Ground water zones

GROUND WATER

1. Ground Water Zones By LAIBA SARWAR

2. “ The water beneath the surface of the ground, consisting largely of surface water that has seeped down: the source of water in springs and wells.”

3. Ground Water Zones: In terms of groundwater hydrology, the underground soil water is classified in to two basic zones:- a) Zone of Aeration b) Zone of Saturation

4. Water table and aquifers

5. Water table upper surface of the  zone of saturation.  pressure head  is equal to the atmospheric pressure. Water table  also called Groundwater Table.

6. aquifers Store and transmit water. Like sponge Water level in aquifers Depth of aquifers A quitards

7. .

8. Natural springs

9. Definition: “A spring is a water resource formed when the side of a hill, a valley bottom or other excavation intersects a flowing body of groundwater.” How are springs formed? When weak carbonic acid (formed by rainwater percolating through organic matter in the soil) enters these fractures it dissolves bedrock.

10. How are springs formed? When weak carbonic acid (formed by rainwater percolating through organic matter in the soil) enters these fractures it dissolves bedrock. When it reaches a horizontal crack or a layer of non-dissolving rock such as sandstone or shale, it begins to cut sideways. As the process continues, the water hollows out more rock, eventually admitting an airspace, at which point the spring stream can be considered a cave.

11. Types and classifications of springs:   Gravity springs: These springs emerge under unconfined conditions .They are also called descending springs.   Artesian springs: These springs discharge under pressure due to confined conditions . They are also called ascending or rising springs. Thermal springs: These springs categorized on the basis of temperature.   Hot Springs: Hot springs have a higher. Warm springs: “A warm spring has a temperature higher than the average annual air temperature at the location of the discharge.”

12. Recharge of springs: The relationship between groundwater recharge and discharge is one of the most important aspects in the protection of groundwater resources. Direct recharge: Direct recharge is the water added to the aquifer in excess of soil moisture deficits and evapotranspiration , by direct vertical percolation of precipitation through the unsaturated zone. I ndirect recharge: indirect recharge results from percolation to the water table following runoff and localization in joints, as ponding in low-lying areas and lakes, or through the beds of surface watercourses. 

13. Discharge and Recharge By: H areem Shaukat Awan

14. R echarge W etlands add water to the groundwater system. Ground water recharge  is the primary mechanism for aquifer replenishment which ensures future sources of groundwater for commercial and residential use.

15. Discharge Wetlands take water from the groundwater system. Ground water discharge  helps maintain a wetland's water balance and water chemistry. This wetland function is also critical to the formation of hydric soils and the maintenance of ecosystem habitats in different types of wetlands .

16. Effects of geology on water quality The geology of a particular area have direct impact on the quality of the water. Rock type. TDS. TSS .