Hazardous Materials Decontamination.pptx

Basic safety

1. Hazardous Materials Decon Per 29 CFR 1910.120(q) 1 PPT-107-01 Bureau of Workers’ Compensation PA Training for Health & Safety (PATHS

2. Decontamination Defined S hort title is "DECON " A systematic process of removing or neutralizing contaminants that have attached themselves to personnel or equipment.   Decon minimizes this possible transfer of harmful products. It ensures the ALARA Concept* is maintained by better localizing contaminants. *ALARA concept: to keep exposures “As Low As Reasonably Achievable .” 2 PPT-107-01

3. Contamination Prevention Best prevention method-practice safe entry procedures. Entry personnel should, therefore:   1 . Minimize contact a . Do Not walk through the product b . Do not directly touch potentially hazardous substances. 2 . Stand upwind of the incident zone 3 . No direct exposure: a . Perform remote sampling b . Shut-off valves at a remote location to isolate the leak. 3 PPT-107-01

4. Contamination Prevention 4. Protect air monitoring and other sampling instruments.   5 . Wear disposable outer garments and use disposable equipment, if feasible . Equipment should , at least, be the type allowing decon, unless this is not appropriate . 6 . Exercise good judgment, deciding on the side of safety, as well as work practices which will minimize potential exposure. 4 PPT-107-01

5. Contamination Factors Things affecting contamination include: Time The longer a contaminant contacts an object , the greater the likelihood of permeation and/or degradation. 2. Concentration & Quantity Of Material This involves an evaluation of the percentage of the chemical included in the incident . 3. Temperature High temperatures will generally increase the permeation rate. 5 PPT-107-01

6. Contamination Factors 4. Physical State Of The Product Generally gasses and vapors permeate rapidly into and through incompatible garments .   5. Use & Condition Of Protective Clothing damaged or improperly donned? 6 PPT-107-01

7. Toxicology Survey exposure hazards and guidelines.   Exposure limits, expressed in TLV's, PEL's, REL's, STEL's, and other terminology, must be viewed during both normal handling and emergency situations. From the exposure limits found, determine protective actions during preplanning, response, and clean-up operations 7 PPT-107-01 Hydrogen Sulfide

8. Toxicology Emergency responders must be properly outfitted with PPE to enter an environment. Possible exposure levels must also be taken into account should the PPE be breached. Decontamination seeks to eliminate the potential harm from toxic exposure to a living organism. 8 PPT-107-01

9. Entry of Toxins 1. Inhalation Vapors or particulates are inhaled through the respiratory system and often absorbed into the blood system .   2 . Absorption Through pores, hair follicles, mucous membranes, eyes, cuts or wounds . 3 . Ingestion Digestive system by swallowing   4 . Injection Punctures by contaminated materials deliver toxins directly into the blood stream. 9 PPT-107-01

10. Toxin Examples These may be in a solid , liquid, or gaseous state   1. Pesticides 2. Solvents 3. Acids/Bases 4. Fuels 5. Infectious Bacteria and Viruses 6. Ionizing Radiation 10 PPT-107-01

11. Toxic Uptake The amount of exposure/uptake will be based on: 1 . Routes of entry 2 . Physical condition of exposed person. 3 . Concentration of the toxin 4 . Duration of exposure 5 . Stress will increase the respiratory and heart 6 . Shielding in the form of physical barriers or clothing 7 . Temperature. Heat almost always increases toxin travel and bodily intake. 8 . Size. Decreasing particulates or condensate droplet size increases absorption. 11 PPT-107-01

12. Effects on the Body Local - At the point of contact ( Chemical burns.) 2 . Remote - Distance from point of contact . (Brain) 3 . Acute - Immediate effects from a single exposure . (Respiratory irritation) 4 . Chronic - Long-term effects after repeated exposure . (Malignant tumors) 5. Systemic - Particular target organs or systems are attacked. 12 PPT-107-01

13. Effects on the Body 5. Systemic. Particular target organs or systems are attacked :   Type of Agents Targets a. Hepatotoxic Agents Liver function b. Neurotoxic Toxins Nervous system c. Nephrotoxic Agents Kidneys d. Hematopoetic Toxins Blood/circulatory system e. Asphyxiants Deprive tissues of oxygen 13 PPT-107-01

