HBSE2 micro powerpoint HUman Behaviour.ppt

PPT on Human Behaviour

1. Human Behavior and the Human Behavior and the
Social EnvironmentSocial Environment
Micro Level: Individuals and FamiliesMicro Level: Individuals and Families
Second EditionSecond Edition
Katherine van WormerKatherine van Wormer
Copyright 2010, Oxford University Press. For classroom use only; all other Copyright 2010, Oxford University Press. For classroom use only; all other
reproductions or circulation is prohibited.reproductions or circulation is prohibited.

2. Chapter 1Chapter 1
Human Behavior: Theoretical ConceptsHuman Behavior: Theoretical Concepts
To see the world in a grain of sand.To see the world in a grain of sand.
And heaven in a wild flower.And heaven in a wild flower.
Hold infinity in the palm of your handHold infinity in the palm of your hand
And eternity in an hour.And eternity in an hour.
William Blake, Auguries of Innocence, 1789William Blake, Auguries of Innocence, 1789
I am a part of all I have met. I am a part of all I have met.
Tennyson, Ulysses, 1842Tennyson, Ulysses, 1842

3. This chapter will:This chapter will:

Introduce concepts relevant to social work theory and the Introduce concepts relevant to social work theory and the
study of micro-level human behaviorstudy of micro-level human behavior

Provide an overview of four major theoretical perspectives Provide an overview of four major theoretical perspectives
(psychodynamic, cognitive, ecosystems, and (psychodynamic, cognitive, ecosystems, and
empowerment approaches)empowerment approaches)

Conduct a critical analysis of each theoretical frameworkConduct a critical analysis of each theoretical framework

Discuss implications for social work practiceDiscuss implications for social work practice

4. The Study of Human BehaviorThe Study of Human Behavior

must have a solid understanding of people’s must have a solid understanding of people’s
needs at various stages of developmentneeds at various stages of development

needs knowledge of human behavior as a core needs knowledge of human behavior as a core
knowledge base to guide generalist social knowledge base to guide generalist social
work practicework practice
A skilled social worker:

5. 
BiologicalBiological

PsychologicalPsychological

SocialSocial

SpiritualSpiritual
*These essential elements sometimes *These essential elements sometimes
parallel, but often overlap and interlock.parallel, but often overlap and interlock.
To assess a problem, social workers need a
solid understanding of these processes:

6. Learning about Human BehaviorLearning about Human Behavior

Learning from the microcosmLearning from the microcosm

““To see the world in a grain of sand”To see the world in a grain of sand”

Key to the whole is contained in the part.Key to the whole is contained in the part.

Study of depth over breadthStudy of depth over breadth

Note the holon pictured in the text.Note the holon pictured in the text.

Learning from the study of paradoxLearning from the study of paradox

Embrace oppositesEmbrace opposites

Out of failure may come success (Ex.- Out of failure may come success (Ex.- My Losing My Losing
SeasonSeason))

7. Turning Points in People’s LivesTurning Points in People’s Lives

Story of Mrs. AnnStory of Mrs. Anné and her neighbors, 1949é and her neighbors, 1949

Hurricanes such as KatrinaHurricanes such as Katrina

Karen Armstrong, who left the conventKaren Armstrong, who left the convent

Consider other turning points in people’s lives.Consider other turning points in people’s lives.

Turning points:Turning points:

can involve a change in outlook, worldview, lifestyle, choice can involve a change in outlook, worldview, lifestyle, choice
or fate; may relate to relationshipor fate; may relate to relationship

are recognized only laterare recognized only later

may involve positive or negative outcomesmay involve positive or negative outcomes

[new material] negative—may be related to loss, failure, health[new material] negative—may be related to loss, failure, health

paradox—negative into positiveparadox—negative into positive

8. **THEORYTHEORY – a group of related hypotheses, concepts, – a group of related hypotheses, concepts,
and constructs, based on facts and observations, and constructs, based on facts and observations,
which attempt to explain a particular phenomenonwhich attempt to explain a particular phenomenon
- can be small range (micro level - can be small range (micro level
explanations)explanations)
- may be a grand theory (to explain societal - may be a grand theory (to explain societal
patterns) (patterns) (Social Work DictionarySocial Work Dictionary))
Theoretical perspective—lacks explanatory power, an Theoretical perspective—lacks explanatory power, an
approach, such as feminism, strengths approachapproach, such as feminism, strengths approach

9. 
Often used in informal sense, as “I have a theory about Often used in informal sense, as “I have a theory about
that.”that.”

Different theories are required for different situations.Different theories are required for different situations.

Practice and theory are intertwined.Practice and theory are intertwined.

To see in perspective is to see parts in terms of the wholeTo see in perspective is to see parts in terms of the whole
—the micro-macro view.—the micro-macro view.

Sometimes it’s useful to forget the whole and focus on the Sometimes it’s useful to forget the whole and focus on the
part – practitioners urge clients to partialize a problem or part – practitioners urge clients to partialize a problem or
break it down into manageable parts.break it down into manageable parts.
…Theory

10. Critical Thinking Critical Thinking
-Includes the application of appropriate theories to the Includes the application of appropriate theories to the
situations that social workers encountersituations that social workers encounter
-Self awareness is crucial; Self awareness is crucial;
-Awareness of one’s belief systems and biases, valuesAwareness of one’s belief systems and biases, values
-Of where the beliefs and values came from Of where the beliefs and values came from
-Relevant to generalist practice is the ability to discern Relevant to generalist practice is the ability to discern
the underlying, the underlying, latentlatent purpose in social policies. purpose in social policies.

Critical consciousness involves an understanding of the Critical consciousness involves an understanding of the
encompassing social-structural context of human problems.encompassing social-structural context of human problems.

11. Critical Thinking and Practice
Fallacies
Relying on a small number of case examples and
testimonials;
Vagueness in identifying client problems;
Putting too much faith in newness and trends;
becoming “true believers”
Relying on authorities rather than research to
guide practice;
Basing strategies based on initial research
success without appropriate follow-up.

12. Because of their influences on social work practice Because of their influences on social work practice
at the individual level, this chapter explores four at the individual level, this chapter explores four
theoretical perspectives of micro level behavior:theoretical perspectives of micro level behavior:
PsychodynamicPsychodynamic
CognitiveCognitive
EcosystemsEcosystems
EmpowermentEmpowerment

13. Critical Analysis of the Major Theories of Human BehaviorCritical Analysis of the Major Theories of Human Behavior
Questions we will ask of each theory:Questions we will ask of each theory:

To what extent are the theory and its concepts empirically valid? What does the To what extent are the theory and its concepts empirically valid? What does the
evidence show?evidence show?

What can we learn of human behavior from this theory?What can we learn of human behavior from this theory?

