Ground and upper floor

This presentation includes the types of upper floor and ground floor. Also includes the factors involve for selection of materials.

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BUILDING MATERIALS
& CONSTRUCTIONS
POORNIMA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, JAIPUR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
GROUND FLOOR AND
UPPER FLOOR
DIVYA VISHNOI
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

2. Floors
Floors are the horizontal elements of a building structure which
divide the building into different levels for the purpose of creat
ing more accommodation within a restricted space one above t
he other and provide support for the occupants, furniture and e
quipment of a building.
Types of floors
Basement floor
Ground floor
Upper floor

3. Floors
Basement floor
The construction of floor below the ground surface is known
as basement floor.
Basement ceiling height shall not be less than 7 feet above the
finished floor.
A smoke alarm shall be installed in the basement.
All basement stairs shall have a light source to illuminate all tr
eads and landings. Lights shall be operated by a switch located
at the top and bottom of the stairs.
If adding a bedroom and the house is equipped with a gas-fired
appliance, a carbon monoxide alarm shall be installed in the ba
sement.

4. Floors
Groundfloor
Thefloorrestingdirectlyonthegroundsurfaceareknownas
Groundfloor.
Upperfloor
Theupperfloorshavethemajorproblemofstrengthandstabili
tysincetheyaresupportedonlyattheirends,onwalls,beams
etc.
Upperfloorsdonothaveproblemofdampresistance.

7. EssentialRequirements of a Floor
Toprovidethisfunction,afloormustsatisfythefollowing
requirements.
1.Adequatestrengthandstability
2.Adequatefireresistance
3.Soundinsulation
4.Thermalinsulation
5.Dampresistance
6.Durabilityi.e.resistancetowearanddecay

8. Followingarethefactorsthataffectthechoiceofaflooringmaterial:
1.Initialcost:Selectionofflooringmaterialmainlydependsoncostofthematerial.Flo
orcoveringsofmarbleetc.areverycostlyandmaybeusedonlyforresidentialbuilding
s.
2.Appearance:Coveringshouldgivepleasingappearance,i.e.itshouldproduceadesire
dcoloreffectandarchitecturalbeauty.Flooringsofterrazzo,mosaic,tileandmarblegiv
egoodappearance.
3.Cleanliness:Theflooringshouldbecapableofbeingcleanedeasily,anditshouldben
on-absorbent.Itshouldhaveeffectiveresistanceagainstabsorptionofoil,greaseetc.
4.Durability:Theflooringshouldhavesufficientresistancetowear,temperaturechange
s,disintegrationwithtimeanddecay,sothatlonglifeisobtained.Fromthispointofvie
w,flooringofmarble,terrazzo,tiles,concrete,mosaicetc.areconsideredtobeofbestt
ype.
5.Dampresistance:Flooringshouldoffersufficientresistanceagainstdampness,sothat
healthyenvironmentisobtainedinthebuilding.Flooringofconcrete,terrazzo,mosaice
tc.arepreferredforthispurpose,whileflooringofwood,rubber,bricketc.arenotsuita
blefordampconditions.
SELECTIONOFFLOORINGMATERIAL

9. 6)SoundInsulation:Flooringshouldinsulatethenoise.Also,itshouldnotbesuchtha
tnoiseisproducedwhenuserswalkonit.Corkflooring,rubberflooringandtimberf
looringaregoodfromthispointofview.
7)ThermalInsulation:Theflooringshouldofferreasonablygoodthermalinsulationso
thatcomfortisimpartedtotheresidentsofthebuilding.Floorcoveringofwood,rubb
er,cork,P.V.C.tilesarebetterforthispurpose.
8)Fireresistance:Thisismoreimportantforupperfloors.Flooringmaterialshouldoff
ersufficientfireresistancesothatfirebarriersareobtainedbetweendifferentlevelsof
abuilding.Concrete,tiles,terrazzo,mosaic,marblehavegoodfireresistance..
9)Smoothness:Theflooringmaterialshouldbesmooth,andshouldhaveevensurface.
However,itshouldnotbeslippery.
10)Hardness:Itshouldbesufficientlyhardsoastohaveresistancetoindentationormar
kcausedbyshiftingoffurniture,equipmentetc.
11)Maintenance:Theflooringmaterialshouldrequireleastmaintenance.
SELECTIONOFFLOORINGMATERIAL

