gram_staining.ppt for microscopic detection technique

olate receptors (FRs) are overexpressed on various cancer cells, making them a promising target for cancer therapy. Here are some strategies for targeting FRs:
- Folic acid conjugation: Conjugating folic acid to therapeutic agents, such as drugs, nanoparticles, or imaging agents, allows for targeted delivery to FR-positive cancer cells.
- Folate-targeted nanoparticles: Nanoparticles decorated with folic acid can selectively bind to FR-positive cancer cells, delivering therapeutic agents or imaging agents.
- Antibodies and antibody-drug conjugates: Monoclonal antibodies targeting FRs can be used to deliver therapeutic agents directly to cancer cells.
- Small molecule inhibitors: Small molecule inhibitors can be designed to bind to FRs, blocking folate uptake and inhibiting cancer cell growth.
- Gene therapy: Gene therapy approaches can be used to deliver genes that exploit the FR pathway, such as genes that convert prodrugs to active metabolites.

1. Gram staining

2. Differential staining
•Acceptance of stains is an important
property of bacteria and is the base
divission of bacteria to 2 principal groups
Gram positive and Gram negative in
taxonomy.
•Gram staining

4. GRAM STAINING PROCEDURE
•Prepare a heat fixed smear of the culture you
wish to examine
•Flood the smear with crystal violet (30 sec. to
2 min)
•Quickly and gently wash off excess stain (2
seconds)
•Flood the smear with Grams iodine (1
minute)
•Decolorize with alcohol (10-20 seconds or
until the excess alcohol which flow off the
slide is colorless)
•Quickly and gently wash off excess stain (2
seconds)
•Flood the smear with safranin (carbolfuchsin)
(30 sec to 2 min.)
•Quickly and gently wash off excess stain (2
seconds)
•Blot dry with bibulous paper
•Examine your slide under the microscope.
Record sketches of the organisms, size, color,
morphology, and culture identification.

7. G+ G-