Grafting & budding

Grafting & budding

1. Practical 4 To study propagation methods through grafting and budding. PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF FRUIT AND PLANTATION CROPS HRT341

2. Easy to Root type: Cutting & Layering Hard to root type: Grafting & budding Asexual Reproduction in Plants

3. ⦿ Vegetative propagation in which shoot of a superior plant is attached to root stock of an inferior plant to multiply the superior plant. ⦿ The small piece of shoot which contribute the upper part of the graft is called scion. ⦿ The plant that offers the lower part of the graft is known as root stock.

4. GRAFTING Joining parts of two plants together in such a manner that they unite and function as one plant A graft has two parts, Scion and Stock. SCION Upper part of graft combination which is taken from the desired plant having superior qualities - becomes the shoot system of the graft.

5. GRAFTING… STOCK (Root stock, Under stock ) Part of the graft that forms the root system of the grafted plant. In most cases, stock is raised from seeds The plant selected as a stock should be healthy and vigorously growing Should be compatible with Scion Age , preferably 1 year Should be locally adapted, highly resistant and with good efficiency for absorption of water and minerals.

6. Important things Cambial contact Compatibility Significance Success rate

7. FORMATION OF GRAFT UNION 1. Adhesion of the root stock and scion Stock and Scion should be held together firmly by wrapping, tying etc. so that the parts will not move about. Success of grafting involves bringing the cambium of the stock and scion together and no graft union takes place unless it is achieved.

8. FORMATION OF GRAFT UNION… Proliferation of callus at the graft interface Formation of callus (Parenchyma cells) by the cambium of stock and scion – proliferate in 1 -7 days. Intermingling and interlocking of parenchyma cells of callus of both graft components Fills the space between scion and stock

9. FORMATION OF GRAFT UNION… Formation of vascular cambium Differentiation of certain parenchyma cells to form the vascular cambium. Formation of new vascular tissues by the new cambium – making contact between the vascular tissues of the stock and scion – nutrie n ts and m e t ab o li t e s b e t w een permits translocation of water, the s t ock a n d s c io n .

10. ⦿ APPROA C H OR INARCHIN G G RA F TING ⦿ WHI P OR T ON G U E G R A F TING ⦿ CLEF T G R A F TING ⦿ T OP G R A F TING ⦿ VEN EER G RAF T ING ⦿ EPICOTYL G R A F TING ⦿ BUD G R A F TING (OR ) BUDD I NG

11. Season: Veneer grafting should be performed in the month of September to October After Care Grafted plants / seedlings are kept humid and moist condition. Scion shoot starts sprouting in about 3 to 4 weeks. Polythene strip should be removed after the success of graft. Grafts ready for planting in 3 months. Success rate is 75 to 80 %. Veneer Grafting

12. Stone Grafting Selection of Scion: Scion sticks with 7 to 8 cm long from current year growth from healthy mother plants should be selected. Procedure Stone grafting operation should be performed in July- August months. V e r t i c a l c u t o f 3 to 4 c m is g i v e n o n t h e r o o t s t o c k a n d a corresponding wedge shaped cut is given on the scion. Wedge shaped cut on scion is matched with the cut on rootstock and then tied firmly with a polythene strip.

13. Stone Grafting After Care Remove the growing shoots from root stock and inflorescence from grafted scion immediately after emergence. Remove the polythene strip when union is formed and protect the graft from hot sun, pest and disease attack. Advantages Survival Success is more than 80 to 90 %, Requires less time and this Method is very suitable for coastal region.

14. 5. Grafted Scion 6. Successful Grafts 1. Sel ection of bud sticks 2. wedge shaped Cut on Scion 3. Vertical Cut on Rootstock 4. Grafting and Polystriping

15. Inarch Grafting Selection of Scion and Rootstock: Select one year old at least two feet long and healthy rootstock grown in pots / polythene bags. Root stock plant and scion stock plant sticks should have equal t h i ck n ess . It s ho u ld b e fr o m c u r r e n t y e a r g r o w t h a n d f r o m healthy mother plant Season August-September is best season for Inarch Grafting.

