HAZARDOUS WASTES.pptxbbbbxuxjdjdi8fifjfufui

HAZARDOUS WASTES.pptxbbbb

1. Contents Hazardous waste Cradle to Grave of hazardous waste Hazardous waste Treatment Physical & Chemical Treatment Thermal treatment Waste minimization

2. HAZARDOUS WASTES Definition : Hazardous waste is a waste with properties that make it potentially dangerous or harmful to human health or the environment. The universe of hazardous wastes is large and diverse. Hazardous wastes can be liquids, solids, or contained gases. Any residue or combination of residue other than radioactive waste which by reason of its chemical reactivity or toxic, explosive, corrosive other characteristics cause potential hazard to human or environment, either alone or when in contact with other wastes and which therefore cannot be handled, stored, transported, treated or disposed off without special precautions.

3. Objectives Waste minimization Detoxification & neutralization of waste by treatments Destruction of combustible waste by incineration Solidification of sludge & ash Disposal of residues in landfill

4. Sources Inorganic & Organic chemicals Petroleum refineries Iron & Steel Non ferrous metals Leather tanning Metal finishing

5. Characteristics of hazardous wastes Ignitability - Ignitable wastes Corrosivity - Corrosive wastes Reactivity - Reactive wastes Toxicity - Toxic wastes

6. Rules & Regulations of Hazardous wastes Aim at providing control Specify the responsibilities Regulations governing generators of HW 1. preparation for transport 2. manifest requirements 3. record keeping & reporting Regulations governing transport of HW 1. notification prior to transport 2. manifest requirements

7. Cradle to Grave of Hazardous waste The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) requires hazardous waste generators to properly manage their waste from the point of generation called the cradle, to the point of final destruction referred to as the grave.

8. The Cradle to Grave Process Generation : All hazardous waste begins with the company’s generation of the material. The “cradle” refers to the generation stage since it’s where it all begins. The first thing for a company to do once they have generated such material is to identify whether it is hazardous waste or regular waste. Once the hazardous material is determined, you should document it and then ensure that it’s properly labeled. The correct labeling is vital for the safety of those on your worksite and the rest of the process. Transportation : The waste must be picked up and transported to the proper treatment facility for it to be safely disposed of. A major part of the transportation responsibility as a hazardous waste generator is to make sure the waste and transportation methods meet the requirements of the Department of Transportation (DOT).

9. Treatment : Certain wastes that don’t have hazardous properties can be recycled safely in their present state. When you’re dealing with hazardous waste, it’s quite a bit different. Such material needs specific treatment before it can be disposed of. This is vital to prevent any hazardous material from making it into the soil, groundwater, and air. This is when facilities use methods like solidification and stabilization. Storage : Waste will often have to be stored for a period at various stages of the process of waste management. This could be onsite, during transportation, or during the treatment process at the facility. Wherever the waste is being stored, the area must be in a safe and secured location so that anything like spills and leaking can be avoided. It’s vital that it’s stored away from anything else that could get contaminated or could be dangerously reactive with the waste. Disposal: This is the final stage of the process, meaning that this is what the “grave” refers to. This comes after the waste has either been safely treated or has gone through enough reuse and recycling. When the waste is finally disposed of, it needs to be dumped in the appropriate landfill which keeps our environment and the public safe from any hazardous effects. The waste can also be burned for energy.

10. Management process involved in cradle Waste characteristics : After generating a waste material, the generator must appropriately characterize the waste and determine if it is hazardous(40CFR 262.11). Doing so allows a generator to make appropriate decisions regarding the waste’s final destination and helps prevent improper disposal, like hazardous waste going to a non-hazardous waste landfill. Storage : While the hazardous waste is stored on-site, the generator must adequately manage the waste material and follow all requirements for hazardous waste storage(40CFR section 260.11 and 262). Through proper management, the generator ensures that waste material doesn’t become a hazard to employees, the community or the environment. Documentation : Hazardous waste generators must complete weekly inspections of hazardous waste storage areas. Documentation of these inspections and completion of any corrective actions required, must be maintained on-site as proof of compliance with the regulations.