14. Personal Exposure If you have been exposed to chemical emergencies and possess some of these symptoms, a physical examination may be warranted.   Exposure to acutely toxic substances presents symptoms usually within minutes to hours, while others may require a few weeks to appear. Very few chemicals have a specific antidote. 14 PPT-107-01

15. Exposure Symptoms Eye or skin irritation Irritation of nose, throat or respiratory tract Skin discoloration or complexion changes Headache , nausea, dizziness or light-headed Blurred vision, lack of coordination Cramps or diarrhea Breathing difficulties Behavioral changes 15 PPT-107-01

16. Safety Precautions Do not touch the chemical or contaminated items Avoid dust, fumes, vapors or gas clouds Remove contaminated clothing as soon as possible. Wash contaminated skin thoroughly. (Wash, rinse, lather cycle of 5 minutes.) Launder clothing separately and completely. Avoid alcoholic beverages for 48 hours after exposure Avoid exposure to other chemicals for a day following exposure Tell others in your family or coworkers about the symptoms you have 16 PPT-107-01

17. Decon Types Wet or Dry Types: Dry Decon involves simply doffing the entry suit ; no showers or rinses involved. Wet Decon involves shower , solutions and rinses . This program focuses on wet decon 17 PPT-107-01

18. Physical or Chemical Decon Decon methods are described as: Physical C hemical or A combination of both. 18 PPT-107-01

19. Physical/Chemical Decon Physical Removal . The most commonly used technique for decon. It is simple, effective and usually requires fewer specialized tools or appliances. Methods include:   Brushing, Scraping, or Wiping Diluting Absorbing Vacuuming Evaporation or Vaporization Pressurized Steam or Sandblasting (for physical surroundings) 19 PPT-107-01

20. Physically Removed a. Loose Contaminants : Dust and vapors that cling removed with water or a liquid rinse. Electrostatically attached materials coating the clothing or equipment with anti-static solutions.   b . Adhering Contaminants : glues, cements, resins, and muds have much greater adhesive properties solidifying, freezing (using dry ice or ice water), absorption, or removal. 20 PPT-107-01

21. Physically Removed c. Volatile Liquids : evaporation followed by a water rinse using steam jets. Prevent inhalation of the vaporized chemicals. 21 PPT-107-01

22. Chemical Removal A more complex method. Chemicals used must be compatible with PPE as well as the by-products their reaction may cause. Techniques include:   Neutralization Dilution Surfactants. These reduce adhesion forces between contaminants and the surface being cleaned. Household detergents are common. Solidification . Uses catalytic reactions or polymerization 22 PPT-107-01

23. Neutralization C hemically altering to pose a lesser danger   S ome chemical reaction is likely to occur of gases, heat generation, or a change in the product's physical state.   In neutralizing corrosives, use the pH value of the substance as a guide. The objective of neutralizing corrosives is to correct the pH value to a level between 6.0 and 8.0, if possible. 23 PPT-107-01

24. Neutralizing Agents Examples Use On Acids Use on Bases Baking Soda Citric Acids Hydrated Lime Vinegar Caustic Soda or Very Diluted Soda Ash Hydrochloric Acid 24 PPT-107-01

25. Neutralizing Poisons Substances which can oxidize the toxins are used. Very strong chlorine bleaching substances or concentrated solutions of liquid chlorine (HTH and water) are effective . C ontain all runoff . Verify neutralization has occurred. Other materials absorb the toxins and break them down . i.e. activated carbon compounds 25 PPT-107-01

26. Neutralizing Hydrocarbons a . Emulsifier is used (detergents) to break up the hydrocarbon chain and allow water to dilute the product   b . Commercially available emulsifiers may have a color indicator that changes,   c . Other types of neutralizing agents can cause the substance to solidify or gel when neutralized 26 PPT-107-01

27. Dilution For Water Based and Soluble materials. Techniques include mixing specific proportions of a diluent with the chemical. However: In diluting you will enlarge the spill area Proper containment before beginning   Dilution is not actually a neutralization technique, it masks the chemical characteristics 27 PPT-107-01

