Harbour engineering - Railways, airports, docks and harbour engineering (RAHE)

Definition of Basic Terms: Harbour, Port, Satellite Port, Docks, Waves and Tides – Planning and Design of Harbours: Harbour Layout and Terminal Facilities – Coastal Structures: Piers, Break waters, Wharves, Jetties, Quays, Spring Fenders, Dolphins and Floating Landing Stage – Inland Water Transport – Wave action on Coastal Structures and Coastal Protection Works – Coastal Regulation Zone, 2011

1. SNS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Kurumbapalayam (Po), Coimbatore – 641 107 An Autonomous Institution Accredited by NBA – AICTE and Accredited by NAAC – UGC with ‘A’ Grade Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING COURSE NAME: CE6604 RAILWAYS, AIRPORTS AND HARBOUR ENGINEERING IV YEAR / VII SEMESTER Unit 5 – Harbour Engineering Topic 1 : Definition of Basic Terms

2. 11/16/2020 2 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Syllabus .  Definition of Basic Terms: Harbor, Port, Satellite Port, Docks, Waves and Tides – Planning and Design of Harbours : Harbour Layout and Terminal Facilities – Coastal Structures: Piers, Break waters, Wharves, Jetties, Quays, Spring Fenders, Dolphins and Floating Landing Stage – Inland Water Transport – Wave action on Coastal Structures and Coastal Protection Works – Coastal Regulation Zone, 2011.

3. 11/16/2020 3 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Harbour It is partly enclosed area which provides safe and suitable accommodation for supplies, refueling, repair, loading and unloading cargo.

4. 11/16/2020 4 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Port . 

5. 11/16/2020 5 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Port A port is a harbour where marine terminal facilities are provided. A port is a place which regularly provides accommodation for the transfer of cargo and passengers to and from the ships. Port = Harbour + Storage Facility + Communication Facility + Other Terminal Facility . From above, It can be stated that a port includes a harbour i.e. every port is a harbour .

6. 11/16/2020 6 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Satellite port A  satellite port  is a  port , either created or pre-existing, in a nearby community to a  port  that is nearing capacity and requires relief from the current heavy loads . For example, a few years ago the  port  of Mumbai, India was being used to capacity

7. 11/16/2020 7 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Dock

8. 11/16/2020 8 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Dock Dock A dock is the area of water between or next to one or a group of human-made structures that are involved in the handling of boats or ships or such structures themselves Dry Dock It is a chamber provided for maintenance, repairs and construction of ships. It includes walls, floor and gate. Wet Dock Due to variation in tidal level , an enclosed basin is provided where in number of ships can be berthed. It has an entrance which is controlled by a lock gate .

9. 11/16/2020 9 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Waves Waves are periodic undulations of the sea surface. Water waves are generated by transfer of energy from air moving over the water. Causes of Sea Waves:- Wind, Revolution of the earth, Gravitational force of the moon and sun, Earthquake, Land slide and seashore.

10. 11/16/2020 10 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Waves Types of Sea Waves:- Deep sea waves Shallow sea waves Oscillatory waves (unbroken waves, travelling in deep water) Translatory waves Capillary waves Surfs (low height and long waves produced by wind) Surges (produced by cyclone) Tsunami (produced by eruption of volcano or earthquake)

11. 11/16/2020 11 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Waves Deep sea wave Oscillatory waves Capillary waves

12. 11/16/2020 12 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Wave Wave Velocity:- Where, L = Length and T = Wave Period Fetch:- Straight line stretch of open water available for wave growth without the interruption of land is called fetch. Where, H = Wave Height (m) F = Fetch (km) Wave Length:- Where, L = Length of wave (m) = T = Wave Period (sec)

13. 11/16/2020 13 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Wave break Waves break when the forward velocity of the crest particles exceeds the velocity of the wave propagation itself in deep water. Ocean waves on breaking against marine structure give rise to…. Compression due to direct horizontal force, Shearing action at the projection on the face of the wall, Suction effect due to return water, Sea bed & Foundation disturbance due to downward force. Above effects results in….. Inertia Force Vibration Internal Pressure Expansion and contraction of cavities of the structure.

14. 11/16/2020 14 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Wave Reflection Wave Reflection:- Non breaking waves are acting on a vertical wall (break water), do not loose their energy by the impact but are reflected. Due to continuous interaction of the incidents and reflected waves, a wave of higher height (2 to 3 times) is formed which is called Standing Waves ( Clapotis ).

