Great indian mathmatician -srinivasan ramanujan

Srinivasa Ramanujan Iyengar FRS (pronunciation: Listeni/sriːnivɑːsə rɑːmɑːnʊdʒən/) (22 December 1887 – 26 April 1920) was an Indian mathematician and autodidact. Though he had almost no formal training in pure mathematics, he made extraordinary contributions to mathematical analysis, number theory, infinite series, and continued fractions. Ramanujan initially developed his own mathematical research in isolation; it was quickly recognized by Indian mathematicians. When his skills became apparent to the wider mathematical community, centred in Europe at the time, he began a famous partnership with the English mathematician G. H. Hardy. He rediscovered previously known theorems in addition to producing new theorems.

During his short life, Ramanujan independently compiled nearly 3,900 results (mostly identities and equations).[1] Nearly all his claims have now been proven correct, although some were already known.[2] He stated results that were both original and highly unconventional, such as the Ramanujan prime and the Ramanujan theta function, and these have inspired a vast amount of further research.[3] The Ramanujan Journal, an international publication, was launched to publish work in all areas of mathematics influenced by his work.[4]

1. SRINIVASA RAMANUJANSRINIVASA RAMANUJAN
A Remarkable Mathematical A Remarkable Mathematical
GeniusGenius
By-By-
MAHIP SINGHMAHIP SINGH
CLASS- 10CLASS- 10
THTH

2. BIRTH & CHILDHOODBIRTH & CHILDHOOD

Srinivasa Ramanujan Srinivasa Ramanujan better known as Srinivasa better known as Srinivasa
Iyengar Ramanujan Iyengar Ramanujan was one of India's greatest was one of India's greatest
mathematical geniuses. Ramanujan was born in his mathematical geniuses. Ramanujan was born in his
grandmother's house in grandmother's house in ErodeErode 22 December 22 December
18871887 , a small village about 400 km southwest of , a small village about 400 km southwest of
Madras. Madras. His parents were K. Srinivasa Iyengar His parents were K. Srinivasa Iyengar
and Komalatammal. and Komalatammal. When Ramanujan was a year When Ramanujan was a year
old his mother took him to the town of old his mother took him to the town of
Kumbakonam, about 160 km nearer Madras. His Kumbakonam, about 160 km nearer Madras. His
father worked in Kumbakonam as a clerk in a cloth father worked in Kumbakonam as a clerk in a cloth
merchant's shop.merchant's shop.

3. PRIMARY EDUCATIONPRIMARY EDUCATION

When he was nearly five years old, Ramanujan entered the When he was nearly five years old, Ramanujan entered the
primary school in primary school in KumbakonamKumbakonam although he would attend although he would attend
several different primary schools before entering the Town several different primary schools before entering the Town
High School in Kumbakonam in January 1898. At the Town High School in Kumbakonam in January 1898. At the Town
High School, Ramanujan was to do well in all his school High School, Ramanujan was to do well in all his school
subjects and showed himself an able all round scholar. In subjects and showed himself an able all round scholar. In
19001900 he began to work on his own on mathematics he began to work on his own on mathematics
summing geometric and arithmetic series. It was in the summing geometric and arithmetic series. It was in the
Town High School that Ramanujan came across a Town High School that Ramanujan came across a
mathematics book by mathematics book by G S Carr called G S Carr called Synopsis of Synopsis of
elementary results in pure mathematicselementary results in pure mathematics.. This book, with its This book, with its
very concise style, allowed Ramanujan to teach himself very concise style, allowed Ramanujan to teach himself
mathematicsmathematics

4. SCHOLARSHIPSCHOLARSHIP

Ramanujan, on the strength of his good school Ramanujan, on the strength of his good school
work, was given a scholarship to the Government work, was given a scholarship to the Government
College in Kumbakonam which he entered in 1904.College in Kumbakonam which he entered in 1904.

However the following year his scholarship was not However the following year his scholarship was not
renewed because Ramanujan devoted more and renewed because Ramanujan devoted more and
more of his time to mathematics and neglected his more of his time to mathematics and neglected his
other subjects. Without money he was soon in other subjects. Without money he was soon in
difficulties and, without telling his parents, he ran difficulties and, without telling his parents, he ran
away to the town of Vizagapatnam about 650 km away to the town of Vizagapatnam about 650 km
north of Madras. He failed in English in north of Madras. He failed in English in
IntermediateIntermediate . .