Does the theory take into account both risks and resiliencies?Does the theory take into account both risks and resiliencies?

Does the theory account for cultural, gender variations in human behavior?Does the theory account for cultural, gender variations in human behavior?

Does the theory reflect social work ethics and values?Does the theory reflect social work ethics and values?

14. Psychodynamic TheoryPsychodynamic Theory

Derived from psychoanalysisDerived from psychoanalysis

Freud considered it scientific-- built on personal observation and Freud considered it scientific-- built on personal observation and
experimentationexperimentation

Initial focus of Freud’s theory on powerful instinctual forces that drive Initial focus of Freud’s theory on powerful instinctual forces that drive
development and behavior - love, hate, sex, and aggression (forces development and behavior - love, hate, sex, and aggression (forces
that bring us into conflict with social rules)that bring us into conflict with social rules)

Freud’s theory of the meaning of dreamsFreud’s theory of the meaning of dreams

Freud’s mode of psychosexual development (oral, anal, phallic, Freud’s mode of psychosexual development (oral, anal, phallic,
oedipal, latency, and genital stages)oedipal, latency, and genital stages)

15. Freud’s Psychodynamic TheoryFreud’s Psychodynamic Theory
Key Concepts:Key Concepts:

primarily concerned with internal psychological processesprimarily concerned with internal psychological processes

importance of early childhood experiencesimportance of early childhood experiences

existence of unconscious motivation—seen in dreamsexistence of unconscious motivation—seen in dreams

existence of ego (rationality) and superego (morality)existence of ego (rationality) and superego (morality)

existence of defense mechanismsexistence of defense mechanisms

16. Freud’s Psychodynamic TheoryFreud’s Psychodynamic Theory cont.cont.
Key analytical concepts:Key analytical concepts:

psychosexual developmentpsychosexual development

defense mechanismsdefense mechanisms

regression, repression, reaction formation, regression, repression, reaction formation,

projection, sublimationprojection, sublimation

free association as the method of recallfree association as the method of recall

therapeutic techniques of interpretation (including therapeutic techniques of interpretation (including
that of transference, defenses and dreams)that of transference, defenses and dreams)

important role of the unconscious and past, often important role of the unconscious and past, often
traumatic experiences, repressed memoriestraumatic experiences, repressed memories

17. Psychodynamic Perspective Psychodynamic Perspective cont.cont.

Freud’s theories spawned many generations of neo-Freudian Freud’s theories spawned many generations of neo-Freudian
scholars (ex: Alfred Adler & Carl Jung--they later broke with Freud scholars (ex: Alfred Adler & Carl Jung--they later broke with Freud
due to theoretical differences)due to theoretical differences)

Erich Fromm combined Freudian and Marxist perspectives, analyzed Erich Fromm combined Freudian and Marxist perspectives, analyzed
society, focus on aggression and warsociety, focus on aggression and war

18. Critical Analysis of this TheoryCritical Analysis of this Theory

Good evidence for:Good evidence for:

Trauma theoryTrauma theory

Effect of poor parentingEffect of poor parenting

Unconscious motivesUnconscious motives

Empirical evidence? How to verify?Empirical evidence? How to verify?

Penis envyPenis envy

Meaning of dreams—fMRI discoveriesMeaning of dreams—fMRI discoveries

19. ……Critical AnalysisCritical Analysis

What does this theory teach about humanWhat does this theory teach about human
behavior?—body-mind connection.behavior?—body-mind connection.

Inclusion of risks and resiliencies?—mostly risksInclusion of risks and resiliencies?—mostly risks

Attention to culture and gender?—hard on Attention to culture and gender?—hard on
women.women.

Consistent with social work values?—lacking in Consistent with social work values?—lacking in
attention to social justice issuesattention to social justice issues

Ethical issues—interpretation of incest claims.Ethical issues—interpretation of incest claims.

20. Cognitive ApproachCognitive Approach
CognitionCognition – derived from the Latin – derived from the Latin cognoscerecognoscere: to learn, to know: to learn, to know

This approach a reaction to psychodynamic theory, grew out of This approach a reaction to psychodynamic theory, grew out of
behaviorismbehaviorism

Theorists relied on empirical testing to validate their ideas. Principles:Theorists relied on empirical testing to validate their ideas. Principles:

Concern of therapy should be with the conscious reasoning process Concern of therapy should be with the conscious reasoning process

Focus on the behavior itself as affected by the individual’s own cognitive Focus on the behavior itself as affected by the individual’s own cognitive
approachapproach

Behavior seen as affected by perception or interpretation of the environment Behavior seen as affected by perception or interpretation of the environment
during the process of learningduring the process of learning

Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck are the most prominent writers in this field.Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck are the most prominent writers in this field.

21. Albert EllisAlbert Ellis

Ellis is the founder of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)Ellis is the founder of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)

Based on Cognitive-Behavioral Theory (CBT) Based on Cognitive-Behavioral Theory (CBT)

REBT, like CBT of which it is a part, concentrates on people’s current REBT, like CBT of which it is a part, concentrates on people’s current
belief, attitudes and self-statementsbelief, attitudes and self-statements

Human behavior in terms of the ABC ModelHuman behavior in terms of the ABC Model
(A) antecedent event(A) antecedent event
(B) resulting behavior(B) resulting behavior
(C) behavioral consequences(C) behavioral consequences

Short-term treatment favored, with the therapist taking a very directive, Short-term treatment favored, with the therapist taking a very directive,
didactic role in exposing the client’s irrational thoughtsdidactic role in exposing the client’s irrational thoughts

22. Aaron BeckAaron Beck

Wrote in the area of clinical depression and anxiety disordersWrote in the area of clinical depression and anxiety disorders

Beck’s Inventory of Depression is widely used to gauge the level of Beck’s Inventory of Depression is widely used to gauge the level of
patient depressionpatient depression

Problems arise from errors in thinking, focused on the contribution of Problems arise from errors in thinking, focused on the contribution of
dysfunctional moods and psychiatric symptomsdysfunctional moods and psychiatric symptoms
Common Thinking ErrorsCommon Thinking Errors
1. all or nothing thinking1. all or nothing thinking
2. overgeneralization2. overgeneralization
3. minimizing/magnification3. minimizing/magnification
4. personalizing4. personalizing
5. perfectionism 5. perfectionism

23. Critical Analysis of Cognitive TheoryCritical Analysis of Cognitive Theory

What does the evidence show?What does the evidence show?

Excellent results in therapyExcellent results in therapy

Change in thoughts > change in behaviorChange in thoughts > change in behavior

Using cognitive strategies is of proven effectivenessUsing cognitive strategies is of proven effectiveness

in motivational interviewing with alcoholicsin motivational interviewing with alcoholics

in cases PTSD, OCD, children’s emotional disordersin cases PTSD, OCD, children’s emotional disorders

What does the theory teach about human behavior?What does the theory teach about human behavior?