28. Decon Set-Up 1. Size and complexity will vary according to: a . physical and chemical properties b . potential for and location of exposure d . weather conditions   2. USEPA has a (19 ) stage decon set-up for Level A , B, and C protection. These can be condensed to five (5) steps   3. Decon is a progressive method, the main concept to " zero-out“ the contaminant. 28 PPT-107-01

29. Sample Decon Set-up 29 PPT-107-01

30. Locating Decon Station Locate in an appropriate area. When setting up, consider:   Weather conditions and wind direction The terrain should be flat It should be close to entry operations The stability of the Hot Zone should ensure it can remain fixed and not have to be moved 30 PPT-107-01

31. Locating Decon Station Resources should be available to support Decon : solutions , washes, rinses additional equipment medical aid for injured/contaminated parties .   Often decon corridor is established as the only pathway used between the Hot and Warm Zones 31 PPT-107-01

32. Decon Equipment 1. Based on type (wet or dry) decon to be accomplished as well as the support resources required.   2. Suggested materials   PPE including positive pressure SCBA Plastic drop sheets Containment basins, specially constructed catchalls or wading pools Water supply and hoses 32 PPT-107-01

33. Decon Equipment 2 . Suggested materials   Soft bristle brushes with long handles Buckets for contaminated tools, decon solutions, or trash Trash bags for clothing, tape, or other contaminated articles Chairs or benches, covered with plastic for entry party Duct tape or chemically inert tape Medical equipment 33 PPT-107-01

34. Decon Equipment (Optional) Cordon tape, ribbon Towels Hand pump with hose 34 PPT-107-01 Containment drums Portable shower Water vacuum

35. Setting-Up Decon Select the area   P rotective plastic to set-up the decon site Form a catch-all basin Tape or secure the edge Ensure plastic is sufficient for showers, rinse areas and doffing area where corridor meets the Cold Zone. 35 PPT-107-01

36. Setting-Up Decon Put several wading pools in a straight line from the Hot Line toward the Cold Zone. Ensure water supply reaches all areas of decon B uckets for monitoring equipment and contaminated tools Plastic covered chairs for entry personnel to balance themselves during various decon stages. Provide a clean area at the end of the corridor for EMS personnel 36 PPT-107-01

37. Protect Decon Staff Protect decon staff from secondary contamination. P rotection level is chemical-dependent and where the worker is assigned in the decon corridor. Don’t allow showers to create overspray and spread contamination. 37 PPT-107-01

38. Protect Decon Staff S taff at the corridor entrance may require a higher level of protection than workers at the end . When working with highly toxic chemicals, decon parties at the entrance may be required to wear the same level of protection as the entry team. 38 PPT-107-01

39. Protect Decon Staff Work location in Decon Corridor may also determine level of PPE and decon required. 39 PPT-107-01

40. Decon: Unknown Chemicals Solution Contents " A" 5 % sodium carbonate and 5% trisodium phosphate .* Mix 4lbs. of commercial- grade trisodium phosphate with each 10 gallons of water . " B" 10 % calcium hypochlorite. Mix 8lbs. with 10 gallons of water. Rinse To be used for both solutions. 5% Solution solution of trisodium phosphate with each 10 gallons of water. 40 PPT-107-01

41. Decon: Unknown Chemicals 1. Decon Solution A:   5 % sodium carbonate and 5 % trisodium phosphate . Mix two (2) pounds of commercial grade trisodium phosphate* and two (2) pounds of commercial grade sodium carbonate with each five (5) gallons of water. (These chemicals are available in most hardware stores.) 41 PPT-107-01

42. Decon: Unknown Chemicals 2. Decon Solution B:   10 % calcium hypochlorite Mix four (4) pounds of calcium hypochlorite with each five (5) gallons of water Calcium hypochlorite is HTH and is available from swimming pool supply stores Make sure you purchase HTH in plastic containers or put it in clean plastic buckets HTH is classed as an oxidizer 42 PPT-107-01

43. Decon: Unknown Chemicals 3. Decon Solution C .   General Purpose Rinse May be used as a general purpose rinse for Decon Solutions A & B 5 % solution of trisodium phosphate* Mix two (2) pounds of trisodium phosphate* with each five (5) gallons of water . 43 PPT-107-01 * Phosphate substitute chemicals (TSP-Substitutes) are now used because the phosphates can disrupt the chemicals used in water treatment plants.