15. 11/16/2020 15 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Waves and Tides Methods To Minimize Wave Reflection Inside The Harbour :- Break water must in such a way that the reflected waves are not diverted towards piers or any other structure. The interior slopes of breakwater can be designed for the wave to break, which spend the wave energy. Special spending beaches can be planned at points of maximum waves take place. Tides Due to gravitational force of sun and moon there is rise and fall in ocean waters called TIDES. The rise in water level is called high tide and fall in water level is called low tides . In Mediterranean sea, height is 0.5 to 1.0 m. In the Gulf of fundy , height is 15 to 20m.

16. 11/16/2020 16 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Tide .  Connected to Atlantic Ocean, Completely enclosed by land. It is on the Atlantic Coast.

17. 11/16/2020 17 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Types of Tides Spring Tide:- These are highest tides which occur when sun, moon and earth fall in line.

18. 11/16/2020 18 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Types of Tide .  Neap Tide:- These are lowest tides which occur when the lines connecting the earth with the sun and the moon form right angle.

19. 11/16/2020 19 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Type of Tide Semi-diurnal Tide:- These are the tides which occurs twice each lunar day. Lunar Day means time taken by moon to make a complete revolution around the earth. Diurnal Tide:- These are high tides occur only one time a day. E.g. at Florida. Mixed Tide:- If one of the two daily high tides does not reach the height of the previous tide, it is called a mixed tide. E.g. U. S. A, California.

20. 11/16/2020 20 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Types of Tide Tidal Bore:- These are high crested waves caused by the rush of flood tide up a river . Regular occurrence in bay of fundy . Uses of Tides:- Tides can be used for harnessing the power. Tides are used for entry and exit of ships in the harbour . Fisherman takes an advantage of tides. Ports remain clean due to tides. High tide water can be used for harvesting salt.

21. 11/16/2020 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Thank You “When I have a little money, I buy books; and if I have any left, I buy food and clothes.” – Erasmus.” HAPPY LEARNING 21 /19

22. SNS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Kurumbapalayam (Po), Coimbatore – 641 107 An Autonomous Institution Accredited by NBA – AICTE and Accredited by NAAC – UGC with ‘A’ Grade Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING COURSE NAME: CE6604 RAILWAYS, AIRPORTS AND HARBOUR ENGINEERING IV YEAR / VII SEMESTER Unit 5 – Harbour Engineering Topic 2 : Definition of Basic Terms

23. 11/16/2020 23 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Harbour Planning and Design The number and size of ships to be accommodated in one time are main criteria for the requirement of are for a harbour. It also depends on the length and width needed for movement of ships and from breath and the type of cargo being carried. Location of various elements of harbour such as entrance, Approach channel Turning basin Break water Waves Jetties Docks, etc.,

24. 11/16/2020 24 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Requirements Of Good Harbour :- (General) It should be connected with roadway and railway. Surrounding land should be fertile and densely populated . Ship channels must have sufficient depth for draft or vessel. Breakwaters must be provid ed to protect against destructive wave action. The bottom should furnished secure anchorage to hold ships against the wind force. Numbers of quay, piers and wharfs should be sufficient for loading and unloading cargo. It should have facilities like fuel, repair and etc. for s hips. Harbour area should be sufficiently large . It should have enough cold storage . Harbour Planning and Design

25. 11/16/2020 25 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Classification of Harbour Classification based on the protection needed Natural Harbour :- Harbour protected by storms and waves by natural land contours, rocky out crops, or island that is called Natural Contour. ( Eg . Kandla port, Cochin port & Mumbai Harbour )

26. 11/16/2020 26 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Classification of harbour .  Classification based on the protection needed Natural Harbour

27. 11/16/2020 27 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Classification of Harbour Semi - Natural Harbour :- A semi – natural harbour is protected on the sides by the contours of land and requires manmade protection only to the entrance. ( Eg . Mandvi , Veraval & Visakhapatnam port ).

28. 11/16/2020 28 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Classification of Harbour .  Semi - Natural Harbour :- Artificial Harbour :-

29. 11/16/2020 29 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Classification of Harbour Artificial Harbour :- An artificial harbour is one which is manmade and protected from storms and waves by engineering works . ( Eg . Chennai Harbour )

30. 11/16/2020 30 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Classification of Harbour Artificial Harbour :-

31. 11/16/2020 31 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Classification of Harbour Classification based on utility Commercial Harbour :- It is an harbour in which docks are provided with necessary facilities for loading and unloading of cargo. ( Eg . Chennai Harbour )