16. Procedure: Arrange the root stocks and scion tree on some platform or mandapam and Mark the grafting locations on stock and scion. Remove 5 cm long, 1 to 2 cm wide & about 0.2 cm deep slice of bark along with wooden part from stock and scion branches. Bring the cut surfaces together, cover the joint with a banana leaf sheath and tie them together with soft threads and cover joint part with cow dung plaster to protect from rain water. Inarch Grafting

17. After care Water the plants as and when required. Cut the scion from the parent tree after 2 to 3 months when the wound has healed. One week after separating the plant from root stock, the part of the rootstock above the graft is cut off. Keep the graft in semi shading area to harden the graft before transplanting into the main field. Inarch Grafting

18. Grafting Methods  B e n ch g r a f t i ng  F i e l d me t hods  C o nta i n e r o r f i e l d m e th o ds  R e p a i r g r a f t i ng

19. Benc h grafting  Wh i p-and-tongue g r a f t  S add l e g r a f t

20. Whip-and-tongue grafting  useful for small (1/4-1/2 in.) material, d o ubl e w o r k i ng ( i nt e r s t o c k s ) , r oo t g r a f t i n g , and b e n c h g r a f t i n g  s p l i ce g r a f t i ng ( t he t o n g u e i s n o t made)  b o t h s to c k and s c i o n a r e d o r mant

21. W hip a nd T o ngue G r afti n g Cut a shallow angle

22. W hip a nd T o ngue G r afti n g Use the pith as center and split the stem. Note finger position!

23. Look at that finger position again! Please don’t cut yourself!

24. W hip a nd T o ngue G r afti n g Repeat the same cuts with the scion wood except cut the bottom of the scion.

25. W hip a nd T o ngue G r afti n g Push rootstock and scion together with cambium lined up on one side.

26. W hip a nd T o ngue G r afti n g

27. W hip a nd T o ngue G r afti n g Wrap the whole graft and also the tip of scion.

28. H e a l ed Gr a ft

29. Fi gu r e 1 Figure 3A (left), Figur F e ig 3 u B re (ri 2 g A ht ( ) top), Figure 2B (bottom)

30. Sad d l e g r a f t i ng    useful for machine grafting, bench grafting of grape and Rhododendron scion and stock should be the same size grafting is done when stock and scion are dormant, then the completed graft is stored in a grafting case until the graft union has healed

31. Fiel d m eth o d s  C l e f t g r a f t  W e dge g r a f t  B a r k g r a f t

32. Cleft grafting  us e f ul f o r topw o r k i ng f r u i t tr ee s , crown-grafting grapes  the be s t t i me i s e a r l y s p r i ng, before active growth  w e dge g r a f t i ng a l l ow s 1 m or e scion per stock

33. Bark grafting  Two types (rind and inlay-bark grafts) differ only in prep of stock’s bark, which should be slipping  often used in lieu of cleft graft later in the season

34. F i g u F r e i g 2 u 3 r e 25 F i g u r e 2 4 6

35. C o ntain e r o r f i e l d m e tho d s  S i d e g r a f ts  A p p r oac h g r a f ts

36. S id e gra f ti n g  defn: (smaller) scion inserted into the side of a (larger) stock  Types side-stub: nursery trees too large for whip-and- tongue, not large enough for cleft side-tongue: useful for broad- and narrow- leaved evergreens (e.g., oriental arbovitae) side-veneer: useful for small potted plants, e.g., upright junipers

37. Approach grafting  two independent plants are grafted together  after union, the top of the stock and the base of the scion are removed  used when other methods are unsuccessful (e.g., Camellia )  often done on plants in containers  three methods: spliced-, tongued-, and inlay-approach grafting

38. R e p a i r g r a fting  Ina r ch i n g  B r i dge g r a f t i ng

39. Inarching  us e d f o r r e p a i r i ng dam a g e d r oo t s o f a full-grown tree.  s ee d l i n g s ar e p l a nt e d ar o u n d t he tree during the dormant season, grafting is done in the spring.