5. STRUGGLE & HARDWORKSTRUGGLE & HARDWORK

In 1906 Ramanujan went to Madras where he entered In 1906 Ramanujan went to Madras where he entered
Pachaiyappa's CollegePachaiyappa's College. His aim was to pass the First Arts . His aim was to pass the First Arts
examination which would allow him to be admitted to the examination which would allow him to be admitted to the
University of Madras. He attended lectures at University of Madras. He attended lectures at
Pachaiyappa's College but became ill after three months Pachaiyappa's College but became ill after three months
study. He took the First Arts examination after having left study. He took the First Arts examination after having left
the course. He passed in mathematics but failed all his the course. He passed in mathematics but failed all his
other subjects and therefore failed the examination. This other subjects and therefore failed the examination. This
meant that he could not enter the University of Madras. meant that he could not enter the University of Madras.
Continuing his mathematical work Ramanujan studied Continuing his mathematical work Ramanujan studied
continued fractions and divergent series in 1908. At this continued fractions and divergent series in 1908. At this
stage he became seriously ill again and underwent an stage he became seriously ill again and underwent an
operation in April 1909 after which he took him some operation in April 1909 after which he took him some
considerable time to recover.considerable time to recover.

6. He married on 14 July 1909 when his mother He married on 14 July 1909 when his mother
arranged for him to marry a ten year old girl arranged for him to marry a ten year old girl S S
Janaki AmmalJanaki Ammal. Ramanujan did not live with his . Ramanujan did not live with his
wife, however, until she was twelve years old. wife, however, until she was twelve years old.
Ramanujan continued to develop his mathematical Ramanujan continued to develop his mathematical
ideas and began to pose problems and solve ideas and began to pose problems and solve
problems in the problems in the Journal of the Indian Mathematical Journal of the Indian Mathematical
Society.Society. After publication of a brilliant research After publication of a brilliant research
paper on Bernoulli numbers in 1911 in the paper on Bernoulli numbers in 1911 in the Journal Journal
of the Indian Mathematical Societyof the Indian Mathematical Society he gained he gained
recognition for his work.recognition for his work. Despite his lack of a Despite his lack of a
university education, he was becoming well known university education, he was becoming well known
in the Madras area as a mathematical genius.in the Madras area as a mathematical genius.

7. 
In 1911 Ramanujan approached the founder of the In 1911 Ramanujan approached the founder of the
Indian Mathematical SocietyIndian Mathematical Society for advice on a job. After for advice on a job. After
this he was appointed to his first job, a temporary post this he was appointed to his first job, a temporary post
in the Accountant General's Office in Madras. It was in the Accountant General's Office in Madras. It was
then suggested that he approach then suggested that he approach Ramachandra RaoRamachandra Rao
who was a Collector at Nellore. Ramachandra Rao who was a Collector at Nellore. Ramachandra Rao
was a founder member of the was a founder member of the
Indian Mathematical SocietyIndian Mathematical Society who had helped start the who had helped start the
mathematics library. He writes in ……….mathematics library. He writes in ……….
 “ “A short uncouth figure, stout, unshaven, not over clean, with one A short uncouth figure, stout, unshaven, not over clean, with one
conspicuous feature-shining eyes- walked in with a frayed notebook under conspicuous feature-shining eyes- walked in with a frayed notebook under
his arm. He was miserably poor. ... He opened his book and began to explain his arm. He was miserably poor. ... He opened his book and began to explain
some of his discoveries. I saw quite at once that there was something out of some of his discoveries. I saw quite at once that there was something out of
the way; but my knowledge did not permit me to judge whether he talked the way; but my knowledge did not permit me to judge whether he talked
sense or nonsense. ... I asked him what he wanted. He said he wanted a sense or nonsense. ... I asked him what he wanted. He said he wanted a
pittance to live on so that he might pursue his researches”.pittance to live on so that he might pursue his researches”.

8. 
Ramachandra Rao told him to return to Ramachandra Rao told him to return to
Madras and he tried, unsuccessfully, to Madras and he tried, unsuccessfully, to
arrange a scholarship for Ramanujan. In arrange a scholarship for Ramanujan. In
1912 Ramanujan applied for the post of 1912 Ramanujan applied for the post of
clerk in the accounts section of the clerk in the accounts section of the
Madras Port TrustMadras Port Trust. In his letter of . In his letter of
application he wrote ……….application he wrote ……….