That people can changeThat people can change

Motivational approach helped clients recognize the contradictions in Motivational approach helped clients recognize the contradictions in
their thinking about substance use that would motivate them toward their thinking about substance use that would motivate them toward
changechange

24. Motivational Interviewing vs
Criminal Personality
Resistance is not a force to be overcome, but a cue that
we need to change strategies
Client seen as an ally; support self-efficacy
Discrepancy used to explore the importance of change
Goal to elicit reasons for change from the client

Stanton Samenow— focus on negative, “the criminal Stanton Samenow— focus on negative, “the criminal
personality.” Offenders to face their actspersonality.” Offenders to face their acts

Therapist attempts to instill a feeling of self-disgustTherapist attempts to instill a feeling of self-disgust

Not a strengths focusNot a strengths focus

25. ……Critical AnalysisCritical Analysis

Little emphasis on resilience (except for Little emphasis on resilience (except for
Miller) or culture and genderMiller) or culture and gender

Social work values?—fits with Social work values?—fits with
professionalism; when focus is on criminal professionalism; when focus is on criminal
personality and errors in thinking contradicts personality and errors in thinking contradicts
strengths perspective strengths perspective

26. Ecosystems FrameworkEcosystems Framework

Hybrid of Hybrid of general systemsgeneral systems theory, which focuses interdependence of theory, which focuses interdependence of
relationships, and relationships, and ecologyecology which is concerned with our interaction between which is concerned with our interaction between
organism and the environment. organism and the environment.

Emerged in the 1950s and 1960s in the fields of computer science (general Emerged in the 1950s and 1960s in the fields of computer science (general
systems) and biology (ecology)systems) and biology (ecology)

Mutually interdependent relationship among systems of different sizes is Mutually interdependent relationship among systems of different sizes is
expressed in the concept of expressed in the concept of holon.holon.

HolonHolon--the idea that every system is simultaneously a whole with its own --the idea that every system is simultaneously a whole with its own
distinctive qualities, a part of a larger system and a container of smaller distinctive qualities, a part of a larger system and a container of smaller
systemssystems

27. General Systems Theory cont.General Systems Theory cont.

Cause and effect are viewed as intertwined and Cause and effect are viewed as intertwined and
inseparable, a non-linear view of reality.inseparable, a non-linear view of reality.

The whole is more than the sum of its parts. The whole is more than the sum of its parts.

A social system is adaptive or goal oriented and A social system is adaptive or goal oriented and
purposive, striving to maintain equilibrium;purposive, striving to maintain equilibrium;

Systems model allows the social worker to view the Systems model allows the social worker to view the
person holistically (as both individual-inner person holistically (as both individual-inner
biological drives and social-cultural being).biological drives and social-cultural being).

28. EcosystemsEcosystems

Concepts borrowed from the systems framework:Concepts borrowed from the systems framework:

A social system is comprised of members organized in a unit.A social system is comprised of members organized in a unit.

All systems are subsystems of other systems; a social system is All systems are subsystems of other systems; a social system is
separated from other systems by separated from other systems by boundariesboundaries; boundaries as open and ; boundaries as open and
closed.closed.

A change in one member affects the whole system and therefore the A change in one member affects the whole system and therefore the
equilibrium.equilibrium.

Concepts from ecology:Concepts from ecology:

Focus on stress and individual adaptation to the stress.Focus on stress and individual adaptation to the stress.

Person-in-environmentPerson-in-environment – the person and environment are in constant – the person and environment are in constant
interactioninteraction

Cause and effect viewed as intertwined; Cause and effect viewed as intertwined; interactionisminteractionism;;

The parts of the whole seen in constant interaction with other parts.The parts of the whole seen in constant interaction with other parts.

29. Critical AnalysisCritical Analysis

What evidence-based research shows—too broad to be researched What evidence-based research shows—too broad to be researched
empirically except perhaps in plant and non-human life.empirically except perhaps in plant and non-human life.

Ecosystems perspective is consistent with social work values and Ecosystems perspective is consistent with social work values and
ethics except that it is apolitical, just a framework for viewing ethics except that it is apolitical, just a framework for viewing
reality. reality.

Concepts from Concepts from deep ecologydeep ecology have implications related to have implications related to
preserving our natural environment and viewing spirituality as preserving our natural environment and viewing spirituality as
found in nature.found in nature.

What this framework teaches about human behavior—What this framework teaches about human behavior—

Helps us understand family dynamics Helps us understand family dynamics

Provides multidimensional conceptsProvides multidimensional concepts

30. Critical Analysis of Ecosystems, cont.Critical Analysis of Ecosystems, cont.

Inclusion of risks and resiliencies?—Inclusion of risks and resiliencies?—

Risks to human and nonhuman life are Risks to human and nonhuman life are
incorporated.incorporated.

Missing is an appreciation of power dynamics Missing is an appreciation of power dynamics

Attention to culture and gender issues?Attention to culture and gender issues?

This model can be further developed as in this This model can be further developed as in this
text to relate to culture and gender and to link text to relate to culture and gender and to link
with concept of empowerment.with concept of empowerment.

31. Empowerment PerspectiveEmpowerment Perspective

A composite group of theoretical perspectivesA composite group of theoretical perspectives

Includes anti-oppressive and feminist perspectivesIncludes anti-oppressive and feminist perspectives

In the 1980s and 1990s, empowerment concepts, along with the strengths In the 1980s and 1990s, empowerment concepts, along with the strengths
perspective, became predominant theoretical approach in social work.perspective, became predominant theoretical approach in social work.

Three themes of empowerment as a model of practice:Three themes of empowerment as a model of practice:
1- concern with power1- concern with power
2- critical consciousness2- critical consciousness
3- connection3- connection
Critical consciousnessCritical consciousness - is a crucial means of gaining power through collective - is a crucial means of gaining power through collective
solidarity that arises through awareness of the root of power and the need solidarity that arises through awareness of the root of power and the need
to change the systemto change the system

32. The Anti-Oppressive ApproachThe Anti-Oppressive Approach

Anti-oppressive social work a British approach that Anti-oppressive social work a British approach that
recognizes power imbalances and works toward the recognizes power imbalances and works toward the
promotion of change to redress the balance of powerpromotion of change to redress the balance of power

Advocates work toward change at the personal, Advocates work toward change at the personal,
cultural, and institutional levels; advocates radical cultural, and institutional levels; advocates radical
system-level change:system-level change:

At the At the feelingfeeling level level

At the At the ideaidea level—consciousness raising– level—consciousness raising–

At the At the actionaction level, the individual moves into the political level, the individual moves into the political
realm through organizing. realm through organizing.