32. 11/16/2020 32 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Requirements of Commercial Harbour :- ( i ) Spacious accommodati on for the mercantile marine. (ii) Ample quay space and facilities for transporting, loading and unloading cargo . (iii) Storage sheds for cargo. (iv) Good and quick repair facilities to avoid delay. (v) More sheltered conditions as loading and unloading could be done with advantage in calmer waters. Commercial harbours could be situated on coasts or estuaries of big rivers or even on inland river coasts . They do not normally have any emergency demand like a harbour of refuge and practically the size and number of ships using such harbours are known factors. Classification of Harbour

33. 11/16/2020 33 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Classification of Harbour Classification based on utility Refuge Harbour :- These are used as a heaven for ships in a storm or it may be part of a commercial harbour . ( Eg . Chennai Harbour & Visakhapatnam Harbour )

34. 11/16/2020 34 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Classification of harbour .  Requirements of harbour of refuge: ( i ) Ready accessibility. (ii) Safe and commodious anchorage. (iii) Facilities for obtaining supplies and repairs. On dangerous coast-lines, disabled or damaged ships, under stress of weather conditions will need quick shelter and immediate repairs. All types of naval craft, small and big will need refuge in an emergency and hence such refuge harbours should provide commodious accommodation. V10dern big ships will require a lot of elbow room for purposes of manoeuvring or turning about.

35. 11/16/2020 35 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Classification of Harbour Classification based on utility Military Harbour :- It is a naval base for the purpose of accommodating naval ships or vessels and it serves as a supply depot. ( Eg . Mumbai Harbour & Cochin Harbour )

36. 11/16/2020 36 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Classification of Harbour .  Classification based on utility Fishing Harbour :- These harbours have facilities for departure and arrival of fishing ships. They have also necessary arrangement to catch fish.

37. 11/16/2020 37 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Classification of Harbour Requirements of fishing harbour : ( i ) Harbour should be constantly open for departure and arrival of fishing ships. (ii) Loading and unloading facilities and quick despatch facilities for the perishable fish catch like railway sidings and roads . (iii) Refrigerated stores with ample storing space for preserving the catch.

38. 11/16/2020 38 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Classification of Harbour Classification based on location 1.Ocean Harbour 2.River Harbour 3.Canal Harbour 4.Lake Harbour Ocean Port:- This is a port intended for large ocean going ships. River Port:- River port is located on the banks of the river inside the land. Entry Port:- This is location where foreign citizens and goods are cleared through custom house. Free Port:- This is an isolated and enclosed area within which goods may be landed, stored, mixed, repacked, manufactured and reshipped without payment of duties .

39. 11/16/2020 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Thank You “You’ve gotta dance like there’s nobody watching, love like you’ll never be hurt, sing like there’s nobody listening, and live like it’s heaven on earth.” ― William W. Purkey HAPPY LEARNING 39 /19

40. SNS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Kurumbapalayam (Po), Coimbatore – 641 107 An Autonomous Institution Accredited by NBA – AICTE and Accredited by NAAC – UGC with ‘A’ Grade Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING COURSE NAME: CE6604 RAILWAYS, AIRPORTS AND HARBOUR ENGINEERING IV YEAR / VII SEMESTER Unit 5 – Harbour Engineering Topic 3 : Features of a Harbor

41. 11/16/2020 41 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Features of a Harbor/ Coastal structures Entrance Channels Berthing Basin Piers Break Water Turning Basin Wharves Jetties Quays Spring Fenders Dolphins Floating Landing Stage

42. 11/16/2020 42 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil 1. Entrance Channels Depth and width are kept more at entrance. Width depends upon density of traffic and no of entrances. Features of a Harbor/ Coastal structures

43. 11/16/2020 43 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Features of a Harbor/ Coastal structures 2. Berthing and Turning Basin Berthing basins are used for the parking of ships. While turning for the turning of ships.

44. 11/16/2020 44 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Features of a Harbor/ Coastal structures .  3.Piers Piers are the structure built at angle with the shore . On both sides of a pier berths are provided. Type:- Open or solid construction Open pier are constructed over open water on exposed timber or concrete piles. Open pier are used where minimum restriction of currents is specified. These piers are relatively more economical as narrow piers in deep water.