40. B ridg e gr a fting  us e d f o r r e pa i r i ng a da m ag e d trunk  e a r l y s p r i n g ( w i t h the ba r k slipping) is the best time  ( d o r m an t ) s c i o n wo o d s h o u l d be 1 / 4 t o 1 / 2 i n. d i a m .

41. Technique Bark grafting Date Mid-April through mid-May Use Establish a pollinating variety on a limb of a tree or to completely topwork a tree. Bridge grafting Mid-April through mid-May Repair trees girdled above the ground line. Cleft grafting Late February and March Establish a pollinating variety on a limb of a tree or to completely topwork a tree. Limbs should be 1 inch or more in diameter. Inarch grafting Mid-April through mid-May Repair trees girdled at or below the ground line. Also used if a root disease is suspected or feared. Saw-kerf grafting February and March On peaches, nectarines and plums to completely topwork a tree. Whip grafting February and early March Propagate 1-year-old rootstocks. May also be used to establish a pollinating limb on a young, established tree.

42. The Biology of Grafting Natural grafting Bracing of limbs in commercial orchards to support weight of fruit Root grafting in woods is prevalent (CHO’s of upper canopy trees provide support for understory trees). This grafts only occur between trees of the same species Problems with root grafting include: transmission of fungi, bacteria and viruses between plants (Dutch Elm Disease spreads this way)

43. The Biology of Grafting Formation of the graft union A “de novo” formed meristematic area must develop between scion and rootstock for a successful graft union 3 events 1) adhesion of the rootstock & scion 2) proliferation of callus at the graft interface = callus bridge 3) vascular differentiation across the graft interface

44. The Biology of Grafting Steps in graft union formation 1.) lining up of the vascular cambium of rootstock and scion. Held together with wrap, tape, staples, nails or wedged together 2 . ) w o u n d r e sp on se  Necrotic layer 1 cell deep forms on both scion and stock  Undifferentiated callus tissue is produced from uninjured parenchyma cells below the necrotic layer  Callus forms a wound periderm (outer “bark”) which becomes suberized to prevent entry of pathogens  Necrotic layer dissolves

45. The Biology of Grafting 3.) callus bridge formation  Callus proliferates for 1 - 7 days  Ca llus m o s t l y co m e s f r o m s cio n ( d u e t o basal movement of auxins and CHO’s, etc.)  A n e x c e pt i o n t o t h i s i s o n e s t a b l i s h e d rootstock which can develop more callus than that from the scion.  A d h e s i o n o f s cio n and s t o ck c e ll s w it h a mix of pectins, CHO’s and proteins. Probably secreted by dictyosomes which are part of the Golgi bodies in cells.

46. The Biology of Grafting 4.) Wound-repair :  Fir s t t he x yle m and t h e n t h e p h l o e m is repaired  Occurs through differentiation of vascular cambium across the callus bridge  Process takes 2 - 3 weeks in woody plants 5.) Production of 2º xylem and phloem from new vascular cambium in the callus bridge  Important that this stage be completed before much new leaf development on scion or else the leaves will wilt and the scion may die

47. The Biology of Grafting  So m e wa t e r c a n b e t r a ns lo ca t e d t hr o ugh callus cells but not enough to support leaves  Ce ll-t o -c e l l t r a ns po r t v i a p l a s m o d e s m a t a = symplastic transport (links cells membranes)  A p o p la s t i c t r a ns po r t i s b e t w ee n a d h e r ing cells

48. Graft Incompatibility Compatibility = ability of two different plants grafted together to produce a successful union and continue to develop satisfactorily Graft failure: caused by anatomical mismatching/poor craftmanship, adverse environment, disease and graft incompatibility