““I have passed the Matriculation Examination and studied up I have passed the Matriculation Examination and studied up
to the First Arts but was prevented from pursuing my to the First Arts but was prevented from pursuing my
studies further owing to several untoward circumstances. I studies further owing to several untoward circumstances. I
have, however, been devoting all my time to Mathematics have, however, been devoting all my time to Mathematics
and developing the subject”.and developing the subject”.

9. Despite the fact that he had no university education, Despite the fact that he had no university education,
Ramanujan was clearly well known to the university Ramanujan was clearly well known to the university
mathematicians in Madras for, with his letter of mathematicians in Madras for, with his letter of
application, Ramanujan included a reference from application, Ramanujan included a reference from E E
W MiddlemastW Middlemast who was the Professor of who was the Professor of
Mathematics at The Presidency College in Madras. Mathematics at The Presidency College in Madras.
Middlemast, a graduate of St John's College, Middlemast, a graduate of St John's College,
Cambridge, wrote ………….Cambridge, wrote ………….
““I can strongly recommend the applicant. He is a I can strongly recommend the applicant. He is a
young man of quite exceptional capacity in young man of quite exceptional capacity in
mathematics and especially in work relating to mathematics and especially in work relating to
numbers. He has a natural aptitude for computation numbers. He has a natural aptitude for computation
and is very quick at figure work”. and is very quick at figure work”.

10. On the strength of the recommendation Ramanujan was On the strength of the recommendation Ramanujan was
appointed to the post of clerk and began his duties on 1 appointed to the post of clerk and began his duties on 1
March 1912. Ramanujan was quite lucky to have a number March 1912. Ramanujan was quite lucky to have a number
of people working round him with a training in of people working round him with a training in
mathematics. In fact the Chief Accountant for the Madras mathematics. In fact the Chief Accountant for the Madras
Port Trust, S N Aiyar, was trained as a mathematician and Port Trust, S N Aiyar, was trained as a mathematician and
published a paper published a paper On the distribution of primesOn the distribution of primes in 1913 on in 1913 on
Ramanujan's work. The professor of civil engineering at the Ramanujan's work. The professor of civil engineering at the
Madras Engineering College C L T Griffith was also Madras Engineering College C L T Griffith was also
interested in Ramanujan's abilities and, having been interested in Ramanujan's abilities and, having been
educated at University College London, knew the professor educated at University College London, knew the professor
of mathematics there, namely M J M Hill. He wrote to Hill of mathematics there, namely M J M Hill. He wrote to Hill
on 12 November 1912 sending some of Ramanujan's work on 12 November 1912 sending some of Ramanujan's work
and a copy of his 1911 paper on Bernoulli numbers.and a copy of his 1911 paper on Bernoulli numbers.

11. 
Hill replied in a fairly encouraging way but showed that he Hill replied in a fairly encouraging way but showed that he
had failed to understand Ramanujan's results on divergent had failed to understand Ramanujan's results on divergent
series. The recommendation to Ramanujan that he read series. The recommendation to Ramanujan that he read
BromwichBromwich's 's Theory of infinite seriesTheory of infinite series did not please did not please
Ramanujan much. Ramanujan wrote to E W Ramanujan much. Ramanujan wrote to E W HobsonHobson and H and H
F F BakerBaker trying to interest them in his results but neither trying to interest them in his results but neither
replied. In January 1913 Ramanujan wrote to replied. In January 1913 Ramanujan wrote to G H HardyG H Hardy
having seen a copy of his 1910 book having seen a copy of his 1910 book Orders of infinity.Orders of infinity. In In
Ramanujan's letter to Ramanujan's letter to HardyHardy he introduced himself and his he introduced himself and his
work……..work……..

‘”‘”I have had no university education but I have undergone the ordinary I have had no university education but I have undergone the ordinary
school course. After leaving school I have been employing the spare time at school course. After leaving school I have been employing the spare time at
my disposal to work at mathematics. I have not trodden through the my disposal to work at mathematics. I have not trodden through the
conventional regular course which is followed in a university course, but I conventional regular course which is followed in a university course, but I
am striking out a new path for myself. I have made a special investigation of am striking out a new path for myself. I have made a special investigation of
divergent series in general and the results I get are termed by the local divergent series in general and the results I get are termed by the local
mathematicians as 'startling”.mathematicians as 'startling”.