11. Management process involved in grave Accidental spills : If an accidental spill or release of hazardous material occurs during transport to a disposal facility, the generator is responsible for the cleanup and disposal of material. Reputable TSDF : If a generator ships its waste to a hazardous waste treatment, storage and disposal. Facility that is not managing the waste properly, the generator may be held responsible for mismanagement. Therefore, a generator should exercise caution when selecting a TSDF to ensure that their waste will be handled correctly and in a manner that won’t trouble with the EPA. Documentation : You should always be able to prove that you characterized and managed your waste correctly and that the TSDF received the waste. Maintaining all documentation required under Federal and State laws is a generator’s best way to prove proper cradle-to-grave management of hazardous waste.

12. 5 ways to break the cradle to grave chain Improper labeling:  Hazardous waste must be labeled properly to indicate the nature of the waste and its potential risks. Failing to use  hazardous waste labels  correctly can result in confusion among workers and lead to improper handling and disposal. Improper storage:  Hazardous waste must be stored in containers that are appropriate for the type of waste your facility generates. Storage containers should also be resistant to chemical reactions and leaks. If the waste is stored improperly, a leak can contaminate the environment and pose health hazards. Illegal dumping:  Illegally disposing of hazardous waste, such as dumping it in a landfill or pouring it down the drain, breaks the cradle to grave chain. This type of  hazardous waste disposal  poses a significant risk to public health and the environment and is a violation of environmental regulations.

13. Failure to document:  Keeping proper documentation is crucial in the cradle to grave process. Failure to document the waste’s generation, storage, transportation and disposal can lead to noncompliance with regulatory requirements. Improperly documentation can also make it difficult to track the waste’s journey. Failure to transport waste properly:  Transporting hazardous waste requires strict compliance with regulations and should include using licensed  hazardous waste disposal companies . Failure to transport hazardous waste properly can lead to spills and leaks, posing a significant risk to public health and the environment.

14. There are various options of treatment of HSW treatment can be categorized under physical, chemical and biological treatment. Physical treatment Filtration & Separation Through filtering media the driving force is pressure gradient , caused by gravity, centrifugal force, vacuum, or pressure greater than atmospheric pressure Clarification Clarification

15. Chemical treatment Chemical precipitation- Soluble substance is converted to an insoluble form either by a chemical reaction or by change in the composition of the solvent. removal of toxic metal from aqueous wastes arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel sources of wastes containing metals are metal plating and polishing, inorganic pigment, mining and the electronic industries. And also from clean up and from harzadous waste site eg leachate to ground water. Oxidation & Reduction( redox )- Reactions are used in treatment of metal-bearing wastes, sulphides , cyanides and chromium and in the treatment of many organic wastes such as phenols, pesticides and sulphur . Some of the commonly used oxidising agents are sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, calcium hypochlorite, potassium permanganate and ozone. Reducing agents are used to treat wastes containing hexavalent chromium, mercury, organometallic compounds and chelated metals. Some of the compounds used as reducing agents are sulphur dioxide, sodium borohydride , etc Suitable for low concentration of waste less than 1%.

16. 3. Solidification and stabilisation- Solidification and stabilisation are treatment processes designed to improve waste handling and physical characteristics, decrease surface area across which pollutants can transfer or leach, limit the solubility or detoxify the hazardous constituent. Solidification : This refers to a process in which materials are added to the waste to produce a solid. It may or may not involve a chemical bonding between the toxic contaminant and the additive. Stabilization : This refers to a process by which a waste is converted to a more chemically stable form. Subsuming solidification, stabilization represents the use of a chemical reaction to transform the toxic component to a new, non-toxic compound or substance.

17. Chemical fixation : This implies the transformation of toxic contaminants to a new non-toxic compound. Encapsulation : This is a process involving the complete coating or enclosure of a toxic particle or waste agglomerate with a new substance. 4. Evaporation: Evaporation is defined as the conversion of a liquid from a solution or slurry into vapour . Evaporation is commonly used as a pre-treatment method to decrease quantities of material for final treatment. It is also used in cases where no other treatment method was found to be practical. 5. Ozonation: Ozone is a relatively unstable gas consisting of three oxygen atoms per molecule (O 3 ) and is one of the strongest oxidizing agents. Ozone and UV radiations have been used to detoxify industrial organic wastes, containing aromatic and aliphatic polychlorinated compounds, ketones and alcohols.