10. Materials used for Floors
Ceramic tiles,
Plain tiles,
Mosaic tiles,
Glazed tiles,
Mud and Murum,
Bricks,
Flag stone,
Concrete,
Terrazzo,
Marble,
Wood or timber,
Asphalt,
Rubber,
Cork,
Glass,
Plastic or PVC

11. Types of Ground Floors
Mud flooring and Muramflooring
Brick flooring
Flag-stone flooring
Concrete flooring
Granolithic flooring
Terrazzo flooring
Mosaic flooring
Tiled flooring
Marble flooring
Timber flooring
Linoleum flooring
Rubber flooring
Plastic flooring

12. Types of Floors
Mudflooring
Overawell-preparedground,a25cmthickselectedmoistearthisspreadand
isthenrammedwelltogetacompactedthicknessof15cm.
The floor is maintained by giving a thin cement cow-dung wash (1 : 2
to 1 : 3) twice a week.
Murumflooring
Muramisaformofdisintegratedrockwithbindingmaterial.
•Toconstructsuchafloor,ahardbedorsubgradeispreparedbylyingabou
t25cmthicklayerofhandpickedrubbleboulders,a15cmthicklayerof
muramislaidoverpreparedsubgrade.Overit,a2.5cmthicklayerofpow
dermuram(finemuram)isspreadandwaterissprinkledoverit.
•Thesurfaceisthenrammedwell.Afterramming,thesurfaceissaturatedwi
tha6mmthinfilmofwater.

13. Mud Flooring
MurumFlooring

14. Mud and Murum flooring
Merits
•Mudflooringandmurumflooringareusedonlyinlowcosthousingspecial
lyinvillages.
•Suchflooringischeap,hard,fairlyimpervious,easytoconstructandeasyt
omaintain.
•Ithasgoodthermalinsulationpropertyduetowhichitremainscoolinsum
merandfairlywarminwinter.
•Itiseasyinconstruction,repairandmaintenance.
Demerits
•Proper maintenance, the floors are required to be given a wash of cement a
nd cow dung once in a week.

15. FLAG STONE FLOORING
•Flagstoneisanylaminatedsandstoneavailablein2cmto4cmthickness,inth
eformofstoneslabsofsquare(30cmx30cm,45cmx45cmor60cmx60cm)
orrectangularsize(45x60cm).
•Thistypeofworkisalsocalledpaving.Thestoneslabsarelaidonconcretebas
e.
•Thesub-soilisproperlycompacted,overwhich10to15cmthicklimeconcret
eorleancementconcreteislaid.
•Theflagstones(stoneslabs)arethenlaidover20to25mmthicklayerofbed
mortar.
•Inlayingtheslabs,workisstartedfromtwodiagonallyoppositecornersandbr
oughtupfrombothsides.
•Astringisstretchedbetweentwocornerslabslaidfirsttocorrectlevel.Othersl
absarethensolaidthattheirtopstouchthestring.
•Whenthestoneslabsareproperlyset,mortar inthejointsisrakedoutto
adepthofabout15to20mmandthenflushpointedwith1:3cementmortar.Pro
perslopeisgiventothesurfacefordrainage.Theworkisproperlycured.

16. FLAG STONE FLOORING
Merits
1.It provides a hard, durable and wear resisting floor surface and
as such can be used for godowns, stones, workshops.
2.It is easy in construction.
3.It is easily repairable and maintainable.
4.It is used in place Tamil nadu, Andhra Pradesh, where slab stones are
available.
Demerits
1.Its usage is not comfortable for living purpose due to not offeri
ng perfect even surface.
2.It does not give a pleasing appearance, so can not be used in r
esidential building or important public building.