45. 11/16/2020 45 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Features of a Harbor/ Coastal structures 3.Piers

46. 11/16/2020 46 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Features of a Harbor/ Coastal structures .  3.Piers

47. 11/16/2020 47 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Features of a Harbor/ Coastal structures Break waters

48. 11/16/2020 48 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Features of a Harbor/ Coastal structures Break water

49. 11/16/2020 49 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Features of a Harbor/ Coastal structures 4.Break Water Breakwater is a protective barrier constructed to form an artificial harbour with a water area so protected from the effect of sea waves as to provide safe accommodation for shipping. (1) Alignment Should be: As straight as possible Intersection angle not >60° In open sea, alignment should be curved to reduce the effects of waves. (2) Design data: Nature of coastal currents ( நீரோட்டங்கள் ) Wind characteristics Wave characteristics Properties of sea-level material

50. 11/16/2020 50 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil 4.Break Water (3) Design considerations: Maximum wind and wave forces for design, Protection measures to prevent scour of bed. Height of breakwater to be more than that of the highest wave, the difference is the 'freeboard'. (4) Forces on breakwaters: Hydrostatic force on the inside. Wind and wave forces on the outside. Chemical action of sea-water and the effects of marine life on the materials of construction have to be considered. Features of a Harbor/ Coastal structures

51. 11/16/2020 51 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Features of a Harbor/ Coastal structures 4.Break Water Classification of breakwaters (a) Mound breakwater (Rubble-mound breakwater) (b) Composite breakwater (c) Vertical wall type breakwater (d) Special types of breakwaters. Considerations in the choice of the type: Depth of water Nature of sea-bed material Availability of construction materials Availability of equipment Resources and time constraints

52. 11/16/2020 52 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Features of a Harbor/ Coastal structures .  Classification of breakwaters Mound breakwater (Rubble-mound breakwater) Also called 'Rubble-mound breakwater, it is popular for its simplicity of construction. It usually consists of three zones: Hearth or the core : It increases the bulk; the stones may weigh 10 to 20 kg each . It is the least pervious of the zones. Filter on secondary consumers: Much bigger tones than those in the core are used – 0.5 to 1.5 t. The function is to destroy the energy of the waves penetrating the armour layer above it. Armours : Stone blocks weighting up to 30 tonnes each are used. Resist most of the wave energy-dumped stones gives rise to maximum voids in the zone.

53. 11/16/2020 53 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Features of a Harbor/ Coastal structures Mound breakwater (Rubble-mound breakwater)

54. 11/16/2020 54 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Features of a Harbor/ Coastal structures .  Mound breakwater (Rubble-mound breakwater)

55. 11/16/2020 55 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Features of a Harbor/ Coastal structures Mound breakwater (Rubble-mound breakwater) Rubble-mound breakwaters have good energy dissipation characteristics. Preparation of foundation is not required . Sudden failures do not occur because of the flexibility due to high porosity. But huge quantities of stones are required and frequent maintenance is needed due to settlement. Design is only empirical, strengthened by patented concrete.

56. 11/16/2020 56 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Features of a Harbor/ Coastal structures Mound breakwater (Rubble-mound breakwater) Rubble-mound breakwaters strengthened by patented concrete blocks or simple concrete blocks . Concrete blocks of the desired shape and size can be cast with a suitable mix proportion to achieve the desired strength. These blocks are laid around armour stones on the seaward side of the mound to act as additional armours . Patented shapes are tetrapods , tribars and quadripods .

57. 11/16/2020 57 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Features of a Harbor/ Coastal structures Merits of Mound type Breakwater:- No special equipment needed, Require unskilled labour , Large size rubbles can be used without dressing, Constructed on any type of foundation, Construction is porous, hence no possibility of uplift. Demerits of Mound type Breakwater:- Require huge quantity of material, Initial cost high, Regular maintenance, Harbour side can not be used for mooring ships, Occupancy large area of basin.

58. 11/16/2020 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Thank You HAPPY LEARNING 58 /19

59. SNS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Kurumbapalayam (Po), Coimbatore – 641 107 An Autonomous Institution Accredited by NBA – AICTE and Accredited by NAAC – UGC with ‘A’ Grade Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING COURSE NAME: CE6604 RAILWAYS, AIRPORTS AND HARBOUR ENGINEERING IV YEAR / VII SEMESTER Unit 5 – Harbour Engineering Topic 4 : Features of a Harbor

60. 11/16/2020 60 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Features of a Harbor/ Coastal structures 4.Break Water Classification of breakwaters (a) Mound breakwater (Rubble-mound breakwater) (b) Composite breakwater (c) Vertical wall type breakwater (d) Special types of breakwaters. Considerations in the choice of the type: Depth of water Nature of sea-bed material Availability of construction materials Availability of equipment Resources and time constraints

61. 11/16/2020 61 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil (B) Composite breakwater The solid super structure protected by a parapet on the sea face, Provides a platform for handling cargo , It has a rubble base over which a vertical wall type breakwater is constructed, Combination of mound and vertical wall type breakwater, Features of a Harbor/ Coastal structures

62. 11/16/2020 62 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Features of a Harbor/ Coastal structures (B) Composite breakwater Solid concrete superstructure at low water level, to serve as a platform for cargo. Methods of construction of mound breakwaters Barge method Staging method Low-level method

63. 11/16/2020 63 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Features of a Harbor/ Coastal structures .  Methods of Protection of Breakwater:- By arrangement of heavy concrete blocks, By paving using granite blocks, Using tetrapodes and tribars .