33. Empowerment Empowerment cont.cont.

Strengths perspectiveStrengths perspective

largely associated with Dennis Saleebey who produced the 1largely associated with Dennis Saleebey who produced the 1
stst
ed. of the ed. of the
strengths perspective in social work practice in 1992strengths perspective in social work practice in 1992

Feminist empowerment approach defined by Mary Bricker-Jenkins as including a Feminist empowerment approach defined by Mary Bricker-Jenkins as including a
focus onfocus on

Strengths and health, healingStrengths and health, healing

DiversityDiversity

Types of feminismTypes of feminism

LiberalLiberal

RadicalRadical

SocialistSocialist

Black and LatinaBlack and Latina

Postmodern—against dichotomizing knowledge, critical of positivismPostmodern—against dichotomizing knowledge, critical of positivism

34. Critical Analysis of Empowerment Critical Analysis of Empowerment
PerspectivesPerspectives

Are these perspectives evidence based? Are these perspectives evidence based?

These concepts are considerably abstract, empirical These concepts are considerably abstract, empirical
testing may be difficult to obtaintesting may be difficult to obtain

Research goal is more to enhance people’s empowerment Research goal is more to enhance people’s empowerment
than to test a certain kind of interventionthan to test a certain kind of intervention

There is evidence, however, for effectiveness of strengths-There is evidence, however, for effectiveness of strengths-
based treatment approach. Feminists can provide evidence based treatment approach. Feminists can provide evidence
of sex discrimination, and minorities of racism, etc. of sex discrimination, and minorities of racism, etc.
Evidence of the effectiveness of mass social action.Evidence of the effectiveness of mass social action.

35. Empowerment Approaches, cont.Empowerment Approaches, cont.

What these approaches teach about human What these approaches teach about human
behavior--knowledge of oppression in society behavior--knowledge of oppression in society
is important.is important.

They largely ignore the importance of biological They largely ignore the importance of biological
factors in human development.factors in human development.

Psychological difficulties ignored.Psychological difficulties ignored.

Much attention to socio-cultural factors.Much attention to socio-cultural factors.

Spirituality is receiving more attention todaySpirituality is receiving more attention today

36. In ConclusionIn Conclusion

There is no one correct theory for every client or family or situation, there are There is no one correct theory for every client or family or situation, there are
truths from the four major perspectives—psychodynamic, cognitive, ecosystems, truths from the four major perspectives—psychodynamic, cognitive, ecosystems,
and empowerment– examined in this chapter, truths that relate to various aspects and empowerment– examined in this chapter, truths that relate to various aspects
of human behavior.of human behavior.

A strengths-empowerment perspective is most concerned with risks and A strengths-empowerment perspective is most concerned with risks and
resilience.resilience.

Empowerment perspectives lend themselves nicely to a focus on disempowered Empowerment perspectives lend themselves nicely to a focus on disempowered
groups and are sensitive to cultural-gender issues.groups and are sensitive to cultural-gender issues.

Social justice is most clearly represented by the anti-oppressive, empowerment Social justice is most clearly represented by the anti-oppressive, empowerment
approaches.approaches.

Despite the importance of stressing a client’s strengths and competencies, Despite the importance of stressing a client’s strengths and competencies,
practitioners will be cognizant of the reality of the standard clinical practice, practitioners will be cognizant of the reality of the standard clinical practice,
agency accountability, and the dictates of managed care.agency accountability, and the dictates of managed care.

This text adopts an empowerment-ecosystems framework for person-in-This text adopts an empowerment-ecosystems framework for person-in-
environment understandings.environment understandings.

37. Chapter 2Chapter 2
Biological Factors in Human BehaviorBiological Factors in Human Behavior
Nobody doubts that genes can shape Nobody doubts that genes can shape
anatomy. The idea that they also shape anatomy. The idea that they also shape behavior behavior
takes a lot more swallowing.takes a lot more swallowing.
Matt Ridley, Matt Ridley, GenomeGenome

38. 38
This chapter will highlight the biological This chapter will highlight the biological
basis of human behavior in the following basis of human behavior in the following
areas:areas:

AddictionAddiction

ADHDADHD

Adolescent developmentAdolescent development

Aggression including battery and rapeAggression including battery and rape

Anti-social personalityAnti-social personality

The shyness-extraversion continuumThe shyness-extraversion continuum

Stress Stress

SchizophreniaSchizophrenia

OCD and bipolar disorderOCD and bipolar disorder

39. 39
The Nature Part of Nature and NurtureThe Nature Part of Nature and Nurture

The genetic factor—The genetic factor—genomegenome means gene plus chromosome means gene plus chromosome

Scientists seek to understand role of genes in disease.Scientists seek to understand role of genes in disease.

Human Genome Project to map human genetic material.Human Genome Project to map human genetic material.

Results are useful in showing which drugs work.Results are useful in showing which drugs work.

Genes are affected as by depleted uranium.Genes are affected as by depleted uranium.

Other scientific developments:Other scientific developments:

MRI technologies and fMRI to view the working brainMRI technologies and fMRI to view the working brain

Twin studiesTwin studies

40. 40
Genes and AddictionGenes and Addiction

DSM-IV-TR dichotomizes substance dependence and substance abuse, DSM-IV-TR dichotomizes substance dependence and substance abuse,

Yet most recent genetics research indicates that the tendency toward Yet most recent genetics research indicates that the tendency toward
addiction , like most behavior, exists along a continuum.addiction , like most behavior, exists along a continuum.

Substance use disorders go together with mental disorders:Substance use disorders go together with mental disorders:

Schizophrenia (47%)Schizophrenia (47%)

Bipolar disorder (45%)Bipolar disorder (45%)

Anxiety (25%) and depression (24%Anxiety (25%) and depression (24%

Early life severe stress weakens the system.Early life severe stress weakens the system.

Cloninger’s research on adopted sons of alcoholic fathersCloninger’s research on adopted sons of alcoholic fathers

41. Addiction and the BrainAddiction and the Brain

Actions of alcohol and cocaine that cause intoxication, dependency, and relentless Actions of alcohol and cocaine that cause intoxication, dependency, and relentless
craving during abstinence occur primarily in the brain—shown on MRI and PET craving during abstinence occur primarily in the brain—shown on MRI and PET
scansscans

(See slides of the brain at www.nida.nih.gov) (See slides of the brain at www.nida.nih.gov)
http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/teaching-packets/brain-actions-cocaine-http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/teaching-packets/brain-actions-cocaine-
opiates-marijuana/section-iii-introduction-to-drugs-abuse-cocaine-opiat-2opiates-marijuana/section-iii-introduction-to-drugs-abuse-cocaine-opiat-2

Implanted memories of the highs lead to the cravings.Implanted memories of the highs lead to the cravings.