49. Graft Incompatibility Graft incompatibility from: Adverse physiological responses between grafting partners Virus transmission Anatomical abnormalities of the vascular tissue in the callus bridge

50. Graft Incompatibility External symptoms of incompatibility Failure of successful graft or bud union in high percentages Early yellowing or defoliation in fall Shoot die-back and ill-health Premature death Marked differences in growth rate of scion and stock  Overgrowth at, above or below the graft union  S u c k e r i n g o f r oot s tock  B r e a k a g e a t th e g r a f t u n i on

51. Graft Incompatibility Anatomical flaws leading to incompatibility Poor vascular differentiation Phloem compression and vascular discontinuity Delayed incompatibility may take 20 years to show up (often in conifers and oaks)

52. Graft Incompatibility Physiological and Pathogen-Induced Incompatibility Non-translocatable = localized. Problem is fixed by using mutually compatible interstock(no direct contact between scion and stock) Translocatable = spreads. Interstock does not solve the problem. Some mobile chemical causes phloem degradation. Ex: cyanogenic glucosides like prunasin is converted to hydrocyanic acid (from Quince to pear)

53. Graft Incompatibility Pathogen-induced virus of phytoplasma induced Tristeza = viral disease of budded sweet orange that is grafted onto infected sour orange rootstock

54. Graft Incompatibility Correcting incompatible combinations Generally not cost-effective. Remove and top-work the rootstock Bridge graft with a mutually compatible rootstock Inarch with a seedling of compatible rootstock

55. TECHNIQUES (METHODS) OF GRAFTING I. Detached Scion Grafting Apical grafting Side grafting Bark grafting Root grafting Whip (Splice) Side – stub Bark (Rind) Whip & Tongue Cleft(Split) Wedge Side – tongue Side – Veneer Inlay Bark

56. WHIP (SPLICE) GRAFTING Image:https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/

57. WHIP (SPLICE) GRAFTING… Stock and scion of the same thickness are selected. A slanting cut of about 3 – 5cm long is made on the stock and a similar cut is made on the scion. These two cut surfaces are placed together and tightly tied with polyethylene grafting type , which is removed when the graft union is complete. (Apple, Pear, Cherry )

58. WHIP AND TONGUE GRAFTING Image:http://rfcarchives.org.au/

59. WHIP AND TONGUE GRAFTING… The stock and scion should be of equal diameter A slanting cut of about 3 -5 cm long is made at the top of the root stock and a similar cut is made at the bottom of the scion. On each of these cut surfaces , a reverse cut is made beginning at a point about 1/3 of the distance from the tip and should be about 1/2 the length of the first cut.

60. WHIP AND TONGUE GRAFTING… The scion is then slipped into the stock so that the tongues interlock and the cambium of the stock and scion are in close contact. These portions are then tied and wrapped with grafting tape.

61. CLEFT GRAFTING (SPLIT GRAFTING)

62. CLEFT GRAFTING (SPLIT GRAFTING)… Useful for grafting older plants with thick stem The stock is cut at an appropriate height A vertical split for a distance of 7 – 9 cm down the centre of the stock is made. This vertical split is kept open with the help of a screw driver/ chisel etc. The scion should be made from dormant, 1 year old wood.

63. CLEFT GRAFTING (SPLIT GRAFTING)… Scions, 8 to 10 cm long, having 2 -3 buds are selected. Basal end of each scion should be cut into a sloping wedge (about 5 cm long). Scions are inserted in the sides of the vertical split so that the cambium layer of the stock matches with the scion and secured tightly with waxed cloth.

64. WEDGE GRAFTING

65. WEDGE GRAFTING… Done in late winter or early spring before the bark begins to slip. A 5 cm long “V” shaped wedge is cut on the side of the stock (5-10 cm) – 2 or 3 such cuts can be made depending on the diameter of the stock – the cut can be made open with a screw driver. The scion should be about 10 -13 cm long , 10- 12mm thick and with 2 or 3 healthy vegetative buds.