64. 11/16/2020 64 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Features of a Harbor/ Coastal structures Vertical Wall Type Breakwater:- Concrete block gravity wall Stone and concrete masonry Concrete caissons Rock filled sheet pile cells Rock filled timber cribs Concrete or steel sheet pile walls

65. 11/16/2020 65 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Features of a Harbor/ Coastal structures .  Merits of Wall type Breakwater:- Narrower entrance, hence greater protection to the sheltered area, Harbour side of the breakwater can be used for mooring ships, recommended where shortage of rock, Maintenance is practically eliminated, It increase size of harbour basin, Reduces the amount of material. Demerits of Wall type Breakwater:- Skilled labourers are required, Special equipments are required for construction, Repairing is difficult, Require a firm foundation.

66. 11/16/2020 66 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Features of a Harbor/ Coastal structures Comparison of Mound type & Vertical Wall type Breakwater:- Mound Type Vertical Wall Type Wave breaks at the breakwater. Reflect the wave energy. Large entrance. Narrower entrance. Regular maintenance necessary. Maintenance is practically eliminated. Can be constructed on any type of foundation. Require a firm foundation. Recommended where plenty of rocks available. Recommended when there is shortage of rock. Require unskilled labour . Require skilled labour .

67. 11/16/2020 67 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Features of a Harbor/ Coastal structures 6. Wharves These are platforms at which vessels take on and discharge passengers and cargo on one side and earth retained on other . It’s a platform built parallel to shoreline, Should give sufficient depth of water for the ship to float, Wharves built parallel with the shore are called quays , Built to retain or protect the embankment or filling.

68. 11/16/2020 68 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Features of a Harbor/ Coastal structures 6.Wharves .

69. 11/16/2020 69 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil 6.Wharves Features of a Harbor/ Coastal structures

70. 11/16/2020 70 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Features of a Harbor/ Coastal structures Types of wharves 1.Open construction wharves:- Wharves of open construction have their decks supported by piles or cylinders. It can be either high level decks or relieving type platforms, Can be made of timber, R.C.C, or both, Pre cast or pre stressed slab or beam are economical.

71. 11/16/2020 71 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Features of a Harbor/ Coastal structures .  Types of wharves 2.Solid type wharves:- These are composed of earth or rock fill partly confined by some sort of bulkhead. Depth less than 15m , bottom suitable for support of gravity type of structure, steel pile cells are best suited, Cells act as a gravity wall of sufficient weight, Resist over turning or sliding at base.

72. 11/16/2020 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Thank You “"Doing what you like is freedom. Liking what you do is happiness."  -Frank Tyger HAPPY LEARNING 72 /19

73. SNS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Kurumbapalayam (Po), Coimbatore – 641 107 An Autonomous Institution Accredited by NBA – AICTE and Accredited by NAAC – UGC with ‘A’ Grade Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING COURSE NAME: CE6604 RAILWAYS, AIRPORTS AND HARBOUR ENGINEERING IV YEAR / VII SEMESTER Unit 5 – Harbour Engineering Topic 5 : Features of a Harbor

74. 11/16/2020 74 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Features of a Harbor/ Coastal structures Entrance Channels Berthing Basin Piers Break Water Turning Basin Wharves Jetties Quays Spring Fenders Dolphins Floating Landing Stage

75. 11/16/2020 75 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Features of a Harbor/ Coastal structures 7.Jetties A narrow structure projecting from the shore into water with berths on one or both sides and sometimes at the end also. In the form of piled projections, Constructed outside the harbour or inside the harbour When built in combination with a breakwater then it is known as breakwater pier.

76. 11/16/2020 76 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Features of a Harbor/ Coastal structures .  7.Jetties

77. 11/16/2020 77 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Features of a Harbor/ Coastal structures Uses Jetties Jetty is a solid platform constructed perpendicular to the shoreline or breakwater, It provides berth to ships, It is used for handling inflammable materials like petrol, diesel, kerosene, crude oil etc. It can be used for dredging in the approach channel . Types of Jetties 1.Solid structure:- It is usually of mound breakwater type, Used more for the prevention of silting in the entrance channel. 2.Piled structure:- Open pile jetties Cheaper than the solid type but having same durability Can’t be used where jetty is required to be very wide.

78. 11/16/2020 78 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Features of a Harbor/ Coastal structures 2.Piled structure:- Open pile jetties Timer, R.C.C., steel Steel jetties are supported on screw piles Timer and R.C.C. are suitable for large jetties.