Illicit drugs are popular because they “hijack” the brain’s endorphins. Illicit drugs are popular because they “hijack” the brain’s endorphins.

The addicted brain, as we now realize, is significantly different from the normally The addicted brain, as we now realize, is significantly different from the normally
functioning brain.functioning brain.

Low levels of the neurotransmitter, serotonin, linked to both addiction and Low levels of the neurotransmitter, serotonin, linked to both addiction and
aggression.aggression.

42. 42
Alcohol EffectsAlcohol Effects

Alcohol, as a drug, affects the central nervous system.Alcohol, as a drug, affects the central nervous system.

Belongs in a class with the barbiturates, minor tranquilizers Belongs in a class with the barbiturates, minor tranquilizers
and general anesthetics – also depressantsand general anesthetics – also depressants

Long-term damage caused by deficiency in thiamineLong-term damage caused by deficiency in thiamine

Development of serious brain disordersDevelopment of serious brain disorders

Wernicke Korsakoff’s characterized by mental confusion, paralysis of Wernicke Korsakoff’s characterized by mental confusion, paralysis of
the nervesthe nerves

Liver disease from long-term useLiver disease from long-term use

Damage heightened with heavy smoking Damage heightened with heavy smoking

43. 43
Brain Injury vs. Brain DiseaseBrain Injury vs. Brain Disease
Notion of brain injury—more accurate than the notion of brain in describing Notion of brain injury—more accurate than the notion of brain in describing
the course of events involving changes in brain due to substance use.the course of events involving changes in brain due to substance use.

Serotonin—a neurotransmitter hugely influenced by alcohol and drug Serotonin—a neurotransmitter hugely influenced by alcohol and drug
use.use.

Cocaine and methamphetamine blocks the reuptake of certain Cocaine and methamphetamine blocks the reuptake of certain
chemicals by neurons in the brain. Motivation for activity related to chemicals by neurons in the brain. Motivation for activity related to
dopamine. See boxed reading of student: “Hooked on Meth”dopamine. See boxed reading of student: “Hooked on Meth”

Current theories of addiction rely heavily on neurobiological evidence Current theories of addiction rely heavily on neurobiological evidence
showing connections between addiction-related behavior and neural showing connections between addiction-related behavior and neural
structures and functions.structures and functions.

Effects can be reduced by drugs that increase the availability of Effects can be reduced by drugs that increase the availability of
serotonin.—SSRIs (Prozac, Paxil, Zoloft)serotonin.—SSRIs (Prozac, Paxil, Zoloft)

44. 44
ADHDADHD

A psychiatric diagnosis that is based largely on behavioral A psychiatric diagnosis that is based largely on behavioral
science.science.

Involves deficiencies in dopamine activity and that of Involves deficiencies in dopamine activity and that of
another neurotransmitter, norepinephrineanother neurotransmitter, norepinephrine

45. 45
ADHD cont.ADHD cont.

A higher population in U.S. than overseas exhibit ADHD; A higher population in U.S. than overseas exhibit ADHD;
however, it is over-diagnosed.however, it is over-diagnosed.

Probably just a normal personality trait of people who are Probably just a normal personality trait of people who are
easily bored, impulsive, and risk takers, highly desirable easily bored, impulsive, and risk takers, highly desirable
traits on the frontier and of hunters. traits on the frontier and of hunters.

Farmers, are quieter, less restless types (Thom Hartmann’s Farmers, are quieter, less restless types (Thom Hartmann’s
theory). Why Americans are different from Europeans, due theory). Why Americans are different from Europeans, due
to the genes of certain types who were descended from to the genes of certain types who were descended from
adventurers.adventurers.

46. Impact of CognitionsImpact of Cognitions

Some researchers believe that psychological Some researchers believe that psychological
counseling can actually alter brain chemistry, counseling can actually alter brain chemistry,
possibly restoring more normal functioning possibly restoring more normal functioning
such as for those with OCD (Schwartz, such as for those with OCD (Schwartz, Brain Brain
LockLock.).)

Brain structure and function can be altered by Brain structure and function can be altered by
the cognitions in studies of the impact of the the cognitions in studies of the impact of the
psychological trauma on the brain.psychological trauma on the brain.

47. 47
Biological Aspects of AggressionBiological Aspects of Aggression

Using MRI, the scientists are on the threshold of Using MRI, the scientists are on the threshold of
discoveries concerning biochemical processes discoveries concerning biochemical processes
associated with antisocial personalityassociated with antisocial personality

Characterized by impulsive, forceful activities Characterized by impulsive, forceful activities

Exploitative attitudes and blaming of victims Exploitative attitudes and blaming of victims
characteristic characteristic

Example– research on prison inmates reveals that Example– research on prison inmates reveals that
males and females with abnormally high testosterone males and females with abnormally high testosterone
tended to have been convicted of violent crimes. tended to have been convicted of violent crimes.
Head injury also changes behavior.Head injury also changes behavior.

48. Aggression cont.Aggression cont.

Theories from evolution—most aggressive most apt Theories from evolution—most aggressive most apt
to reproduce.to reproduce.

Evolutionists challenge traditional feminist cultural Evolutionists challenge traditional feminist cultural
determinism. Study of chimpanzee male-on-female determinism. Study of chimpanzee male-on-female
battering and rape. Female may accept aggressive battering and rape. Female may accept aggressive
male out of fear.male out of fear.

Bonoboes, however, are gentle primates.Bonoboes, however, are gentle primates.

Examining data from the global crime statistics in the Examining data from the global crime statistics in the
same- sex murder, practically all are male-on-male. same- sex murder, practically all are male-on-male.

49. Gender and the BrainGender and the Brain

The brain consists of two separate structures, a right brain, and a left The brain consists of two separate structures, a right brain, and a left
brain.brain.

Differences observed in CT scans and results of strokes.Differences observed in CT scans and results of strokes.

Right brain analyzes nuances of meaning, comprehension; left—Right brain analyzes nuances of meaning, comprehension; left—
recall of knowledgerecall of knowledge

In middle age, two sides work more together.In middle age, two sides work more together.

Saleebey indicates that women seem to be hemispherically egalitarian Saleebey indicates that women seem to be hemispherically egalitarian
than men. than men.

Radical feminists emphasize male-female brain differences, as does Radical feminists emphasize male-female brain differences, as does
science. science.

50. Studying HomosexualityStudying Homosexuality

Biological theories of homosexuality can be clustered under three kinds of Biological theories of homosexuality can be clustered under three kinds of
research: those that pertain to brain, genes, and hormones.research: those that pertain to brain, genes, and hormones.