18. Thermal Treatment Incineration Pyrolysis

19. Waste minimization Means the feasible reduction of hazardous waste that generates prior to treatment, storage and disposal. It is defined as any source reduction or recycling activity that results in the reduction of total volume of hazardous waste, or toxicity of hazardous waste or both. Practices that considers in waste minimization include recycling, source separation, product substitution, manufacturing process change & the use of less toxic material. Waste minimization and prevention provides an opportuinity to be environmentally responsible.

20. Factors contribute to waste minimization Management support & employee participation: Training Waste audits Good operating practices Material substitution practices. Technological modification practices Recycling options Surplus chemical waste exchnage options.

21. CONTENTS Introduction Sources Classification of Bio-medical waste Sources Effects Bio-medical waste management Methods

22. INTRODUCTION Since beginning, the hospitals are known for the treatment of sick persons but we are unaware about the adverse effects of the garbage generated by them on human body nod environment. Now it is well established fact that hospital waste is potential health hazard to the health care workers , public and flora and fauna of the area. What is bio medical waste? The waste generated during the diagnosis, testing, treatment, research or production of biological products from humans or animals. Medical waste can be defined as waste that contains potentially infectious materials. A broader definition may also include all materials that are of laboratory or medical origin, including packaging, infusion kits, etc. WHAT IS A Bio-MEDICAL WASTE?? https://images.app.goo.gl/sNpZHhW9SMeSwQez8

23. Bio Medical waste consists of Human anatomical waste like tissues, organs and body parts. Animal wastes generated during research from veterinary hospitals. Microbiology and biotechnology wastes. Waste sharps like hypodermic needles, syringes, scalpels and broken glass. Discarded medicines and cytotoxic drugs. https://images.app.goo.gl/97tHivke3xVgwQSU8 https://images.app.goo.gl/741oScmyH9q7wLH89 https://images.app.goo.gl/8LzueSk7UZiwrJxd7

24. Sources for Bio Medical Waste (BMW) The major sources are: Hospitals. Primary health centres. Medical colleges and research centres. Veterinary colleges and animal research centres. Blood banks, mortuaries, autopsy centres. Biotechnology institutions. The Minor sources are: Home care. Cosmetic clinics. Paramedics. Funeral services. https://images.app.goo.gl/vuf9KttnjreMXz5W9

25. Classification of Bio-Medical Waste Bio medical waste classified as Infectious waste. Non infectious waste Chemical waste. Pharmaceutical waste. Sharps. Radioactive waste. Cytotoxic waste. Heavy metal waste. https://images.app.goo.gl/2mwcvZGGCCVJAQ467

26. Health impacts Exposure to toxic chemicals like mercury, xylene and formaline can result in chemical injuries among health personnel and patients in contact. Improper disposal and lack of properly designed landfills result in contamination of water and exposure to toxic wastes. Inadequate incineration can result in toxic air pollution. Lack of segregation of the biomedical wastes can risk an exposure to sharps among the workers of waste disposal and treatment. Open waste dumping results in piling up of the waste which attracts insects, these dumps during in the rains become breeding areas for the insects and as sources for vectors which spread infectious disease. Pouring of the antibiotics into the drain results in the killing of required microbes and altering the environment that helps in the breakdown of biological matter in septic tanks.

27. The improper management of bio medical waste causes serious effect on environment and human health. 1. Effect on environment . Soil contamination, water contamination. air contamination. 2. Effect on human health. Lung infections. Parasitic infection Skin infection. The spread of viral illness such as HIV, Hepatitis B and C. Bacteremia . Cholera tuberculosis Effects of Bio-Medical Waste https://images.app.goo.gl/UdA3RroGT9Tyrinn9

28. Bio-medical waste management The act of bio medical waste management was passed by the ministry of environment and forests in 1986 and noticed the rules in 1998. According to this management ,it is the duty of every “occupier” i.e. a person who has control over the institution or its premises, to take all steps to ensure that waste generated is handled without any adverse effect to human health and environment. https://images.app.goo.gl/Zrqgks2NfXAg46aY7 https://images.app.goo.gl/gi5SrE2CkmgU8ENF6

29. BMW MANAGEMENT PROCESS https://ramkyenviroengineers.com/biomedical