79. 11/16/2020 79 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Features of a Harbor/ Coastal structures 2.Piled structure:- Piled and cylinder jetties Piles are completely encased in concrete cylinders Piles carry loads of whole structure and cylinders don’t Capable of sustaining heavy impacts from ships.

80. 11/16/2020 80 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Features of a Harbor/ Coastal structures 8.Quay Quay is a structure on the shore of a  harbour  or on the bank of a river or canal where ships may dock to load and unload cargo or passengers.

81. 11/16/2020 81 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Features of a Harbor/ Coastal structures 8.Quay

82. 11/16/2020 82 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil 9.Fenders Features of a Harbor/ Coastal structures

83. 11/16/2020 83 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil 9.Fenders Features of a Harbor/ Coastal structures

84. 11/16/2020 84 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Features of a Harbor/ Coastal structures 9.Fenders A fender is a form of a cushion is provided on a jetty face for ships to come in contact. The fender can be made of different materials in various forms. It absorbs the impact of ship and protect them from damage . Qualities of good fenders:- They should have a high capacity for absorbing energies during berthing of a ship. They should be simple in design and construction and easily replaceable. It must be able to resist tangential forces effectively. They should not be easily damaged during berthing. They should not damage ship’s hull.(main body

85. 11/16/2020 85 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Features of a Harbor/ Coastal structures .  9.Fenders Types of Fenders:- (A) Wooden Fender Simplest form of wooden fender are in the form of horizontal wooden member . They absorb energy because of deflection when struck by a ship (B) Rubber Fenders The simplest form of rubber fenders are rubber tires hung over the side of the dock. Rubber fenders are supported by wire rope attached to eye bolt set in the concrete dock wall

86. 11/16/2020 86 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Features of a Harbor/ Coastal structures 10.Dolphins They are the marine structures located at the entrance of the locked or alongside a pier or a wharf. Uses:- To absorb the impact force of the ships. To provide mooring ( நங்கூரமிட்டு ) facilities i.e. for typing up ships. They are also used to shorten the length of piers and wharves.

87. 11/16/2020 87 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Features of a Harbor/ Coastal structures .  10.Dolphins Types:- (A) Breasting Type Provided in front of the sea face of the pier of wharf . Designed to take the impact of ship while docking and are equipped with fenders (B) Mooring Type Located behind the seaward force of the berth. They are provided with bollards or mooring posts and with capstans where heavy lines are to be handled Smaller than breasting dolphins.

88. 11/16/2020 88 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Features of a Harbor/ Coastal structures 10.Dolphins

89. 11/16/2020 89 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Features of a Harbor/ Coastal structures 11.Floating Landing Stage Usually  floating  and anchored platform at the end of a pier or wharf for the  landing  and embarking of passengers and freight; it may be sometimes : pier, dock.

90. 11/16/2020 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Thank You “Tension is who you think you should be, relaxation is who you are."  -Chinese Proverb. HAPPY LEARNING 90 /19

91. SNS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Kurumbapalayam (Po), Coimbatore – 641 107 An Autonomous Institution Accredited by NBA – AICTE and Accredited by NAAC – UGC with ‘A’ Grade Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING COURSE NAME: CE6604 RAILWAYS, AIRPORTS AND HARBOUR ENGINEERING IV YEAR / VII SEMESTER Unit 5 – Harbour Engineering Topic 6 : Terminal Facilities

92. 11/16/2020 92 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Terminal facilities Feeder Transport Ware House and cold storage Appliance and Equipment for handling Cargos Repair Shops Dredging Equipments Mooring Accessories Internal model transport service Accommodation Structures Navigational Aids

93. 11/16/2020 93 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Terminal facilities Feeder Transport Feeders collect shipping containers from different ports and transport them to central container terminal.

94. 11/16/2020 94 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Ware house and cold storage Ware house is the storage area Cargo storage facilities for long period They situate away from berths and provide suitable handling of cargos between ships and shores The type of storage with fully air conditioned or fully frozen is cold storage. Terminal facilities

95. 11/16/2020 95 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Terminal facilities Appliances and equipment for handling cargos The equipments like cranes, side shifters, elevators , belt conveyors

96. 11/16/2020 96 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Terminal facilities .  Repair shop

97. 11/16/2020 97 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Terminal facilities Dredging equipments

98. 11/16/2020 98 /13 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Terminal facilities .  Mooring Accessories Mooring lines are usually made by manila (Abaca fiber) rope, synthetic materials like nylon.

