Grades of bsv.pptx for the bsc optometry

Grades of bsv

1. Grades of BSV

2. BSV Learning Objectives Students will learn about What is BSV Grades of BSV Mechanism of Binocular single vision Evaluating different grades of BSV

3. BSV CONTENTS BSV & components of BSV Requirements for BSV Fixation disparity Horopter & Panum’s area References

4. Basics of Binocular Vision .

5. Types of Vision 1. Monocular Vision with s ingle eye 2. Bi - ocular no co-ordination between two eyes 3. Binocular Co-ordinated vision from both eyes

6. Defin i tion Binocular vision may be defined as the state of simultaneous vision with two seeing eyes that occurs when an individual fixes his visual attention on an object of regard The coordinated use of the two eyes to produce a single mental impression .

7. Pre-requisites for development of B SV Motor Mechanism: Correct neuromuscular development so that the visual axes are directed at the object Overlap of visual fields Sensory Mechanism: Approximately equal image clarity and size in the two eyes

8. Cont,,, Corresponding retinal areas so that the eyes are cyclopean Normal visual pathways Mental Process: Ability of visual cortex to promote binocular single vision

9. Neurophysiology of binocular vision O ptic chiasm . First structure that contributes for BSV Partial decussating at chiasm serves to project to same place in visual cortex

10. Mechanisms and terminologies in BSV

11. Visual Directions A visual direction is defined as a line that connects an object point with its image on the retina. Types Principal Fovea – area of highest VA - carries principal visual direction. Secondary Other retinal elements-secondary VD

12. Corresponding retinal Points Retinal elements of two eyes that share a common subjective visual direction Example Fovea of two eyes Temporal retinal points of a eye – Nasal retinal points of the fellow eye & vice versa

13. Contd..... Rest other retinal points Non corresponding /disparate Significance: Corresponding retinal elements are principal elements of the two retinas that give rise in binocular vision Single vision is mainly because of retinal correspondence

14. Horopter 1613 Aguilonius Horopter is defined as the locus of all object points that are imaged on corresponding retinal elements at a given fixing distance. Horizon of vision

15. Contd.... Object points lying on the horopter - seen single Object points off the horopter - Seen double

16. Panum’s f usional area & space In reality a retinal point of a eye is not only corresponding to a point but to a retinal area of another eye Panums area- the retinal area surrounding the corresponding retinal points within which BSV can be maintained.

17. Cont,,, Panums space: A narrow band around the horopter within which objects gives rise to BSV So o bjects located slightly off the horopter can remain single Object stimulates slightly non-corresponding points

18. Size of Panum’s Fusional area Increases with Retinal Eccentricity- At fovea 6-10’ of arc 12 eccentricity 30-40’ of arc

19. Physiological Diplopia The Diplopia elicited by an object point off the Panum’s fusional area Types A. Crossed (Heteronymous) Diplopia Temporal (crossed) disparity B. Uncrossed (homonymous) Diplopia Nasal (uncrossed) Disparity

20. Fixation Disparity It is the minute image displacement, rarely exceeding several minutes of arc of angle, occurs within Panum’s space while fusion is maintained. Due to presence of pannum’s fusional area

21. Cont,,, A physiological variation in placement of retinal image displacement from corresponding retinal points Even Allow fusion Displacement of retinal images in two eyes Retinal disparity

22. Fixation disparity

23. Grades of Binocular Vision There are three grades of binocular vision as given by Worth's classification: Grade I : S imultaneous perception Grade II : F usion Grade III : Stereopsis

24. 1.Simultaneous Macular Perception Simultaneous perception exists when signals transmitted from the two eyes to the visual cortex are perceived at the same time. It consists of the ability to see two dissimilar objects simultaneously.

25. 2. Fusion Defined as the cortical unification of visual objects into a single percept that is made possible by the simultaneous stimulation of corresponding retinal areas. In simple words, It is the ability of the two eyes to produce a composite picture from two similar pictures each of which is incomplete in one small detail

26. Cont,,,

27. Components of fusion Sensory Fusion unification of visual excitations from corresponding retinal images into a single visual percept, a single visual image Ability to unify images falling on corresponding retinal areas.

28. Cont,,, Motor Fusion It is a vergence movement that causes similar retinal images to fall and be maintained on corresponding retinal areas . Ability to align the eyes in such a manner that sensory fusion can be maintained Diplopia preventing mechanism

29. Cont … The normal fusional range is 35/40 PD base out and 16 PD base in on near reading. 1 6PD base out and 8PD base in on distance testing.

30. 3. Stereopsis It is the ability to fuse images that stimulate horizontally disparate retinal elements within Panum’s fusional area resulting in binocular appreciation of visual object in depth i.e., in 3D

31. Cont,,, Retinal disparity (Fixation disparity) is the basis of 3 D perception Stereopsis occurs when Retinal disparity is large enough to simple fusion but small enough to cause d iplopia Normal stereoacuity is considered to be 40 sec of arc

32. The difference Corresponding retinal elements are stimulated Motor system is required Fusion can occur without streopsis Stereopsis Non corresponding retinal ele ments are stimulated Motor system is not required Without fusion it can not occur Fusion