44. Decon: Known Chemicals Solutions for 10 Hazard Classes   Solution Contents   " A" 5 % sodium carbonate & 5% trisodium phosphate*   " B" 10 % calcium hypochlorite   " C" 5 % trisodium phosphate*. (Can also be used as a general purpose rinse .)   " D" Dilute solution of hydrochloric acid. Mix one ( 1) pint of concentrated hydrochloric acid into 10 gallons of water . Stir with a plastic stirrer. 44 PPT-107-01

45. Decon: Known Chemicals Solution Contents " E" Concentrated solution of Tide or other detergent and water. Mix into a paste and scrub with a brush. Rinse with water . 45 PPT-107-01

46. Solutions by Hazard Hazard Solution   1. Inorganic acids, metal processing wastes A 2. Heavy metals: mercury, lead, cadmium B 3. Pesticides, chlorinated phenols, dioxins, PCP’s B 4. Cyanides, ammonia and other non-acidic inorganic wastes B 5. Solvents and organic compounds such as Trichloroethylene , Chloroform and Toluene C or A 46 PPT-107-01

47. Solutions by Hazard Hazard Solution 6 . PBB's and PCB's C or A 7 . Oily, greasy unspecified wastes not suspected to be contaminated with pesticides C 8 . Inorganic bases, alkali and caustic wastes D 9 . Radioactive Materials E 10. Etiologic Materials A and B 47 PPT-107-01

48. Planning Decon The Emergency Response “Loop "   1. Initial Arrival and Size-Up a. Hazard Determination b. PPE Selection c. Decision to Commit to Control Efforts 2. Entry to the Hazard Zone a. Monitoring Operations b. Damage Assessment c. Tasks Required for Control 3. Close-Out/Termination a. Decontamination of Entry Personnel b. Clean-up Determination c. After-Action Requirements 48 PPT-107-01

49. Planning Decon 1. Some facilities have limited personnel, therefore, planning should account for procedures and operational needs. Ask:   a . Types of situations will require decon?   b . What will be required to perform decon ?   2. Medical and exposure records are required for emergency responders. D econ after all operations . The question is to what extremes will it be conducted.   Decon, then, serves as the means to verify no exposure has occurred. 49 PPT-107-01

50. Decon Effectiveness 1. Decon must be deliberate, methodical , and precise.   a . Focus on problem areas; hands , feet , folds in the entry clothing , and at junctures of the SCBA and suit, and tape and closures.   b . Maximize the ALARA Concept and minimize exposure   2. Establish checklists that can be posted at each decon station as a reference. 50 PPT-107-01

51. Decon: Level A Suits With Sufficient Air Supply   Decon suit using wet or dry methods. Remove outer gloves and boot covers Remove disposable clothing Pull arms out the suit sleeves Decon assistant will open suit closures and unzip suit Remove suit by peeling the suit away and down from the body. (Wearer should only touch suit interior. Gloved decon staff should touch only suit exterior yet minimizing contact.) 51 PPT-107-01

52. Decon: Level A Suits With Sufficient Air Supply When suit is down to wearer's ankles, wearer should step out of boots to a clean area . Remove SCBA, except the facepiece . Leaning over bag in warm zone, remove facepiece and put into decon bag. 52 PPT-107-01

53. Glove Removal All Suit Levels (where double gloving is used) Outer gloves are removed Remove inner gloves. Roll them off hands and place into disposable trash bag. 53 PPT-107-01

54. Decon: Level A Suits Low Air Alarm is Sounding.   Remove disposable clothing Quickly clean the area around closure and zipper Open zipper enough to permit access to the regulator and breathing hose. (Note: Some suits provide access with front zippers, others with back zippers) Attach breathing tube to full cylinder by passing hose through unzippered area to connect to regulator of new apparatus. Continue with normal doffing. Exercise extra care not to contaminate wearer at opening. 54 PPT-107-01