99. 11/16/2020 99 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Terminal facilities Internal model transport service Internal mode of transport service to transfer goods in local bodies This transport done by railways, roadways and small boats.

100. 11/16/2020 100 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Terminal facilities .  Coastal structures for accommodation

101. 11/16/2020 101 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Terminal facilities Navigational Aids 1.Buoys When there red and green horizontal strip it shows you at the junction of two channels Atons indicate primary channel Green prefer channel in right Red prefer channel in left

102. 11/16/2020 102 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil 2.Fog Signals It was horn to alert the ship from rocky coastal lines 3.Day Bacons It is the unlighted nautical seamarks Sign board attach to day bacon is called as day mark Terminal facilities 4.Light house

103. 11/16/2020 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Thank You "Focus on the journey, not the destination. Joy is found not in finishing an activity but in doing it“. - Greg Anderson HAPPY LEARNING 103 /19

104. SNS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Kurumbapalayam (Po), Coimbatore – 641 107 An Autonomous Institution Accredited by NBA – AICTE and Accredited by NAAC – UGC with ‘A’ Grade Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING COURSE NAME: CE6604 RAILWAYS, AIRPORTS AND HARBOUR ENGINEERING IV YEAR / VII SEMESTER Unit 5 – Harbour Engineering Topic 7 : Inland Water Transport

105. 11/16/2020 105 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Features of a Harbor/ Coastal structures Inland Water Transport . Canals, lakes, rivers, water courses, inlets , and bays that are nearest to the shores of a nation and subject to its complete sovereignty . 

106. 11/16/2020 106 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Inland Water Transport . India has an extensive network of inland waterways in the form of rivers, canals, backwaters and creeks. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inland_waterways_of_India#Inland_Waterways_and_National_Waterways_development Features of a Harbor/ Coastal structures

107. 11/16/2020 107 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Features of a Harbor/ Coastal structures Potential of inland Water Transport. India has 7500 km long coastline with approximately 14,500 kms of navigable waterways. This offers a huge potential for developing a cheaper and greener mode of transport .

108. 11/16/2020 108 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Potential of inland Water Transport . Only a small percentage of trade is currently carried out through inland waterways and coastlines. Inland water transport account for about 0.4% of trade and thus yet to be explored. It has been found that logistics costs in India account for about 18% of the country’s GDP, which is much higher than other countries. This makes Indian goods costlier and hence less competitive. Logistics costs in the country can be brought down considerably by transporting more and more goods by waterways. Features of a Harbor/ Coastal structures

109. 11/16/2020 109 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Features of a Harbor/ Coastal structures Potential of inland Water Transport. Inland waterways has the potential of emerging as the leading logistical artery for the entire India, which pass through India’s most densely populated areas and resource-rich regions, and generates an estimated 40 % of India’s traded goods. The network of a water-road-rail link will help the region’s industries and manufacturing units to have a seamless flow of goods to markets in India and abroad. Further, it will also give wider market access to the farmers of this agriculturally-rich Gangetic plain.

110. 11/16/2020 110 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Features of a Harbor/ Coastal structures .  Benefits of inland waterways transport . Low cost:   Inland waterways need less capital for development and less maintenance costs. Energy efficient:  Inland water transport is considered to be the most cost-effective mode of transport from the point of view of fuel efficiency.

111. 11/16/2020 111 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Features of a Harbor/ Coastal structures Environment friendly:  CO2 emissions from container vessels are much lesser than road transport vehicles. Capacity:  It has an enormous capacity to carry bulk cargo, goods etc.

112. 11/16/2020 112 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Features of a Harbor/ Coastal structures .  Navigable  In India, around 14,500km of river channels are navigable. Only 2000 km is used.

113. 11/16/2020 113 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Features of a Harbor/ Coastal structures Growth:  The development of waterways will stimulate industrial growth and tourism. It will also promote export and import as it reduces logistics cost of moving cargo between ports and hinterland. Fewer accidents and less congestion compared to roads. Accessibility:  It can provide access to remote areas. For instance, North-eastern states now receive coal, food grains through inland water transport

114. 11/16/2020 114 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Features of a Harbor/ Coastal structures .  Inland Water Transport . Inland waters, also known as internal waters, are subject to the total sovereignty of the country as much as if they were an actual part of its land territory.

