Groundwater scenario and Land Subsidence in Ahmedabad

Land Subsidence, Land Sinking, Rainwater Harvesting, Artificial recharge, percolation, Recycling, Green Building

1. Groundwater Depletion and Land Subsidence

2. Historical Facts A UNESCO-funded research team based in Spain has developed a global land subsidence model that shows worsening groundwater depletion will expose nearly a fifth of the global population to land subsidence by 2040. [1] Jakarta, the fastest-sinking city in the world, entirely submerged by 2050 North Jakarta has sunk 2.5m in 10 years and is continuing to sink by as much as 25cm a year Mexico city experiencing subsidence of 20 inches a year

3. The Phenomenon Pictorial representation of Land sinking concept [2]

4. Causes Negligence High rate of groundwater extraction. excessive groundwater extraction is to blame for 80% of major land subsidence issues [3] Overburden from urban development and heavy machinery can compress soil layers tectonic activities Consequences Infrastructure damage : Establishments, roads, UG utilities Combined consequence of subsidence, torrential rainfall, rising sea level can make cities sink and more prone to urban flooding changes in the gradient of water streams Increased cost of pumping due to exhausted aquifers Deterioration of water quality- saltwater contamination Shallower waterbodies due to water table depletion- affects entire ecosystem Source: US Environmental Protection Agency & US Geological Survey

5. Is Ahmedabad on the same path ? 1

6. ISR study related to Ahmedabad The city of Ahmedabad fall into severe seismological intensity zone. [4] Land subsidence (LS) of 20-25 mm/year was seen in Ghodasar , Vatva and Hathijan .[5] A second patch near the Ghuma and Bopal area, in western Ahmedabad, has also recorded annual subsidence of 15-22mm. [5] Some additional patches of subsidence, with a rate of 2mm to 8 mm/year, was also noticed in central-west and central-east areas of city. [ 5 ] The high subsidence zone comprises the southeast and western parts of the city. The moderate subsidence zone comprises east-central areas, while the low subsidence zone comprises the central part of the city. [ 5 ]

7. GWL Facts TECHNICAL REPORT ON GROUND WATER BROCHURE AHMEDABAD DISTRICT, CGWB, MARCH 2014 [6] AQUIFER MAP AND MANAGEMENT PLAN, AHMEDABAD DISTRICT, MINISTRY JAL SHAKTI, DEC 2021 [7]

8. Depleting GW scenario of City Source: MINISTRY JAL SHAKTIDEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES, RIVER DEVELOPMENT AND GANGA REJUVENATION,CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD

9. Report on Dynamic Ground Water Resources of Gujarat State, CGWB on Dec 2023 [8]

10. Solutions RRR Sustainable Infrastructure Development Zoning and Implementing Regulation on groundwater extraction at municipal level and residential level (Community Engagement Progms ) recharge of aquifers, percolation Use of stepwells as rainwater harvesting (Tanks & wells in Old city) Separate SW & Drainage lines In-situ rainwater percolation thru percolation trenches as directed by MoHUA [9] Regulation on Illegal constructions without percolation systems Treatment of waste water (Circular Economy) Enforce industries to use only recycle sewage water or increase the charges of surface water supply.

11. Solutions To curb water theft by illegal connections & motoring Water audit- 24*7 water supply project Creation of DMAs for leak detection program IECs for responsible use of water and water conservation To put limit/ban on groundwater extractions from private society bores Grant to societies to clean/repair percolation system OR to provide incentives (rebate on property tax) Priority given to lake / water body inter linking and connection of storm water network with lakes. Compulsion of harvesting structure for storage of rain water in all structure by GDCR. Tree plantation

12. Green Buildings Structures that are  environmentally responsible from planning to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and demolition [10] uses less water, optimizes energy efficiency, conserves natural resources, generates less waste and provides healthier spaces for occupants, as compared to a conventional building [10] GHMC has integrated the ECBC compliance into the online development permission management system (DPMS) for buildings approval. This means that, if a developer wants to obtain a commercial building construction permission - a building application and ECBC compliance forms must be submitted through the online DPMS [NIUA][11] Infinitus Plaza, Guangzhou, China Cisco Building, Bengaluru

13. LEED Platinum rating Made from 20 % recycled content and 20 % local materials Green roofing- Rooftop terrace garden Zero discharge rainwater harvesting system, recycling of greywater Micro-irrigation system for sprinkling landscapes 100 % segregation and 70 % solid waste recycling External walls and roofs have high insulation property Smart indoor air quality monitoring High performance natural sunlight glazing, Efficient lighting at Night Eco-friendly vehicle charging Infinity Benchmark, Kolkata