17. Flag stone Flooring

18. BRICK FLOORING
•Suchflooringisusedincheapconstruction,speciallywheregoodbricksar
eavailable.
•Thisflooringisspeciallysuitedtoware-houses,stores,godownsetc.
•Well-burntbricksofgoodcoloranduniformshapesareused.
•Bricksarelaideitherflatoronedge,arrangedinherringbonefashionorse
tatrightanglestothewalls,orsetanyothergoodlookingpattern.
•Themethodofpreparingthebasecourseforbrickflooringvariesfrompla
cetoplace.
•Inonemethod,thesubgradeiscompactedproperly,tothedesiredlevel,an
da7.5cmthicklayerofsandisspread.Overthis,acourseofbrickslaidfl
atinmortarisbuilt.
•Inthesecondmethod,10to15cmthicklayerofleancementconcrete(1:8:
16)orlimeconcreteislaidoverthepreparedsubgrade.

19. BRICK FLOORING
Merits
1.It is hard and durable.
2.It is non-slippery and fire resistant surface.
3.It is cheaper in initial cost than cement concrete, mosaic, terrazzo fl
ooring.
4.It is easy in maintenance cost.
Demerits
1. It is absorbent.

20. Brick Flooring

21. CEMENT CONCRETE FLOORING
•Thisiscommonlyusedforresidential,commercialandevenindustrialbuilding,sin
ceitismoderatelycheap,quitedurableandeasytoconstruct.
Thefloorconsistsoftwocomponents:
(i)baseconcrete,and(ii)toppingorwearingsurface.
•Thetwocomponentsofthefloorcanbeconstructedeithermonolithically(i.e.toppi
nglaidimmediatelyafterthebasecourseislaid)ornon-monolithically.
•Whenthefloorislaidmonolithically,goodbondbetweenthetwocomponentsisob
tained.
Suchaconstructionhasthreedisadvantages:
(i)Thetoppingisdamagedduringsubsequentoperations,
(ii)Haircracksaredevelopedbecauseofthesettlementfreshlylaidbasecoursewhich
hasnotset,and
(iii)workprogressisslowbecausetheworkmanhastoWaitatleasttilltheinitialsetti
ngofthebasecourse.

22. CEMENT CONCRETE FLOORING
•Concreteflooringconsistsofthefollowingoperation.
1.Groundpreparation,
2.Formationofbasecourse(1:2:4about15cmthick)onsubgr
ade(15cmthickbrokenstone)andlyinglimeconcrete,
3.Lyingofthetopingconcrete(1:2:4about2.5cm-4cm),
4.Lyingofwearingcoatorfloorfinish(byMosaic,Terrazzo,Gr
anolithic,cementpaintsetc)
5.Grindingandpolishingand
6.Curing

23. CEMENT CONCRETE FLOORING
Merits
1.It is non-absorbent and hence offers sufficient resistance to dampnes
s. This is used for water retaining floors as well as stores.
2.It is provide smooth, hard even and pleasing surface.
3.It possesses high durability.
4.It offers fire resistant surface.
5.It is easily cleaned and has proved overall economical due to less ma
intenance cost.
Demerits
1.The defects, once developed, in concrete floors whether due to poor
workmanship or materials, can not be easily rectified.
2.The concrete flooring cannot be satisfactorily repaired by patch work
3.It does not possess very satisfactory insulation properties against hea
t and sound.