66. WEDGE GRAFTING… The basal ends of the scion should be cut into a “V” shaped wedge , matching the opening in the stock The scion is inserted into the “V” shaped opening in the stock in such a way that the cambium of the stock and scion are closely matched . All the cut surfaces are covered with grafting wax.

67. SIDE GRAFTING The scion is inserted into the side of the root stock, which is larger in diameter than the scion. Side – stub grafting (Side – wedge grafting) Simplest and most effective method Useful in branches of trees that are too large for whip & tongue graft Root stocks - branches of about 2.5 cm

68. Side – stub grafting (Side – wedge grafting) Image:http://himachalfruits.com/

69. Side – stub grafting (Side – wedge grafting)… An oblique , 2.5 cm deep cut in the stock at an angle of 20 ° to 30°. Scion- 7.5 cm long, thin, with 2 or 3 buds. Base of the scion is cut into a narrow thin wedge. The root stock is then gently bent away from its side cut so that it opens sufficiently The scion is inserted – cambial layer should match with that of the stock.

70. Side – stub grafting (Side – wedge grafting)… The graft is tightly tied with polyethylene tape to seal the entire area. The entire graft union must be completely covered with grafting wax. After the graft is completed, the root stock may be cut off , just above the union.

71. SIDE – TONGUE GRAFTING Image:https://etc.usf.edu/

72. SIDE – TONGUE GRAFTING… Useful for small plants. The diameter of the scion should be slightly smaller than that of root stock. A sloping cut is made at the base of the scion. A second cut is made under the first forming a thin tongue. A cut of similar length is made on the root stock. A reverse cut is made downward , starting one –third of the distance from the top of the cut. The second cut in the root stock should be of the same length as the reverse cut in the scion.

73. SIDE – TONGUE GRAFTING… The scion is inserted into the cut in the root stock – the two tongues interlocking & the cambium layers matching along the side. The graft is wrapped with plastic tape and waxed. After the graft union is complete, cut the top of the root stock just above the scion.

74. SIDE - VENEER GRAFTING Image:http://www.fao.org/

75. SIDE - VENEER GRAFTING… The thickness of the stock is usually more than the scion. A long shallow cut of 2 – 3 cm long is made on one side of the stem of root stock. A second , short downward cut is made at the base of the first to remove a piece of bark and a little wood. A long shallow cut is made on one side of the stem of scion. A second very short cut is made at the base of the scion on the opposite side.

76. SIDE - VENEER GRAFTING… The cuts on the stock and scion should be of the same length and width. The scion is inserted into the stock – the cambium of stock & scion should match at least along one side Tie with polyethylene tape. After the union is complete, the root stock is cut back, leaving the scion to grow.

77. BARK GRAFTING

78. BARK GRAFTING… Done when bark slips readily. Stock is larger than scion – sometimes 2 or 3 scions are placed on large stocks Cut stock and the bark is split downwards from the apex about 5cm long. Scion , 12 – 15 cm long and 6 – 12.5 cm thick , containing 2 or 3 buds. First , a long cut is made on the scion . A second shorter cut is made on the side opposite to the first cut , making the basal end of the scion to a wedge shape Insert scion between the bark and wood of the root stock , placing the longer cut of the scion against the wood – tie and apply grafting wax on the graft joint.

79. INLAY BARK GRAFT

80. INLAY BARK GRAFT… Suitable for thick –barked trees (e.g. Walnut) where insertion of the scion under bark is not feasible. 2 parallel vertical cuts , 2.5 – 5 cm long are made through the bark of the root stock down to the wood. The distance between the 2 cuts should be equal to the width of the scion Terminal two –thirds of this bark is lifted and cut off, leaving a small flap at the bottom.

81. INLAY BARK GRAFT… A 5 cm long slanting cut is made on one side at the basal end of the scion and a shorter cut is made on the opposite side forming a wedge at the base of the scion. Scion is inserted into the slot made by the removal of the bark. Secure the graft in position and apply grafting wax.

