIELD STANDARDS
Isolation Distance FS CS
Offtypes (max) Varieties 0.05 0.10
Hybrids 0.05 0.10
Pollen shedders (max) 0.05 0.10
Designated diseased plants (max)
(Ergot and smut) 0.05 0.10
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION OF RABI SORGHUM
METHOD OF HARVESTING
➢Male and female lines should be harvested separately.
➢The male rows are harvested first and transported to
separate threshing floor.
➢Like that female rows are harvested and threshed
separately.
Threshing
➢At the time of threshing the seed moisture content should
be reduced around 15-18%.
➢Threshing can be done by beating the earheads with
bamboo sticks.
➢While using the mechanical threshers, care should be taken
to avoid mechanical damage.
Drying
Seed should be dried to 12% for short term storage and 8%
for long term storage.
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
METHOD OF HARVESTING
➢Male and female lines should be harvested separately.
➢The male rows are harvested first and transported to
separate threshing floor.
➢Like that female rows are harvested and threshed
separately.
Threshing
➢At the time of threshing the seed moisture content should
be reduced around 15-18%.
➢Threshing can be done by beating the earheads with
bamboo sticks.
➢While using the mechanical threshers, care should be taken
to avoid mechanical damage.
Drying
Seed should be dried to 12% for short term storage and 8%
for long term storage.
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION OF RABI SORGHUM
Processing
The sorghum seeds can be processed in OSAW cleaner cum
grader using 9/64" round perforated metal sieve.
SEED TREATMENT AND STORAGE
The seeds are treated with captan or thiram @ 2 g/kg of
seed and pack it in cloth bag atm12% moisture content for
short term storage and 8% moisture content in 700 gauge
poly ethylene bag for long term storage (or) The seeds can
also be treated with halogen mixture @ 3 g/kg of seeds.
Thehalogen mixture is prepared by mixing CaOCl2 and
CaCO3 +Albizzia amara at the rate of 5:4:1 and this mixture
is kept in an air tight plastic container for 1 week.
After one week the mixture is used for seed treatment.
The treated seeds can be stored upto 12 months under
open storage and upto 18 months in moisture vapour proof
containers, provided it is not infested by the storage insects.
Seed yield : 3000 kg ha-1 Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
Processing
The sorghum seeds can be processed in OSAW cleaner cum
grader using 9/64" round perforated metal sieve.
SEED TREATMENT AND STORAGE
The seeds are treated with captan or thiram @ 2 g/kg of
seed and pack it in cloth bag atm12% moisture content for
short term storage and 8% moisture content in 700 gauge
poly ethylene bag for long term storage (or) The seeds can
also be treated with halogen mixture @ 3 g/kg of seeds.
Thehalogen mixture is prepared by mixing CaOCl2 and
CaCO3 +Albizzia amara at the rate of 5:4:1 and this mixture
is kept in an air tight plastic container for 1 week.
After one week the mixture is used for seed treatment.
The treated seeds can be stored upto 12 months under
open storage and upto 18 months in moisture vapour proof
containers, provided it is not infested by the storage insects.
Seed yield : 3000 kg ha-1 Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION OF RABI SORGHUM
SEED STANDARDS
Foundation seed Certified seed
Physical purity (%) 98 98
Inert matter (%) 2 2
Other crop seed 5 kg-1 10 kg-1
Weed seed 10 kg-1 20 kg-1
Other distinguishable variety 10 kg-1 20 kg-1
Ergot disease by number 0.020% 0.040%
Moisture content
Moistureperviouscontainer 12 12
Moisturevapourproof container 8 8
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
SEED STANDARDS
Foundation seed Certified seed
Physical purity (%) 98 98
Inert matter (%) 2 2
Other crop seed 5 kg-1 10 kg-1
Weed seed 10 kg-1 20 kg-1
Other distinguishable variety 10 kg-1 20 kg-1
Ergot disease by number 0.020% 0.040%
Moisture content
Moistureperviouscontainer 12 12
Moisturevapourproof container 8 8
Dr. V. Y. Pawar, A. C., Dhule
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