Gorski and Allen examined brains obtained from autopsies of 90 people; Gorski and Allen examined brains obtained from autopsies of 90 people;

They found that an important structure connects the right and the left side of They found that an important structure connects the right and the left side of
the brain. the brain.

Known to be larger in women, the structure is larger in gay men.Known to be larger in women, the structure is larger in gay men.

Male gay brain—cognitive performance more in a female direction. More Male gay brain—cognitive performance more in a female direction. More
research is needed, especially on lesbians.research is needed, especially on lesbians.

We do know that women are more flexible in their sexual orientation.We do know that women are more flexible in their sexual orientation.

51. Inheritance and BiologyInheritance and Biology

Best means of studying the role of hereditary factors—study of identical Best means of studying the role of hereditary factors—study of identical
and fraternal twins. When one twin gay, the other is gay about half the and fraternal twins. When one twin gay, the other is gay about half the
time.time.

Having elder brothers increases chance for gay child.Having elder brothers increases chance for gay child.

Behavioral genetic studies have provided the strongest evidence of the role Behavioral genetic studies have provided the strongest evidence of the role
of biology plays in influencing human sexual behavior.of biology plays in influencing human sexual behavior.

In humans, the study of rare medical conditions indicates that prenatal In humans, the study of rare medical conditions indicates that prenatal
hormonal events can influence human behaviors These studies are hormonal events can influence human behaviors These studies are
extremely contradictory.extremely contradictory.

Transgenderism in males—brain gender apparently formed as female Transgenderism in males—brain gender apparently formed as female
before physical traits develop as male. Read “Transgendered: A Self-before physical traits develop as male. Read “Transgendered: A Self-
Portrait.” Portrait.”

52. The Biology of TemperamentThe Biology of Temperament

Most people are in the middle of the introversion-extraversion continuum.Most people are in the middle of the introversion-extraversion continuum.

Ridley explains personality differences in novelty-seeking Ridley explains personality differences in novelty-seeking
behavior in terms of one genetic trait--shyness.behavior in terms of one genetic trait--shyness.

Theory that Nordic types are more anxious types through evolution. They needed Theory that Nordic types are more anxious types through evolution. They needed
faster heartbeats to generate heat.faster heartbeats to generate heat.

Impact of stress: damage to health due to heightened alertness and production of Impact of stress: damage to health due to heightened alertness and production of
stress hormones.stress hormones.

53. SchizophreniaSchizophrenia

The most serious and personally destructive of all major mental illnessesThe most serious and personally destructive of all major mental illnesses

Difficult to define because patients have different kinds of symptoms.Difficult to define because patients have different kinds of symptoms.

Disordered thoughts, delusions, hallucinationsDisordered thoughts, delusions, hallucinations

Social withdrawal, sense of emptinessSocial withdrawal, sense of emptiness

Enlarged ventricles; when brain expands in adolescence, pressure placed on Enlarged ventricles; when brain expands in adolescence, pressure placed on
prefrontal cortex.prefrontal cortex.

Usually manifests itself during young adulthood, but some think it can Usually manifests itself during young adulthood, but some think it can
traced to womb.traced to womb.

Thought to result from excess of dopamine in the brainThought to result from excess of dopamine in the brain

A number of anti-psychotic medications target the chemical imbalance in A number of anti-psychotic medications target the chemical imbalance in
the brain.the brain.

54. Mood DisordersMood Disorders
Bipolar disorderBipolar disorder

An Unquiet MindAn Unquiet Mind (Jamison) depicts a psychologist's (Jamison) depicts a psychologist's
personal struggle.personal struggle.

Anti-depressants act by blocking the reuptake or Anti-depressants act by blocking the reuptake or
reabsorption of neurotransmitters; this makes them available reabsorption of neurotransmitters; this makes them available
to improve mood. to improve mood.
There is a strong genetic component for the certain forms of There is a strong genetic component for the certain forms of
severe depressive illness.severe depressive illness.

55. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder and AnorexiaObsessive Compulsive Disorder and Anorexia

OCD is marked by intrusive, reoccurring thoughts.OCD is marked by intrusive, reoccurring thoughts.

Can be considered “brain lock”, according to Jeffrey Can be considered “brain lock”, according to Jeffrey
Schwarz, as messages from the front part of the brain get Schwarz, as messages from the front part of the brain get
locked there. [Neuroplasticity]locked there. [Neuroplasticity]

Anorexia Anorexia

may be thought of as obsessions about body fat, disbelief that one is may be thought of as obsessions about body fat, disbelief that one is
thin even when the person is starving.thin even when the person is starving.

Anorexia occurs mainly in cultures or subcultures that value Anorexia occurs mainly in cultures or subcultures that value
thinness and present media images of “Barbie doll”-shaped bodies thinness and present media images of “Barbie doll”-shaped bodies

A cultural as well as organic link to this disorderA cultural as well as organic link to this disorder

56. DementiaDementia

An organic syndrome largely associated with old An organic syndrome largely associated with old
age.age.

Characterized by memory loss, confusion, and extreme mood Characterized by memory loss, confusion, and extreme mood
swingsswings

Diagnosed through cognitive tests and PET scanDiagnosed through cognitive tests and PET scan

Hard to concentrate, lack of flexibility in going from one area Hard to concentrate, lack of flexibility in going from one area
of the brain to another.of the brain to another.

Vascular dementia Vascular dementia

stems from strokes when blood vessels become clogged by clotsstems from strokes when blood vessels become clogged by clots

Left side—speech impairment and depressionLeft side—speech impairment and depression

57. Music and the Brain

Oliver Sacks, Oliver Sacks, MusicophiliaMusicophilia

Effect on babiesEffect on babies

With Alzheimer’s—stored in part of brain that With Alzheimer’s—stored in part of brain that
lasts the longestlasts the longest

Blind children and gift of perfect pitchBlind children and gift of perfect pitch

Some get seizures brought on by musicSome get seizures brought on by music

Can be taught to speak after stroke through Can be taught to speak after stroke through
music, from right side of brainmusic, from right side of brain

58. Science and EthicsScience and Ethics

Dramatic breakthroughs on the frontiers of science pose perplexing moral Dramatic breakthroughs on the frontiers of science pose perplexing moral
quandaries.quandaries.

Ethical values should be available to inquiry and critical examination of Ethical values should be available to inquiry and critical examination of
the use of science.the use of science.

Clients can benefit from direct social work interventions to help them Clients can benefit from direct social work interventions to help them
make informed decisions about genetic testing and to cope, both as make informed decisions about genetic testing and to cope, both as
individuals and family members, with the results.individuals and family members, with the results.

The social work professional has a long history of working to shape public The social work professional has a long history of working to shape public
policy that protects the interests of consumers of health care services.policy that protects the interests of consumers of health care services.