24. Concrete Flooring

25. MOSAIC FLOORING
•Mosaicflooringismadeofsmallpiecesofbrokentilesofchinaglaz
edorofcement,orofmarble,arrangedindifferentpattern.
•Thesepiecesarecuttodesiredshapesandsizes.
•Aconcretebaseispreparedasinthecaseofconcreteflooring,ando
verit5to8cmthicklimemortarisspreadandleveled.
•3mmthickcementingmaterial,intheformofpasteoftwopartsof
slakedlime,onepartofpowderedmarbleandonepartofpuzzolana
material,isspreadandislefttodryforabout4hours.
•Thereafter,smallpiecesofbrokentilesormarblepiecesofdifferent
colorsarearrangedindefinitepatternsandhammeredintotheceme
ntinglayer.
•Thesurfaceisgentlyrolledbyastonerollerof30cmdia.and40to
60cmlong.
•Sprinklingwateroverthesurface,sothatcementingmaterialcomes
upthroughthejoints,andanevensurfaceisobtained.

26. MOSAIC FLOORING
Merits
1.They are laid in different sizes usually in rectangular and square
shapes.
2.They are long lasting.
3.This is a superior type of flooring used in bathrooms and kitchens of
residential buildings and in hospitals, sanatoriums and temples
Demerits
1.They are slippery when polished

27. Mosaic Flooring

28. TERRAZZO FLOORING
•Terrazzoflooringisanothertypeoffloorfinishthatislaidint
hinlayeroverconcretetopping.
•Itisverydecorativeandhasgoodwearingproperties.Duetot
his,itiswidelyusedinresidentialbuildings,hospitals,offices,
schoolsandotherpublicbuildings.
•Terrazzoisaspeciallypreparedconcretesurfacecontainingce
mentandmarblechipsofdifferentcolors,inproportionto1:2
to1:3.Whenthesurfacehasset,thechipsareexposedbygrin
dingoperation.
•Thesubbasepreparationandconcretebaselayingisdonein
asimilarmanner.
•Thetoplayermayhaveabout40mmthicknessconsistingof
34mmthickcementconcretelayer(1:2:4)laidoverthebasec
oncreteandabout6mmthickterrazzotopping.

29. TERRAZZO FLOORING
Merits
1.It is then ground waxed and polished. It has a mosaic look.
2.It can also be premade and is available in slabs or tiles.
3.It is very hard wearing.
4.It is very useful in commercial situations i.e. malls and shopping cen
ters as it is very durable and easy to clean.
Demerits
1.They are slippery when polished

30. Terrazzo Flooring

31. TILED FLOORING
•Tiledflooringisconstructedfromsquare,hexagonalorothers
hapesmadeofclaycementconcreteorterrazzo.
•Theseareavailableindifferentsizesandthicknesses(InIndia,
tilesareinsizeof20cm×20cm,25cm×25cm,30cm×30cm).
•Themethodoflayingtiledflooringissimilartothatforflagst
oneflooringexceptthatgreatercareisrequired.
•Overtheconcretebasea25mmto30mmthicklayeroflime
mortar1:3isspread.

32. Tile Flooring

33. MARBLE FLOORING
•Itisasuperiortypeofflooring,usedinresidentialbuildings,andinhospital
s,templesetc.whereextracleanlinessisanessentialrequirement.
•Marbleslabsmaybelaidindifferentsizes,usuallyinrectangularorsquares
hapes.
•Thebaseconcreteispreparedinthesamemannerasthatforconcretefloori
ng.
•Overthebaseconcrete,20mmthickbeddingmortarofeither1:4cement:s
andmixisspreadundertheareaofeachindividualslab.
•Themarbleslabisthenlaidoverit,gentlypressedwithwoodenmalletandl
eveled.
•Themarbleslabisthenagainliftedup,andfreshmortarisaddedtothehollo
wsofthebeddingmortar.Themortarisallowedtohardenslightly,cementsl
urryisspreadandthenthemarbleslabisplacedinposition.
•Itisgentlypushedwithwoodenmallet.

34. Marble Flooring

35. TIMBER FLOORING
•Timber flooring is used for dancing halls, auditoriums, etc.
•They are not commonly used in residential buildings in India,
because timber is quite costlier.
•However, in hilly areas, where timber is cheaply and readily av
ailable timber flooring can used.
•Where temperature drops very low, timber flooring is quite co
mmon.
•The major problems in timber flooring is the damp prevention.
•This can be done by introducing D.P.C. layer below the floorin
g.

