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1. Albugo & Whithe Rus Of Crucifers Muhammad Shuraim Khan Roll No: 02 Semester: 5th Presented To: Dr. Junaid Subject: Mycology Department of Botany

2. Systematic Position Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Oomycota Class: Oomycetes Order: Peronosporales Family: Albuginaceae Genus: Albugo

3. Introduction: Albugo species are obligate parasites, which means they can live only on living plants. They usually grow inside the tissues (endoparasites) of higher plants, especially those belonging to the families Cruciferae (Brassicaceae) , Asteraceae , and Amaranthaceae . Some common species of Albugo are A. candida , A. blitii , A. portulaceae , A. ipomoeae , A. platensis , A. trapogenis , and A. evolvuli . The most common one is Albugo candida , which attacks plants of the mustard family (Brassicaceae) such as mustard, radish, cabbage, and turnip . The disease caused by Albugo candida on these plants is called White Rust of Crucifers .

4. Symptoms The fungus attacks almost all parts of the plant except the root. White or light-colored raised spots appear on leaves, stems, and flowers. The lower side of leaves shows white powdery patches called pustules. Infected leaves become thick, curled, and deformed. Flowers and buds swell, and petals lose their natural color. The disease reduces crop yield and affects the quality of vegetables.

5. Symptoms

6. Vegetative Structure The body (thallus) of Cystopus is made up of mycelium, which is a mass of hyphae (thread-like filaments). The mycelium grows between the plant cells (in intercellular spaces). The hyphae are long, thin, branched, and without cross walls (aseptate), so they are coenocytic (contain many nuclei in one cell). Septa (cross walls) appear only when sex organs are formed. The hyphae form small rounded structures called haustoria that enter plant cells to absorb food.

7. Structure of Haustorium

8. Reproduction In Albugo Albugo reproduce by two methods:

9. Asexual Reproduction White spots appear on the leaves of the host plant. Inside the leaf, the fungus makes a network called mycelium (thin threads). The fungus sends small roots called haustoria into the host cells to take food. Some threads grow upward and form special branches called conidiophores. The tips of these branches make round spores in chains — these are called conidia (or sporangia).

10. The pressure of these conidia breaks the leaf surface, forming white blisters or pustules. The conidia (spores) come out and spread through wind or rain. Each conidium produces zoospores (tiny spores with two tails/flagella). The zoospores swim in water, reach a new leaf, and enter through a stoma (leaf pore). Inside, the zoospore grows into a new mycelium, and the cycle starts again.

11. Sexual Reproduction It happens when the fungus becomes old or conditions are not good. Two sex organs are formed : Oogonium → female part (round) Antheridium → male part (club-shaped) The antheridium attaches to the oogonium from the side. A small fertilization tube forms between them. The male nucleus moves through the tube into the oogonium

12. The male and female nuclei join together — this is called fertilization. After fertilization, a thick-walled oospore (zygote) is formed. The oospore rests for some time and can survive bad weather. When conditions become good again, the oospore germinates. It produces zoospores (tiny swimming spores). These zoospores infect a new leaf and grow into new mycelium.

13. Life Cycle Of Albugo

14. Use clean seeds Always use healthy and disease-free seeds. Crop rotation Don’t grow mustard, cabbage, or radish again and again in the same field. Remove infected plants Uproot and destroy infected leaves or plants early. Avoid too much water Keep the field well-drained. Avoid waterlogging (the fungus grows in wet places). Fungicide spray Spray Mancozeb or Copper oxychloride on plants when disease starts. Repeat after 10–15 days. Control of Albugo (White Rust)