82. ROOT GRAFTING

83. ROOT GRAFTING… Roots are used as root stock & the scion stem is grafted to it. Whole root graft- whole root system is used for grafting Piece root graft - small pieces of roots are used as stocks Egs : Apple, Pear

84. ROOT GRAFTING… Root stock plants are dug and stored under cool ( 1.5 to 4.5 C °) and moist conditions. Root pieces should be 7.5 – 15 cm long Scion should be of the same length with 2 -4 buds. Usually the scion wood is collected and stored.

85. ROOT GRAFTING… Grafting (Whip & Tongue type is commonly used) is performed indoors with dormant scions and root stocks at benches (Hence, also known as Bench grafting). After the grafts are made and properly tied, they are bundled together in groups of 50 – 100 and stored for callusing in damp sand or other packing material.

86. II. APPROACH GRAFTING Two independent plants are grafted together. After the grafting union, the top of the root stock plant is removed above the graft and the base of the scion plant is removed below the graft gradually to prevent the sudden shock of separation. Egs: Mango, Sapota, Litchi

87. SPLICED APPROACH GRAFTING

88. SPLICED APPROACH GRAFTING…

89. SPLICED APPROACH GRAFTING… Both stock and scion should be of equal thickness. The pot containing the root stock is placed near the scion desired to be propagated A thin slice of bark and wood about 60 – 70 mm long is removed from the stock at a height of about 25 – 30 cm from the soil surface. A similar cut is made on the scion shoot.

90. SPLICED APPROACH GRAFTING… The stock and the scion are held together in such a way that the cut position fits closely without any gap between them. Tied firmly with jute fibre or wax tape. Grafting wax is applied at the graft joint to prevent the wilting of tissues. The union will be completed in about 40 -60 days – After the union ,scion is cut below the union and the stock above the union, resulting a new plant consisting of a root stock and a grafted top.

91. TONGUED APPROACH GRAFTING

92. TONGUED APPROACH GRAFTING… Same as the spliced approach grafting except that after the first cut is made in each stem to be joined, a second cut – downward on the stock and upward on the scion is made , thus providing a thin tongue on each. By interlocking these tongues, a very tight , closely fitting graft union can be observed.

93. III. REPAIR GRAFTING INARCHING Similar to approach grafting Used to replace damaged roots Seedlings planted beside the damaged tree are grafted into the trunk of the tree to provide a new root system

94. REPAIR GRAFTING – BRIDGE GRAFTING

95. REPAIR GRAFTING – BRIDGE GRAFTING…

96. REPAIR GRAFTING – BRIDGE GRAFTING… Used when there is injury to the trunk. Done when active growth of the tree occurs and the bark is easily slipping. The torn or dead bark is removed. A scion is inserted every 5 to 7.5 cm around the injured section and attached at both upper and lower ends into live undamaged bark – cut surfaces covered with grafting wax.

97. BUDDING A f orm v e g et a ti v e bu d i s t a k en of g r a ft i n g i n wh i ch from a si n gle one pl a n t (scion) and inserted into the stem tissue of another (root stock) so that the two will unite and grow together. The inserted bud develop into new shoot.

98. AIMS/ OBJECTIVES OF BUDDING To perpetuate the clone that can not be readily reproduced by other methods of propagation. To obtain the good qualities of certain root stocks – for cold hardiness, disease resistance, salt tolerance etc. For changing the cultivars of established plants(top – working) For hastening the growth of seedling.

99. A method of grafting in which a root stock from poted plant is grafted with the scion from an adult tree in sidewise position. It is very useful in propagation of Mango and Sapota.

100. ⦿ A graft i n g i n whi c h tongue shaped cut is made both scion and root stock for proper joining.

101. ⦿ I t i s a g r af t ing method where a wedge shaped cut is made at the scion, a cleft is mad e on t h e s to c k and the scion is inserted on the stock. ⦿ Eg: M ango , Sapot a , Jack.