36. Timber Flooring

37. ASPHALT FLOORING
Asphaltflooringareofmanytypes:
Asphaltmasticflooring
Asphalttilesflooring(20cm-45cmsquarewith3-6mmthickness)
Asphalticterrazzoflooring
Acidproofmasticflooring.
•Allgradesofmasticasphaltforflooringareavailablecoloredredorblack.
•Acompleterangeofcoloredsurfacefinishesisavailableusingspecialcomp
atiblepaints.
•Thetotalthicknessofthemasticasphaltflooringshouldbeappropriatetoth
etypesofbuildingandtheirconditions.
•Usuallythemasticasphaltshouldbelaidinonecoat,butmulti-coatworksh
ouldbeusedwhereawaterproofingmembraneisspecified.
•Asphaltflooringarecheap,resilient,soundproof,acidproofandmoisture
proof.

38. Asphalt Flooring

39. RUBBER FLOORING
•Itconsistsofsheetsortilesofrubber,invarietyofpatternsand
colorswiththicknessvaryingfrom3to10mm.
•ThesheetortileismanufacturedbymixingPurerubberwithfi
llerssuchascottonfiber,granulatedcorkorasbestosfiber.
•Thesheetsortilesarefixedtoconcretebaseorwoodbymean
sofappropriateadhesives.
•Rubberflooringsareresilientandnoiseproof.
•Theyarecostly.
•Theyareusedinofficeorpublicbuildings.
•Thesizeofrubbersheetsare500cm×90cm,350cm×90cm,and
250cm×90cm.
•Thesizeofrubbertilesare20cm×20cm,30cm×30cm,and45c
m×45cm.

40. Asphalt Flooring

41. LINOLEUM FLOORING
•Linoleumisafloorcoveringmadefrommaterialssuchassoli
difiedlinseedoil(linoxyn),pineresin,groundcorkdust,and
mineralfillerssuchascalciumcarbonate.
•Linoleumisknownforitsdurability.Throughevaluationofac
tuallifetimedata,ishasbeendeterminedthatlinoleumhasau
sefullifeof30years.
•Foroptimaladhesion,anacrylatecopolymeradhesiveisapplie
dtoasubfloororothersurfaceatathicknessof0.29mmand
massof290g/m².
•Linoleumcoveringareattractiveresilient,durableandcheapa
ndcancleanedveryeasily.

42. LINOLEUM FLOORING
Merits
1.It provides attractive, resilient, durable and cheap floor surface.
2.It offers surface which can easily washed and clean.
3.It offers adequate against insulation noise and heat.
Demerits
1.It is subject to rotting when kept wet for sufficient time and not
recommended for basements.
2.It does not offer resistance against fire, being combustible nature

43. Linoleum Flooring

44. CORK FLOORING
•Suchtypeofflooringisperfectlynoiseless,andisusedinlibra
ries,theatres,artgalleriesetc.
•Cork,whichistheouterbarkofcorkoaktree.
•Corkisavailableincorkcarpetandcorktiles.
•Itisfixedtoconcretebasebyinsertingalayerofsaturatedad
hesive.
•Corkcarpetismanufacturedbyheatinggranulesofcorkwithl
inseedoilandcompressing.
•Corktilesaremanufacturedfromhighgradecorkbarkcompre
ssedinmouldstoathicknessof12mm.
•Theyareavailableinvarioussizes(10cmx10cmto30cmx
90cm),variousthicknesses(5to15mm)andvariousshades.

45. Timber Flooring

46. GLASS FLOORING
•Thisisaspecialpurposeflooring,usedincircumstanceswhere
itisdesiredtotransmitlightfromupperfloortolowerfloor,a
ndspeciallytoadmitlightatthebasementfromtheupperfloor
.
•Structuralglassisavailableintheformoftilesorslabs,inthic
knessesvaryingfrom12to30mm.
•Glassflooringisverycostly,andisnotcommonlyused.

