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1. Western philosophy has long been concerned with the question of how we acquire knowledge, and different philosophers have proposed various bases or sources of knowledge. Here are some of the major philosophical bases of knowledge according to Western philosophy: Western philosophy and their basis of knowledge

2. Naturalism

3. Concept Naturalism is a philosophical school of thought that emphasizes the natural world as the source of knowledge and value. Naturalists hold that everything in the world can be explained by natural causes and laws, and that there is no need to appeal to supernatural or divine forces to explain the workings of the universe.

4. One of the most famous naturalists was Charles Darwin, who proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection. Darwin's theory holds that the diversity of life on earth is the result of natural processes, rather than divine creation or design. 15

5. Another important naturalist was John Stuart Mill, who argued that ethical principles can be derived from the observation of human behavior and the study of natural phenomena. Mill believed that morality should be based on the promotion of happiness and the prevention of harm, rather than on religious or supernatural considerations. 16

6. Naturalists often reject the idea of a supernatural or divine realm, and emphasize the importance of scientific investigation and observation in acquiring knowledge. They believe that everything in the world can be explained by natural causes and laws, and that there is no need to appeal to supernatural or divine forces to explain the workings of the universe.

7. Critics of naturalism argue that it reduces human experience to purely physical or material phenomena, and that it cannot account for the subjective or spiritual aspects of human existence. However, naturalists argue that their approach provides a more rigorous and empirical basis for understanding the world, and that it offers a more coherent and comprehensive worldview than supernatural or divine explanations.

8. Empiricism Empiricism is a philosophical belief that states your knowledge of the world is based on your experiences, particularly your sensory experiences. According to empiricists, our learning is based on our observations and perception; knowledge is not possible without experience. Three types pf empiricism Classical - belief that there is no such thing as innate or in-born knowledge. Radical Moderate - accepts that some truths (conceptual truths, mathematical truths, logical truths) are justified and known independently of experience