102. ⦿ I t i s a g r af t ing where the scion are grafted on the top of large stock. ⦿ I t i s als o know n as top working or crown grafting.

103. ⦿ Gra f tin g i n which the scion is inserted into the root stock in lateral position. ⦿ He r e bot h s c io n a n d root stock are taken from mature tree. ⦿ I t i s als o use d f o r decorating flowering trees by adding twigs from different varieties.

104. ⦿ G r af t in g i n which epicotyl portion of root stock seedling is replaced by a young shoot tip . ⦿ I t i s use d the propagation of fruits such as Mango, Cashew.

105. ⦿ Plants like ma n go & sapota whic h can not be propagated by cutting,can be propagated by grafting. ⦿ High yielding varities are multiplied by grafting. ⦿ Diseas e r e sista n t vsri e tie s ar e pr o duce d by grafting. ⦿ U n desi r ab e va r iet y ca n b e c ha n ged into desirable variety by grafting.

106. ⦿ Vegetative propagation in which a bud is inserted on to the root stock plant is called budding. ⦿ Also known as bud grafting. ⦿ Bud is incorporated into the root stock and allowed to grow further while the buds of the root stock are removed.There fore, inserted bud alone to produce the shoot systems. ⦿ Bud is used as Scion & it should superior desired trait. ⦿ Parent plant provide root system for survival of scion – Root stock plant

107. TYPES OF BUDDING T- BUDDING (SHIELD BUDDING)

108. T- BUDDING (SHIELD BUDDING)…

109. T- BUDDING… Done when the stock plant is in active growth and the cambial cells are actively dividing so that the bark separates easily from the wood- slipping Shield budding – shield like appearance of the bud piece from the scion.

110. T- BUDDING - Procedure Select stock & scion (bud stick) Select a sui t able i n t ernoda l smooth bark (15 -20 cm from the ground level) Give a vertical cut , 2.5 – 3.7 cm (bark only) At the top of the vertical cut, give another horizontal cut T –shaped incision. Lift the bark piece on either side of the vertical cut for insertion of bud.

111. T- BUDDING – Procedure… The scion bud is removed in the form of a shield. Insert the bud between the flaps of bark on the stock Wrap the bud and stock firmly in such a way that the bud is fully exposed.

112. INVERTED T - BUDDING

113. INVERTED T – BUDDING… Similar to T – budding except that the horizontal cut is made at the bottom of the vertical cut. Used to prevent the possible entry of water from the top of the T- cut which may cause rotting of the shield piece.

114. PATCH BUDDING

115. PATCH BUDDING… Done during the period when the bark of stock and scion slip easily. A rectangular patch of bark is completely removed from the stock – on the stock plant give 2 transverse cuts – width 1 to 2.5 cm ( only bark deep) parallel to each other and with a distance of about 2.5 to 3.75 cm between them.

116. PATCH BUDDING… Join the transverse cuts at their ends by two vertical cuts and remove the patch of bark. On the scion, give 2 transverse cuts and vertical cuts of similar dimension as above and remove the bark patch with the bud. Insert the bud patch on the stock Wrap the bud joint with budding tape, exposing the bud.

117. I - BUDDING Image: https://www.ndsu.edu/

118. I – BUDDING… Make 2 transverse cuts through the bark of the root stock Join these cuts at their centre by a single vertical cut → I – shaped incision . Cut the bud patch in the form of a rectangle or square. Raise the 2 flaps of bark and insert the bud patch inside the flaps. Tie with budding tape, exposing the bud. Remove the budding tape when the union is complete.

119. CHIP BUDDING Image:https://simpson.ca.uky.edu/

120. CHIP BUDDING… CHIP BUDDING

121. CHIP BUDDING IN APPLE Image: https://www.rhs.org.uk/

122. CHIP BUDDING… Done when the bark does not slip well. A chip of bark , 2.5 – 3 cm long is removed from a smooth portion of internode of the stock. Another chip of the same size and shape with a bud is removed from the scion and placed on the stock. Wrap it exposing the bud . Stock is cut back when the union is complete and the bud starts growing . Used in Citrus, Apple etc.