47. Glass Flooring

48. Glass Flooring

49. PLASTIC OR P.V.C. FLOORING
•Itismadeofplasticmaterial,calledPoly-Vinyl-Chloride.
•Theformoftilesofdifferentsizesanddifferentcolorshades.These
tilesarenowwidelyusedinallresidentialaswellasresidentialbuil
ding.
•Thetilesarelaidonconcretebase.
•Adhesiveofspecifiedmakeisappliedonthebaseaswellasthebac
kofP.V.C.tilewiththehelpofanotchedtrowel.
•Thetileislaidwhenadhesivehassetsufficiently(saywithin30min
utes).
•Itisgentlypressedwiththehelpofa5kgweightwoodenroller.
•Theflooriswashedwithwarmsoapwaterbeforeuse.
•P.V.C.tilesflooringisresilient,smooth,goodlookingandcanbeeas
ilycleaned.
•Itiscostlyandslippery.
•Itcanbedamagedveryeasilywhenincontactwithburningobjects.

50. Plastic Flooring

51. Choice of construction for upperFloor
Toprovidethisfunction,afloormustsatisfythefollowing
requirements.
1.Generaltypeofbuildingconstruction,
2.Amountandtypeoffloorloadingorflooringload,
3.Planofbuilding,
4.Soundinsulation
5.Initialcost
6.Fireresistance
7.Typesofceiling
8.Weightandpositionoffloor
9.Wearingsurface

52. Types of Upper Floor
Dependinguponthematerialsusedforconstructionandarrange
mentofbeam,girderetc.upperfloormaybeclassifiedintothef
ollowingtypes:
1.Steeljoistandstoneorprecastconcreteflooring
2.Jackarchfloor
3.Reinforcedcementconcretefloor
4.Ribbedorhollowtiledflooring
5.Fillerjoistsfloor
6.Precastconcretefloor
7.Timberfloor

53. Steel joist and stone or precast concrete flooring
•Thistypesoffloorisquitecommoninlocationwherestonesla
bareeasilyavailableinspanof1to3metersandwidths30to
60cm.
•Wherestoneslabsarenotavailableprecastconcreteslabcanb
eused.
•Theslabsareplaceatlowerflangeofrolledsteeljoists.
•Thespacingofsteeljoistsdependuponthelengthofavailable
stoneslab.
•Thejoisthavetheclearspanequaltothewidthoftheroom.
•Thespacebetweenthetopoftheslabandtopofsteeljoist(RS
J)isfilledwithlimeconcrete.

55. Jackarchfloors
•Jackarchisanarchofeitherbrickorconcrete,supportedonlowerflangeofmi
ldsteeljoists(R.S.J.).
•Thejoistsarespaced1to1.5mcentretocentre,andaresupportedattheirends
eitheronthewallsoronlongitudinalgirders.
•Theriseofthearchiskeptequalto1/12thofthespan.
•Thebottomofthefloorisnotplane;thisistheonlydisadvantageofthisfloor.
BrickJackArchFlooring
•Before starting the work, the RSJ should be properly secured in position.
•Only first class bricks should be used.
•Successive rings should be properly interlocked.
•Key brick should be properly and tightly secured in rich mortar.
•If lime mortar is used, RSJ should encased in cement mortar.
•Top concrete and flooring should not be laid unless the brickwork is properly c
ured.

57. CementconcreteJackArchFlooring
•CementconcreteJackArchFlooringaremadeof1:2:4cement
concrete,supportedonthelowerflangesofM.S.joists.
•Theconstructionofconcretejackarchesisrelativelysimple.The
centeringconsistsofa3mmthickmildsteelplate,benttothesha
peofarch,andhavingpairofholesatends,spacedat75cmc/c.
•Thecenteringplateissupportedonthelowerflangeofjoiststhro
ughapairof12mmdia.Rods.
•Theendsoftherodspassthroughsymmetricalholesofthecenter
ingplateandfinallyrestonthelowerflangeofR.S.J.
•Inordertocheckthedeflectionofthecenteringplate,awooden
packingblockistightlyinsertedbetweenM.S.plateandRod.