14. Rainwater Harvesting in Green buildings [10]

15. Case studies Shanghai, China [12] The injection of river water through production wells is undertaken chiefly in the winter months when many factories are not operating and when the river water is coldest. Bangkok, Thailand [13] The treated water is used to recharge confined aquifer through Injection well along with natural recharge

16. Awareness Program IECs to residential communities by Social media, Posters, Advertisements, D2D Participation of Industry, Educational institutes, Associations, etc via seminars, Workshops

17. Cleaning of SW Trenches at VSSC

18. Identification of Locations Matruchhaya plot, Kubernagar Rajiv Gandhi Bhavan, Saijpur Road store, Saijpur Tower Community Hall, Saijpur

19. Thank You

20. References G. Herrera-García, P. Ezquerro , R. Tomás, M. Béjar -Pizarro, J. López- Vinielles , M. Rossi, R.M. Mateos , D. Carreón-Freyre , J. Lambert, P. Teatini , E. Cabral- Cano , G. Erkens , D. Galloway, W.-C. Hung, N. Kakar, M. Sneed, L. Tosi, H. Wang, S. Ye, Mapping the global threat of land subsidence, Science (80-. ). 371 (2021) 34–36. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abb8549. Writing on the wall: Groundwater exploitation is triggering subsidence in Indo-Gangetic plain, https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/urbanisation/writing-on-the-wall-groundwater-exploitation-is-triggering-subsidence-in-indo-gangetic-plain-90523 (accessed May 23, 2024). Land Subsidence | Clear IAS. https://www.clearias.com/land-subsidence/#groundwater-related-subsidence (accessed May 25, 2024). Earthquake | GSDMA, (2017). http://www.gsdma.org/Content/earthquake-4219 (accessed May 23, 2024). Dumka, Rakesh & Donupudi , Suribabu & Prajapati, Sandip. (2021). Bopal , Vatva sinking along with groundwater levels in Ahmedabad. TNN | Nov 18, 2021, 04.00 AM IST Printed from AHMEDABAD: Amdavadis are pumping so much water from the ground that parts of the city are sinking. A recent study by the Institute of Seismological Research has found a strong correlation between land subsidence (sinking) and depletion of groundwater. Areas surrounding Bopal-Ghuma in the west and the industrial area of Vatva in the east are sinking 25 mm per year. “ R.K. Verma, A. Hydrogeologist, GROUND WATER BROCHURE AHMEDABAD DISTRICT GUJARAT Technical Report Series Central Ground Water Board West Central Region Ahmedabad, 2014. GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY JAL SHAKTI DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES, RIVER DEVELOPMENT AND GANGA REJUVENATION, CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD (n.d.) "AQUIFER MAP AND MANAGEMENT PLAN, AHMEDABAD DISTRICT, GUJARAT STATE," https://www.cgwb.gov.in/old_website/AQM/NAQUIM_REPORT/Gujarat/Ahmedabad%20NAQUIM%20Report.pdf (accessed May 27, 2024). G.W.R. CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD, D.C. LTD (2022) "Report on Dynamic Ground Water Resources of Gujarat State as on March 2022." https://www.cgwb.gov.in/old_website/GW-Assessment/GWR-2022-Reports State/Gujarat.pdf (accessed May 27, 2024). GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY JAL SHAKTI DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES, RIVER DEVELOPMENT AND GANGA REJUVENATION, CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD (n.d.) "AQUIFER MAP AND MANAGEMENT PLAN, AHMEDABAD DISTRICT, GUJARAT STATE," https://www.cgwb.gov.in/old_website/AQM/NAQUIM_REPORT/Gujarat/Ahmedabad%20NAQUIM%20Report.pdf (accessed May 27, 2024). Green Building | eFACiLiTY . https://www.greenestbuilding.com/living-green/water-efficiency/rain-water-harvesting/ (accessed May 27, 2024). Green Building in India. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_building_in_India (accessed May 27, 2024). J.F.. Poland, Review of methods to control or arrest subsidence, in: Guideb . to Stud. L. Subsid. Due to Water Withdrawal, 1984: pp. 127–130. https://wwwrcamnl.wr.usgs.gov/rgws/Unesco/PDF-Chapters/Chapter7.pdf (accessed May 27, 2024). T. Mari, land subsidence and sinking solutions and resources to manage, (n.d.). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283771445_Sinking_coastal_cities (accessed May 27, 2024).