55. Decon: Level B Suits Sufficient Air Supply   Perform wet or dry decon 2. Remove disposable outer gloves and boots 3. Remove disposable clothing 4. SCBA: a . May be removed or b . Left on, depending on situation 55 PPT-107-01

56. Decon: Level B Suits Sufficient Air Supply 5 . Assistant will undo closures, zippers, and ties, and remove tape . 6. Peel suit from wearer beginning at hood, rolling sleeves inside out . 7. When suit is around wearer's ankles, wearer steps from boots to a clean area. 8. Remove facepiece and place in decon bag . 9. Remove inner gloves. Roll them off hands and place into disposable trash bag. 56 PPT-107-01

57. Decon: Level B Suits Low Air Alarm Sounding Remove disposable clothing . 2. Quickly clean the area around closure and zipper 3. Open zipper enough to permit access to the regulator and breathing hose. ( Note: Some suits provide access with front zippers, others with back zippers.) 4. Attach breathing tube to full cylinder by passing hose through unzippered area to connect to regulator of new apparatus . 5. Continue with normal doffing. Exercise extra care not to contaminate wearer at opening. 57 PPT-107-01

58. Decon: Level C Suits FSOP 7 provides stations for Maximum or Minimum Decon measures. Minimum Measures: Equipment drop Outer garment, boots, gloves wash & rinse Outer boot and glove removal Canister or mask change Boot, gloves and outer garment removal Face Piece removal Field Wash 58 PPT-107-01

59. Decon: Work Clothing Emergency decon may be required for those caught in an industrial release. This may lend itself to dry decon or wet decon. 59 PPT-107-01

60. Decon: Special Ops Some work clothing may lend itself to wet or dry decon. Determine which type and provide needed resources at the decon corridor 60 PPT-107-01

61. Mass Decon Used when large numbers of persons may have been exposed to a material. This could have been released during an industrial accident, t ransportation accident or during terroristic activities. Mission : Get all potentially exposed persons through decon! 61 PPT-107-01

62. Mass Decon Those exposed are directed through the decon corridor and subjected to a large volume of water to wash-off the contaminant. Many variations may be devised. Have your in-house team leader coordinate with the fire department providing this service. 62 PPT-107-01

63. Mass Decon Prefabricated systems may reduce set-up time for decon. 63 PPT-107-01

64. Victim Decon 1. Large Volumes of Water   Use flooding quantities of clean water. Degradation solutions should never be used on a patient except on the direct order of a physician.   64 PPT-107-01

65. Victim Decon 2 . Unconscious Victim   Decon personnel should remove all clothing and belongings. Attach victim to a long spine board or wire stokes basket to permit drainage and continue with decon while providing emergency medical care. 65 PPT-107-01

66. Rescue Team Always have a rescue team suited-up and ready to rescue entry team members and victims. They will also need to be deconned. 66 PPT-107-01

67. Decon Staff Minimize cross-contamination Practice the ALARA Concept Preclude contact with contaminated clothing. Use cleaning instruments which permit distance or a barrier between the victim and assisting staff. 67 PPT-107-01

68. EMS Protection Provide for the safety of EMS personnel. Provide protective clothing Line ambulance interiors with plastic sheeting to minimize surface contamination. Litters may also be covered to eliminate contamination. 68 PPT-107-01

69. EMS Protection Provide protocols and procedures to maximize safety and victim care. 69 PPT-107-01

70. EMS Protection Provide EMS with procedures for locating on the scene and receiving injured/contaminated personnel. 70 PPT-107-01

71. Safety Issues Decon After All Incidents . Decon thoroughly in the field.   Emergency Decon Station . Isolate it from non-incident traffic, remote from entry corridors and personnel. 71 PPT-107-01

72. After-Action Decon 1. Contamination Reduction   Script and exercise preventive measures which best ensure efficiency of the effort. Practice the measures during various types of simulated responses. 72 PPT-107-01

73. After-Action Decon 2. Personnel   Designate shower area for entry and assist personnel. A final medical read-out may also be performed at this location. 73 PPT-107-01