59. 59

Chapter 3Chapter 3
The Psychology of Human BehaviorThe Psychology of Human Behavior
The rigid righteous is a fool…The rigid righteous is a fool…
What is done we partly can computeWhat is done we partly can compute
But know not what’s resistedBut know not what’s resisted

60. 60
OverviewOverview
Chapter is concerned with issues of personal trauma and Chapter is concerned with issues of personal trauma and
resilience, as people endure ordinary and extraordinary resilience, as people endure ordinary and extraordinary
crisis across the lifespan.crisis across the lifespan.
The following theorists all view development as taking place The following theorists all view development as taking place
sequentially:sequentially:
MaslowMaslow
EriksonErikson
LevinsonLevinson
GilliganGilligan

61. 61
Abraham MaslowAbraham Maslow

Hierarchy of needs:Hierarchy of needs:
TranscendanceTranscendance
Self-actualizationSelf-actualization
Self-esteemSelf-esteem
Belongingness and loveBelongingness and love
Physiological needsPhysiological needs

Maslow’s contribution to developmental theory is represented in his Maslow’s contribution to developmental theory is represented in his
well-known construction to human needs. well-known construction to human needs.

Not age based.Not age based.

Each need at the bottom of the ladder has to fulfilled successively Each need at the bottom of the ladder has to fulfilled successively
before the next level of higher needs can be achieved.before the next level of higher needs can be achieved.

The psychological, as opposed to social, nature of this The psychological, as opposed to social, nature of this
conceptualization is revealed in its emphasis on individual drives.conceptualization is revealed in its emphasis on individual drives.

62. 62
Erik EriksonErik Erikson

Published his influential Published his influential Childhood and SocietyChildhood and Society in 1950. in 1950.

Erikson offered an optimistic, bio-psychological view of Erikson offered an optimistic, bio-psychological view of
development.development.

Each stage of human development is a crisis characteristically Each stage of human development is a crisis characteristically
that must be resolved.that must be resolved.

His model extends over the lifespan and has stood the test of His model extends over the lifespan and has stood the test of
time and is included in virtually all human behavior textbooks.time and is included in virtually all human behavior textbooks.

63. Erikson’s Developmental StagesErikson’s Developmental Stages
1. Trust versus mistrust1. Trust versus mistrust – infancy up to 18 months. Infants who receive – infancy up to 18 months. Infants who receive
nurturing care learn to trust and this prepares them for lifelong nurturing care learn to trust and this prepares them for lifelong
intimacy.intimacy.
2. Autonomy versus shame and doubt2. Autonomy versus shame and doubt – 18 months to 3 years. Through – 18 months to 3 years. Through
accomplishing various tasks, children develop confidence and feelings accomplishing various tasks, children develop confidence and feelings
of self-worth. of self-worth.
3. Initiative versus guilt 3. Initiative versus guilt – age 3 to 6. Small children learn to take – age 3 to 6. Small children learn to take
initiative when they are encouraged to do so; if stymied, they are apt initiative when they are encouraged to do so; if stymied, they are apt
to experience feelings of guilt.to experience feelings of guilt.
4. Industry versus inferiority 4. Industry versus inferiority – age 6 to 12. How children succeed – age 6 to 12. How children succeed
academically; how they master other activities determines whether academically; how they master other activities determines whether
they will feel industrious or inferior.they will feel industrious or inferior.

64. Erikson’s Developmental Stages cont.Erikson’s Developmental Stages cont.
5. Identity versus role confusion 5. Identity versus role confusion – adolescence. – adolescence.
Identity crisis, the trying out of new roles and the Identity crisis, the trying out of new roles and the
shedding of old ones.shedding of old ones.
6. Intimacy versus isolation6. Intimacy versus isolation – young adulthood. The – young adulthood. The
finding of a soul mate – dominates this period. finding of a soul mate – dominates this period.
7. Generativity versus stagnation7. Generativity versus stagnation - middle age. - middle age.
8. Ego integrity versus despair8. Ego integrity versus despair – old age. People – old age. People
look back over a life of purpose or, conversely, look back over a life of purpose or, conversely,
one that seems meaningless and causes feelings of one that seems meaningless and causes feelings of
regret.regret.

65. 65
Daniel LevinsonDaniel Levinson

Stage theory.Stage theory.

His central conceptual organizing scheme based on His central conceptual organizing scheme based on
study of middle aged males.study of middle aged males.

The Seasons of a Man’s LifeThe Seasons of a Man’s Life

Older men as mentors to the youngOlder men as mentors to the young

66. Moral Development TheoriesMoral Development Theories
Lawrence KohlbergLawrence Kohlberg

Linear stage theory places primary emphasis on how people Linear stage theory places primary emphasis on how people
think, not what they do. think, not what they do.
Children move toward progressively higher levels of ethical Children move toward progressively higher levels of ethical
understanding.understanding.

67. Lawrence Kohlberg cont.Lawrence Kohlberg cont.
6 Stages 6 Stages
Level 1: Preconventional – age 4 -10, behavior related to conditioningLevel 1: Preconventional – age 4 -10, behavior related to conditioning
Avoid punishment, obedience to authorityAvoid punishment, obedience to authority
Work toward rewardsWork toward rewards
Level 2: Conventional – age 10 -13, what is found in societyLevel 2: Conventional – age 10 -13, what is found in society
Please others to gain approvalPlease others to gain approval
Obey norms, lawsObey norms, laws
Level 3: Postconventional - rarely achieved by most adultsLevel 3: Postconventional - rarely achieved by most adults
Laws subject to interpretation, genuine Laws subject to interpretation, genuine
interest in welfare of others interest in welfare of others
Morality completely internalized, respect Morality completely internalized, respect
for universal principles. for universal principles.

68. 68
Carol GilliganCarol Gilligan

Like Kohlberg’s, a moral development modelLike Kohlberg’s, a moral development model

Cited in the literature in terms of her criticism of sexism in Cited in the literature in terms of her criticism of sexism in
these other modelsthese other models

Also a noteworthy theorist in her own right.Also a noteworthy theorist in her own right.

Her contribution has centered on listening for the voice Her contribution has centered on listening for the voice
behind the spoken voice, the voice of the psyche.behind the spoken voice, the voice of the psyche.

Saw development in girls in terms of capacity for Saw development in girls in terms of capacity for
connectedness, not independence, and sacrificeconnectedness, not independence, and sacrifice

Saw girl’s development impeded by societySaw girl’s development impeded by society

Boy also limited by enforced standards of masculinity.Boy also limited by enforced standards of masculinity.