123. RING (ANNULAR ) BUDDING

124. RING (ANNULAR ) BUDDING

125. RING (ANNULAR ) BUDDING… Done when the bark slips easily. Stock and scion should be of the same diameter A ring of bark (1.25 – 2.5 cm) with a bud is loosened from the scion and slipped off from one end of the branch. The stock is cut back to a height where the budding is to be done – a portion of the bark is peeled off and the scion is slipped down over the stock. Wrap with a budding tape , exposing the bud.

126. FLUTE BUDDING

127. FLUTE BUDDING… Done when the bark slips easily Remove the bark encircling the root stock almost completely , leaving a narrow strip of bark – on the stock plant, give 2 vertical cuts (2.5 – 3.75 cm) , parallel to each other and with a distance of 1/8 of the circumference of the stock plant .

128. FLUTE BUDDING… Joint the ends of these two vertical cuts by 2 parallel horizontal cuts and remove the bark piece Similar cuts are also given in the bud sticks and remove the bark piece with bud. Insert the scion on the stock Wrap with budding tape , exposing the bud. After the union and the bud starts to grow , remove the tape and cut the top of the stock

129. FORKERT BUDDING(FLAP BUDDING) A transverse cut and two vertical cuts joining the transverse cuts are given on the stock and the bark is carefully peeled along these cuts, but remain attached on the lower side in the form of a flap. The scion bud of the size corresponding to the cut made on the stock is removed The bud patch is fitted into the exposed portion of the stock . The flap of the bark of stock is used to cover the inserted bud patch and remove a little portion to expose the bud and wrapped with budding tape.

130. FORKERT BUDDING… When the union is complete , the budding tape is removed and the flap is cutoff. When the bud starts growing, cut the top of the stock e.g. Rubber, Teak etc.

131. ⦿ T – buddi n g ⦿ P atc h bu d di n g ⦿ C h i p bu d di n g ⦿ Flap buddi n g ⦿ Rin g bu d di n g ⦿ Flute bu d di n g

132. ⦿ V egetatve propagation in which a bud is inserted into t shaped incision made in the root stock . ⦿ Scion appear as shield so that this method is known as shield budding. ⦿ O r an g es , r o se, plums, peaches.

133. ⦿ Meth o d of b ud grafting in which a patch of bark with a bud is inserted into a similar depatched root stock. ⦿ C i tru s , m ango, rubbe r ,annon a ,wal nut, etc .

134. ⦿ The meth o d of bud grafting in which bud along with a piece of wood is inserted in a root stock . ⦿ G r apes.

135. ⦿ Bud graft i n g in which a bud is inserted into the flap of bark lifted from rootstock. ⦿ Also calle d forke r t budding since the bark of the rootstock is gently lifted for inserting the scion bud.

136. ⦿ Bud grati n g in which a bud along with a ring of bark from bud wood is inserted into the rootstock . ⦿ Ex; ch i nco n a

137. ADVANTAGES It is an effective means of propagating species that usually do not root easily by cuttings as in mango, kumquat, filberts and litchi. It is the best method of propagation of plants, which reproduce naturally by layering e.g., black berries, black raspberries, etc. It does not require precise control on water, relative humidity or temperature as is required for other methods of propagation. It is easy to perform and does not require much facility. It is possible to produce large sized plant with layering within a short time. Layering is useful for producing relatively a smaller number of plants of good size with minimum propagation facilities.

138. DISADVANTAGES It is a costlier technique in areas where labour availability is problem. It is not possible to produce large number of plants within short time. The plants produced through layering have usually small and brittle roots. In layering, the beneficial effects of rootstocks on the scion cultivar can’t be exploited. The mortality rate in layers (particularly air layers) is usually high.