59. REINFORCEDCEMENTCONCRETEFLOORS
•Floorsofmodernbuildingsareinvariablymadeofreinforcedcemen
tconcrete(R.C.C.),becauseoftheinherentadvantagesofthistypeo
fconstruction.
•Concrete,whichisstrongincompressionbutisweakintension.Ho
wever,itissuitablyreinforcedwiththehelpofsteelbarswhichtake
theentirebendingtension.
•Duetothis,theoverallthicknessofR.C.C.floorsiscomparativelys
mall,therebyreducingtheselfweightofflooritself.
•R.C.C.floorsarealsocomparativelyfireproofanddampproof,The
methodofconstructionisalsoeasyexceptthatcenteringisrequired.
•Thesefloorscanalsobeusedonlargespans,andtherefore,moresui
tableforbigsizerooms,hallsetc.

60. R.C.C.floorscanbeclassifiedintothefollowingtypes
•Simpleslabflooring
•Reinforcedbrickflooring
•Beam-slabflooring
•Flatslabflooring.

61. SimpleR.C.C.slabFlooring
•InsimpleR.C.Cflooring,theR.C.C.slabbendsdownwards,causi
ngtensionatthebottom.
•Duetothismildsteelbarsreinforcementisplacedatthebottom
oftheslab,keepingaminimumclearcoverof15mm.
•Halfthesebarsarebentupnearendtotakeupnegativebending
momentcausedduetopartialfixidityattheends.
•Thismainreinforcementisplacedinthedirectionofthespanoft
heslab,whichisequaltothewidthoftheroom,speciallywhenth
elengthoftheroomismorethan1.5timesthewidthoftheroom.
•Suchaslabisknownasonewayreinforcedslab.
•Suchslabsarequitesuitableandeconomicalforspansupto5m.
•Whenthelengthofroomislessthan1.5timesthewidthofroom,
theslabbendsinbothdirection.
•Suchslabisknownastwowayreinforcementslab.

63. ReinforcedBrickFlooring
•Reinforcedbrickworkisatypicaltypeofconstructioninwhichtheco
mpressivestrengthofbricksisutilizedtobearthecompressivestressa
ndsteelbarsareusedtobearthetensilestressesinaslab.
•Inotherwords,theusualcementconcreteisreplacedbythebricks.H
owever,sincethesizeofabrickislimited,continuityintheslabisobt
ainedbyfillingthejointsbetweenthebricksbycementmortar.
•Thereinforcingbarsareembeddedinthegapbetweenthebricks,whic
hisfilledwithcementmortar.Suchtypeofconstructionisquitesuitab
leandcheapforsmallspanfloorslabscarryingcomparativelylighterl
oads.
•Thedepthofreinforcedbrickslabisgovernedbythethicknessofthe
bricksavailable.Modularbricksare10cmthick(nominal).Hencethic
knessofslabmaybekeptas10cm.
•Firstclassbricksshouldbeusedforsuchawork.Cementmortarused
tofillthejointsetc.shouldbeof1:3ratio,withproperwater-cement
ratiotomakethemortarworkable.
•Thewidthofthejointbetweenadjacentbricksisgenerallykeptequalt
o2cm.

65. Beam-SlabFlooring
•Whenthewidthofroombecomesmore,thespanofslabincre
ases,andsimpleR.C.Cslabbecomesuneconomical.
•Inthatcase,thefloorstructureconsistsofR.C.C.beamsandsl
abscastmonolithically.
•Thebeams,knownasT-beams,actasintermediatesupportsto
theslabwhichiscontinuousoverthesebeams.
•Whenthesizeoftheroom{i.e..hall)isverylarge,intermediat
eT-beamsareconstructedeithersupportedonR.C.C.columns
orendwalls.