12. HardyHardy, studied the long list of unproved , studied the long list of unproved
theorems which Ramanujan enclosed with his theorems which Ramanujan enclosed with his
letter. On 8 February he replied to Ramanujan, letter. On 8 February he replied to Ramanujan,
the letter beginning…… the letter beginning……

““I was exceedingly interested by your letter and I was exceedingly interested by your letter and
by the theorems which you state. You will by the theorems which you state. You will
however understand that, before I can judge however understand that, before I can judge
properly of the value of what you have done, it properly of the value of what you have done, it
is essential that I should see proofs of some of is essential that I should see proofs of some of
your assertions”.your assertions”.

13. Ramanujan was delighted with Ramanujan was delighted with HardyHardy's reply and when he 's reply and when he
wrote again he said….. wrote again he said…..

“ “ I have found a friend in you who views my labours sympathetically. ... I have found a friend in you who views my labours sympathetically. ...
I am already a half starving man. To preserve my brains I want food I am already a half starving man. To preserve my brains I want food
and this is my first consideration. Any sympathetic letter from you will and this is my first consideration. Any sympathetic letter from you will
be helpful to me here to get a scholarship either from the university or be helpful to me here to get a scholarship either from the university or
from the government”.from the government”.

Indeed the University of Madras did give Ramanujan a Indeed the University of Madras did give Ramanujan a
scholarship in May 1913 for two years and, in 1914, scholarship in May 1913 for two years and, in 1914, HardyHardy
brought Ramanujan to brought Ramanujan to Trinity College, CambridgeTrinity College, Cambridge, to begin an , to begin an
extraordinary collaboration. Setting this up was not an easy extraordinary collaboration. Setting this up was not an easy
matter. Ramanujan was an orthodox Brahmin and so was a matter. Ramanujan was an orthodox Brahmin and so was a
strict vegetarian. His religion should have prevented him from strict vegetarian. His religion should have prevented him from
travelling but this difficulty was overcome, partly by the work of travelling but this difficulty was overcome, partly by the work of
E H Neville who was a colleague of E H Neville who was a colleague of HardyHardy's at Trinity College 's at Trinity College
and who met with Ramanujan while lecturing in India. and who met with Ramanujan while lecturing in India.

14. 
Ramanujan fell seriously ill in 1917 and his doctors Ramanujan fell seriously ill in 1917 and his doctors
feared that he would die. He did improve a little by feared that he would die. He did improve a little by
September but spent most of his time in various September but spent most of his time in various
nursing homes. In February 1918 nursing homes. In February 1918 HardyHardy wrote wrote

Batty Shaw found out, what other doctors did not Batty Shaw found out, what other doctors did not
know, that he had undergone an operation about four know, that he had undergone an operation about four
years ago. His worst theory was that this had really years ago. His worst theory was that this had really
been for the removal of a malignant growth, wrongly been for the removal of a malignant growth, wrongly
diagnosed. In view of the fact that Ramanujan is no diagnosed. In view of the fact that Ramanujan is no
worse than six months ago, he has now abandoned worse than six months ago, he has now abandoned
this theory - the other doctors never gave it any this theory - the other doctors never gave it any
support. Tubercle has been the provisionally accepted support. Tubercle has been the provisionally accepted
theory, apart from this, since the original idea of theory, apart from this, since the original idea of
gastric ulcer was given up. ... Like all Indians he is gastric ulcer was given up. ... Like all Indians he is
fatalistic, and it is terribly hard to get him to take care fatalistic, and it is terribly hard to get him to take care
of himself.of himself.

15. 
Ramanujan died of tuberculosis in Ramanujan died of tuberculosis in
Kumbakonam on April 26, 1920Kumbakonam on April 26, 1920. He was only . He was only
32 years old. “It was always maths ... Four days 32 years old. “It was always maths ... Four days
before he died he was scribbling,” said Janaki, before he died he was scribbling,” said Janaki,
his wife………. his wife……….

As Times Magazine rightly wrote: “There is As Times Magazine rightly wrote: “There is
something peculiarly sad in the spectacle of something peculiarly sad in the spectacle of
genius dying young, dying with the first sweets genius dying young, dying with the first sweets
of recognition and success tasted, but before of recognition and success tasted, but before
the full recognition of powers that lie within. the full recognition of powers that lie within.