115. 11/16/2020 115 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Features of a Harbor/ Coastal structures Inland Water Transport

116. 11/16/2020 116 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Features of a Harbor/ Coastal structures .  Inland Water Transport

117. 11/16/2020 117 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Features of a Harbor/ Coastal structures Inland Water Transport

118. 11/16/2020 118 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Inland Water Transport Waking to the huge potential, the government aims to increase the inland waterway cargo movement. Once operational, the waterway will form a part of the larger multi-modal transport network being planned along the river. https://goo.gl/maps/psb9LxfnNUdh8fjRA Features of a Harbor/ Coastal structures

119. 11/16/2020 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Thank You HAPPY LEARNING 119 /19

120. SNS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Kurumbapalayam (Po), Coimbatore – 641 107 An Autonomous Institution Accredited by NBA – AICTE and Accredited by NAAC – UGC with ‘A’ Grade Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING COURSE NAME: CE6604 RAILWAYS, AIRPORTS AND HARBOUR ENGINEERING IV YEAR / VII SEMESTER Unit 5 – Harbour Engineering Topic 8 : Coastal Regulation Zone 2011 (CRZ)

121. 11/16/2020 121 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Coastal regulation zone 2011 . 

122. 11/16/2020 122 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Coastal regulation zone 2011

123. 11/16/2020 123 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Coastal regulation zone 2011 The coastal land up to 500m from the  High Tide Line  (HTL) and a stage of 100m along banks of creeks, estuaries, backwater and rivers subject to tidal fluctuations, is called the  Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ).  Under the  Environment Protection Act, 1986  of India, notification was issued in February 1991, for regulation of activities in the coastal area by the  Ministry of Environment and Forests  ( MoEF ).

124. 11/16/2020 124 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Coastal regulation zone 2011

125. 11/16/2020 125 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Coastal regulation zone 2011 Prohibited Activities Setting up of new industries and expansion of existing industries except, Those directly related to waterfront or directly needing foreshore facilities Facilities for generating power by non-conventional energy sources Setting up of desalination plants in the areas not classified as CRZ-I( i ) based on an impact assessment study including social impacts reconstruction, repair works of dwelling units of local communities including fishers in accordance with local town and country planning regulations.

126. 11/16/2020 126 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Coastal regulation zone 2011 .  Prohibited Activities Manufacture or handling oil storage or disposal of hazardous substance as specified in the notification of Ministry of Environment and Forests a) Transfer of hazardous substances from ships to ports. b) Facilities for receipt and storage of petroleum products. Dumping of city or town wastes including construction debris, industrial solid wastes, fly 4 ash for the purpose of land filling Reclamation for commercial purposes such as shopping and housing complexes, hotels and entertainment activities. Mining of sand, rocks and other sub-strata materials

127. 11/16/2020 127 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Coastal regulation zone 2011 Permissible Activities Clearance under CRZ notification to the concerned State or the Union territory Coastal Zone Management Authority a) Disaster Management Report, Risk Assessment Report and Management Plan b) CRZ map indicating HTL and LTL demarcated by one of the authorized agency in 1:4000 scale c) The CRZ map normally covering 7km radius around the project site. The CRZ map normally covering 7km radius around the project site. No Objection Certificate from the concerned State Pollution Control Boards or Union territory Pollution Control Committees for the projects involving discharge of effluents, solid wastes, and sewage.

128. 11/16/2020 128 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Coastal regulation zone 2011 .  Classification of CRZ CRZ I CRZ II CRZ III CRZ IV

129. 11/16/2020 129 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Coastal regulation zone 2011

130. 11/16/2020 130 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Coastal regulation zone 2011 CRZ I The areas that are ecologically sensitive and the geomorphologic features which play a role in the maintaining the integrity of the coast. (a) Mangroves, in case mangrove area is more than 1000 sq mts , a buffer of 50meters along the mangroves shall be provided. (b) Corals and coral reefs and associated biodiversity. (c) Sand Dunes. (d) Mudflats which are biologically active. The area between Low Tide Line and High Tide Line

131. 11/16/2020 131 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil CRZ II The areas that have been developed upto or close to the shoreline. Developed area is referred to as that area within the existing municipal limits. CRZ III Areas that are relatively undisturbed and those do not belong to either CRZ-I or II which include coastal zone in the rural areas (developed and undeveloped) and also areas within municipal limits or in other legally designated urban areas, which are not substantially built up. Features of a Harbor/ Coastal structures

132. 11/16/2020 132 /17 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Coastal regulation zone 2011 CRZ IV The water area from the Low Tide Line to twelve nautical miles on the seaward side. Shall include the water area of the tidal influenced water body from the mouth of the water body at the sea up to the influence of tide which is measured as five parts per thousand during the driest season of the year.

133. 11/16/2020 SNSCE/ Civil Engg /VII sem / Shanmugasundaram N/ Ap/Civil Thank You “If your actions inspire others to dream more, learn more, do more and become more, you are a leader." -John Quincy Adams HAPPY LEARNING 133 /19