67. FlatSlabFlooring
•Aflatslabisatypicaltypeofconstructioninwhichareinforcedsl
abisbuiltmonolithicallywiththesupportingcolumnsandisreinfo
rcedintwoormoredirections,withoutanyprovisionofbeams.
•Theflatslabthustransferstheloaddirectlytothesupportingcolu
mnssuitablyspacedbelowtheslab.
•Becauseofexclusionofbeamsysteminthistypeofconstruction,a
plainceilingisobtained,thusgivingattractiveappearancefromarc
hitecturalpointofview.

69. RIBBEDORHOLLOWTILEDFLOORING
•Concreteisincapableofresistingtensionwhichiscausedinthelowerpart
ofthethicknessoftheslab.Thislowerpartdoesnotpartakeinloadbearing
,andhencepartofitcanbereplacedbyhollowtilessothatweightofthesl
abisreduced.
•Theclearspacingofribsdependsuponthesizeofhollowblocksavailable,
butitshouldnormallynotexceed50cm.
•Thewidthofribsmayvarybetween6to10cm.Thespanofribsmaybeas
muchas7m.
•Mainreinforcementisprovidedatthebottomoftherib.Toresistthesupp
ortmoment(negative)anadditionalbarisplacedatthetopofribsection.
•Aminimumcoverof2.5cmisprovided.Thedepthofribiscalculatedont
hebasisofbendingmomentaswellasthecostratioofsteelandconcrete.
•DepthofribisusuallykeptasatleastL/20withfreesupportandatleastL/
25withfixedsupport,whereListhespanoftheribs.
•Hollowtilesareavailableindifferentwidthsanddifferentdepths.Sometim
es,tosuittherequirementsofthedepthofrib,hollowtilesofrequireddept
hmaybemanufacturedatthesite.

71. FILLERJOISTSFLOORS
•ThisisatypicaltypeofcompositeconstructioninwhichR.S.J
ofsmallsectionsareplacedinconcrete.
•Thespacingofthejoistsmayvarybetween40to90cm.
•Thefillerjoistsmayeitherrestonwalls(ifthespanisless)or
onlongitudinalsteelbeams.
•Thejoistsactasreinforcement,andnoseparatereinforcement
isprovidedintheconcretefilledinbetweenthejoists.
•Concreteshouldcompletelysurroundthefillerjoistsandsteel
beams,withaminimumcoverof2.5cmoverfillerjoists.

73. PRE-CASTCONCRETEFLOORS
•Withthemoderndevelopmentsinconstructiontechnology,precastbea
mslabunitsarenowavailablewiththehelpofwhichthefloorscanbe
constructedeasily.withoutuseofanyformwork.
•Theseprecastunitsareavailableinabout25cmwidth,variousdepths,
andvariousspans.
•Precastunitscanbesupportedeitheronwallsoronrolledsteeljoists.
Thesidesofeachunitareprovidedwithgroovestoformconnectingjo
gglesforadjacentunits.
•Thejointsaregroutedwithcementmortar,usingconcreteguns.
•Suchfloorsareeconomical,lightweight,soundproof,fireproof.

75. TIMBERFLOORS
•Timberfloorswhichisquitelightinweight,havepoorfireresista
nceandsoundinsulationproperty.
•Theyarequitecostlyexceptatthoselocationwherelocaltimberi
scheaplyavailable.
•timberfloorarebasicallythreetypes,
•Singlejoisttimberfloors.
•Doublejoiststimberfloors
•Framedortriplejoiststimberfloor

76. References
1)“Building Construction” authored by S.C. Rangwala, Charotarpublishing house Pvt. L
td.
2)“Building Construction” authored by Bindraand Arora, DhanpatRaiPublication.
3)“Building Construction” authored by M.L. Gambhir, Tata MeghrawHills publication.