74. After-Action Decon 3. Clothing   Personal clothing should be either laundered or disposed. 74 PPT-107-01

75. After-Action Decon 4. Site   Decon showers with no protective enclosures may permit overspray of contaminated water into the environment or to adjacent surfaces. Porous surfaces, (asphalt or concrete), should be tested to determine their exposure. Methods may include : dilution , or 2) neutralization. 75 PPT-107-01

76. After-Action Decon 5. Equipment Some equipment does not lend itself to decon Determine if it does and establish who will perform it. 76 PPT-107-01

77. Decon Effectiveness The method used is contaminant dependent . 1. Observation Methods   a . Visual Inspection . of surface reactions inconsistent   b. Natural Light. Stains, corrosive effects, visible dirt, or fabric damage may reveal exposure to contaminants as well as their existence after decon . 77 PPT-107-01

78. Decon Effectiveness c. Ultraviolet Light . Chemicals which fluoresce may be detected by this means. Works for clothing, equipment, and skin. However, areas which fluoresce naturally, render this test invalid. 78 PPT-107-01

79. Decon Effectiveness 2. Sampling Methods.   a . Wipe Samples . Material (cloth, swab ) is run over the suspect area . The sample resulting is lab tested for contaminants. This test may be used for interior and exterior entry suit tests .   b . Solution Analysis. Laundered clothing rinse solution is tested   c . Permeation Tests. Destructive testing requires a sample of the exposed fabric be lab tested . 79 PPT-107-01

80. Disposal All materials, clothing, and equipment which you can not decon for future use must be disposed of in accordance with Hazardous Waste laws. This includes solutions, washes and rinses generated by the operation . Determine if a contractor will handle this disposal within regulatory requirements. 80 PPT-107-01

81. Cleaning-up the Decon Corridor Once all personnel are deconned, the corridor must be “torn-down” Water from pools may be pumped into a retrieval drum for evaluation and disposal The tarps can be dried or vacuumed or drained into a basin for collection The tarps can be rolled up, ensuring no liquid goes onto the environment, and cleaned or disposed. 81 PPT-107-01

82. Cleaning-up the Decon Corridor Before this “tear-down” occurs, monitoring should be done to determine the level of PPE needed by the clean-up crew. After clean-up is performed, this team will also need to decon. Clean-up teams should take their time to minimize contamination. Plan PPE determination Tasks and methods 82 PPT-107-01

83. Summary Locate the Decon in the Warm Zone. Establish other tasks accordingly Your locating will also be wind and terrain-dependent. 83 PPT-107-01

84. Summary Select suits compatible to the hazard Set-up stations in decon Provide for various types of decon for: Responders Victims EMS 84 PPT-107-01

85. Summary Be precise during the decon process Once all entry personnel have deconned, the decon team goes through the process After-action clean-up will require planning to determine methods to be used and PPE for clean-up crew Train with those with whom you will respond Always be safe during each stage of decon! 85 PPT-107-01

86. Bibliography https:// www.osha.gov/SLTC/hazardouswaste/training/decon.html “Occupational Safety & Health Guidance Manual for Hazardous Waste Site Activities,” NIOSH, OSHA, USCG, EPA, US Department of Health and Human Services, Superintendent of Documents, US Government Printing Office, Washing, D.C., 20402, October, 1985. Site Emergency Response Planning, Chemical Manufacturers Association, Washington, D.C., 20037, 1986. 86 PPT-107-01

87. Bibliography Fire Service Emergency Management Handbook, International Association of Fire Chiefs Foundation, 101 East Holly Avenue, Unit 10B, Sterling, VA 22170, January 1985. Emergency Response Guidebook, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C., 2012. Hazardous Materials Planning Guide, NRT-1, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., March, 1987. 87 PPT-107-01

88. Contact Information Health & Safety Training Specialists 1171 South Cameron Street, Room 324 Harrisburg, PA 17104-2501 [phone] [email protected] 88 PPT-107-01 Like us on Facebook! - https://www.facebook.com/BWCPATHS

89. Questions 89 PPT-107-01