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1. DIAGNOSTIC HORIZONS : SUBSURFACE HORIZONS (Endopedons) : SPODIC, SOMBRIC,CAMBID SUBMITTED BY HANESH J 2022025029

2. ENDOPEDONS It is derived from greek word Endo- below , Pedon - soil It is developed by translocation and transformation of clay, organic matters and oxides There are 19 classification of endopedons

3. SPODIC HORIZONS GENERAL DESCRIPTION : Derived from greek word - WOOD ASH Humus and sesquioxide (presence of high amount of iron and aluminium ) enriched horizon generally formed in cool and humid regions

4. GENERALIZED CHARACTERISTICS : Thickness is greater than or equal to 2.5 cm Horizon contains 85% of spodic materials HORIZON NOMELCLEATUERE : The horizon nomencleature includes master horizons B combined with suffix s or h Examplew : Bs, Bhs,and Bh

5. SOMBRIC HORIZON GENERAL DESCRIPTION : This horizon is dark coloured subsoil horizon with an illuvial accumulation of humus Compared to the above layer , it has lower color value and chroma The sombric horizon form in cool,moist, high-elevation areas Free draining horizon

6. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS : Base saturation is < 50% this horizon is formed in tropical and subtropical regions HORIZON NOMENCLEATURE : The horizon nomencleature includes master horizon B combined with suffix h and generally o Example: Bho

7. CAMBIC HORIZON GENERAL DESCRIPTION: It is derived from Lation word CAMBAIRE - To exchange This horizon is a subsoil horizon with mineral development Development is either by physical alteration or chemical transformstion Physical alteration is commonly by freezing , thawing ,shrinking and swelling The chemical transformation includes process such as the reduction of iron, manganese,and other elements

8. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS : Thickness is greater than or equal to 15 cm Texture is loamy and clayey HORIZON NOMENCLEATURE : the horizon nomelcleature includes master horizons B and many other suffix can be applied (such as h,k,n,o,q,s,ss,t,or x) Example : Bg,Bw, and Bk