16. RESEARCH WORKRESEARCH WORK

Ramanujan showed that any big number can Ramanujan showed that any big number can
be written as sum of not more than four prime be written as sum of not more than four prime
numbers.numbers.

He showed that how to divide the number into He showed that how to divide the number into
two or more squares or cubes.two or more squares or cubes.

when when Mr LitlewoodMr Litlewood came to see Ramanujan in came to see Ramanujan in
taxi number 1729, Ramanujan said that 1729 is taxi number 1729, Ramanujan said that 1729 is
the smallest number which can be written in the the smallest number which can be written in the
form of sum of cubes of two numbers in two form of sum of cubes of two numbers in two
ways, i.e. 1729 = 93 + 103 = 13 + 123 since ways, i.e. 1729 = 93 + 103 = 13 + 123 since
then the number then the number 17291729 is called is called Ramanujan’s Ramanujan’s
numbernumber..

17. HONOURHONOUR

On 18 February 1918 Ramanujan was elected a fellow On 18 February 1918 Ramanujan was elected a fellow
of the Cambridge Philosophical Society and then three of the Cambridge Philosophical Society and then three
days later, the greatest honour that he would receive, days later, the greatest honour that he would receive,
his name appeared on the list for election as a fellow his name appeared on the list for election as a fellow
of the of the Royal Society of LondonRoyal Society of London .He had been .He had been
proposed by an impressive list of mathematicians, proposed by an impressive list of mathematicians,
namely namely HardyHardy, , MacMahonMacMahon, Grace, , Grace, LarmorLarmor, , BromwichBromwich, ,
HobsonHobson, , BakerBaker, , LittlewoodLittlewood, Nicholson, Young, , Nicholson, Young,
Whittaker, Forsyth and Whitehead. His election as a Whittaker, Forsyth and Whitehead. His election as a
fellow of the Royal Society was confirmed on 2 May fellow of the Royal Society was confirmed on 2 May
1918, then on 10 October 1918 he was elected a 1918, then on 10 October 1918 he was elected a
Fellow of Trinity College Cambridge, the fellowship to Fellow of Trinity College Cambridge, the fellowship to
run for six year .run for six year .

18. 
The honours which were bestowed on Ramanujan The honours which were bestowed on Ramanujan
seemed to help his health improve a little and he seemed to help his health improve a little and he
renewed his effors at producing mathematics. By the renewed his effors at producing mathematics. By the
end of November 1918 Ramanujan's health had end of November 1918 Ramanujan's health had
greatly improved. Hardy wrote in a letter…. greatly improved. Hardy wrote in a letter….

I think we may now hope that he has turned to corner, and is on I think we may now hope that he has turned to corner, and is on
the road to a real recovery. His temperature has ceased to be the road to a real recovery. His temperature has ceased to be
irregular, and he has gained nearly a stone in weight. ... There irregular, and he has gained nearly a stone in weight. ... There
has never been any sign of any diminuation in his extraordinary has never been any sign of any diminuation in his extraordinary
mathematical talents. He has produced less, naturally, during mathematical talents. He has produced less, naturally, during
his illness but the quality has been the same. his illness but the quality has been the same.
He will return to India with a scientific standing and reputation He will return to India with a scientific standing and reputation
such as no Indian has enjoyed before, and I am confident that such as no Indian has enjoyed before, and I am confident that
India will regard him as the treasure he is. His natural simplicity India will regard him as the treasure he is. His natural simplicity
and modesty has never been affected in the least by success - and modesty has never been affected in the least by success -
indeed all that is wanted is to get him to realise that he really is indeed all that is wanted is to get him to realise that he really is
a success.a success.

19. 
Prime Minister Manmohan Singh has declared Prime Minister Manmohan Singh has declared
2012 ‘national mathematics year’ in honor of 2012 ‘national mathematics year’ in honor of
maths wizard Srinivasa Ramanujan’s 150th maths wizard Srinivasa Ramanujan’s 150th
birth anniversary. birth anniversary.

““Along with CV Raman and Subramanyam Along with CV Raman and Subramanyam
Chandrashekhar (both Nobel laureates), he is Chandrashekhar (both Nobel laureates), he is
among the three great men of science and among the three great men of science and
mathematics that Tamil Nadu and India have mathematics that Tamil Nadu and India have
given to the world of modern times”, he said. given to the world of modern times”, he said.