Pressure on boy at age 5 parallels pressure on adolescent Pressure on boy at age 5 parallels pressure on adolescent
girlgirl

69. 69
Transpersonal TheoryTranspersonal Theory
FowlerFowler

James Fowler’s theory of religious faith development based on hundreds of James Fowler’s theory of religious faith development based on hundreds of
interviews with city residents, mostly Christianinterviews with city residents, mostly Christian

People move from intuitive to literal to conventional to reflective faith as People move from intuitive to literal to conventional to reflective faith as
they grow up. they grow up.

Only a few achieve the level of universalizing faith, directed toward all Only a few achieve the level of universalizing faith, directed toward all
humanity.humanity.

WilberWilber

Ken Wilber proposed a transpersonal theory, what is known as a higher Ken Wilber proposed a transpersonal theory, what is known as a higher
level of consciousness. level of consciousness.

A seeking of a source of power through meditation and dreams, moving A seeking of a source of power through meditation and dreams, moving
beyond the personal. beyond the personal.

His scheme speaks of a universal stage of religious growth.His scheme speaks of a universal stage of religious growth.

His evolution is Eurocentric.His evolution is Eurocentric.

70. 70
Stages of ChangeStages of Change

Like Fowler, stages of change model by Prochaska and Like Fowler, stages of change model by Prochaska and
DiClemente pertains to one aspect of human behavior—the DiClemente pertains to one aspect of human behavior—the
elimination of self destructive behavior.elimination of self destructive behavior.

Model was based on smokers trying to quit.Model was based on smokers trying to quit.

Focus on choiceFocus on choice

Stages of change: pre-contemplative stage, contemplation, Stages of change: pre-contemplative stage, contemplation,
then preparation, action, maintenance, and often, relapse.then preparation, action, maintenance, and often, relapse.

Interventions can be tailored for each stage of change Interventions can be tailored for each stage of change

This model has revolutionized addiction treatment and has This model has revolutionized addiction treatment and has
been linked to motivational interviewing.been linked to motivational interviewing.

71. Social IdentitySocial Identity

Who are you? Who are you?

Development of identity is a lifelong process, relates to Development of identity is a lifelong process, relates to
biology, psychology, social changes such as becoming teen, biology, psychology, social changes such as becoming teen,
parentparent

Impact of race: three barriers to development in racist societyImpact of race: three barriers to development in racist society
—social injustice, society inconsistency, powerlessness—social injustice, society inconsistency, powerlessness

Class identity: U.S. vs. British outlook, labor party in most Class identity: U.S. vs. British outlook, labor party in most
European nationsEuropean nations

People often judged by their occupation in the U.S.People often judged by their occupation in the U.S.

Upper class—elite education and exclusive clubsUpper class—elite education and exclusive clubs

Politicians can manipulate working class by focusing on moral issues Politicians can manipulate working class by focusing on moral issues
of little consequence in the long run.of little consequence in the long run.

72. 72
Gender IdentityGender Identity
From early childhood, boys and girls are aware of gender.From early childhood, boys and girls are aware of gender.
Women share common bodily experience of femaleness andWomen share common bodily experience of femaleness and
suffer social oppression of sexism, whether or not they aresuffer social oppression of sexism, whether or not they are
aware of it. aware of it.
A study shows that by 7A study shows that by 7
thth
to 10 to 10
thth
grade, a girl regresses in self grade, a girl regresses in self
confidence and intellectual development.confidence and intellectual development.

73. HomophobiaHomophobia

Rigid code of gender conformity associated with the societal oppression Rigid code of gender conformity associated with the societal oppression
of gays, lesbians and bisexuals. Related to sexism.of gays, lesbians and bisexuals. Related to sexism.

Gays and lesbians comprise about 5% of population.Gays and lesbians comprise about 5% of population.

The problem of homophobia lies in the heterosexual moralistic culture.The problem of homophobia lies in the heterosexual moralistic culture.

Adams, Wright et al, showed that only homophobic men were Adams, Wright et al, showed that only homophobic men were
aroused by male, homosexual stimuli. Confirmed Freudian notion of aroused by male, homosexual stimuli. Confirmed Freudian notion of
reaction formation—rejecting in others what we dislike in ourselves.reaction formation—rejecting in others what we dislike in ourselves.

Hate crimes has become pronounced in both military and civilian life of Hate crimes has become pronounced in both military and civilian life of
lately.lately.

74. Disability and Self- ConceptDisability and Self- Concept

Self concept of persons with disabilities is modified over Self concept of persons with disabilities is modified over
time as social realities change. time as social realities change.

Idealized body image that we see in the adsIdealized body image that we see in the ads

There may be an evolutionary factor, as Evens There may be an evolutionary factor, as Evens
suggests, in people’s natural aversion toward those suggests, in people’s natural aversion toward those
with disfigurement.with disfigurement.

The mental health professional working with those The mental health professional working with those
who are mentally or physically challenged must be who are mentally or physically challenged must be
cognizant of societal oppression and the need to cognizant of societal oppression and the need to
develop coping mechanisms.develop coping mechanisms.

75. SpiritualitySpirituality

Involves both physical and non-physical dimensions Involves both physical and non-physical dimensions
of being.of being.

Spirituality expands consciousness to a realm beyond Spirituality expands consciousness to a realm beyond
the physical.the physical.

English poets such as Wordsworth and the Norwegian people English poets such as Wordsworth and the Norwegian people
find a source of inspiration in nature.find a source of inspiration in nature.

Many social work try to draw a tight distinction between Many social work try to draw a tight distinction between
religion and spirituality and fail to draw on strengths of religion and spirituality and fail to draw on strengths of
client’s background.client’s background.

76. Feelings and Human BehaviorFeelings and Human Behavior

The perpetual nervousness that persists in some can be reduced The perpetual nervousness that persists in some can be reduced
through cognitive therapy techniques.through cognitive therapy techniques.

Stress management to reduce anxiety.Stress management to reduce anxiety.

Cognitive approach is of proven effectiveness in treatingCognitive approach is of proven effectiveness in treating
anxiety and depression.anxiety and depression.

Some strategies are:Some strategies are:

Planning aheadPlanning ahead

Learning to handle fearsLearning to handle fears

Managing to face fears calmlyManaging to face fears calmly

Identifying what one truly afraid ofIdentifying what one truly afraid of

Being emotionally prepared for likely outcomesBeing emotionally prepared for likely outcomes

77. Destructive Thought PatternsDestructive Thought Patterns

Unhealthy thinking often causes people to get trapped in Unhealthy thinking often causes people to get trapped in
negativism and destructive behavior.negativism and destructive behavior.

Examples of illogical beliefs include:Examples of illogical beliefs include:

All or nothing thinkingAll or nothing thinking

Jumping to conclusionsJumping to conclusions

Over-generalizing about othersOver-generalizing about others

Making mountains out of molehillsMaking mountains out of molehills

Thinking that one must be liked by everyone, etcThinking that one must be liked by everyone, etc

Thinking you must be perfectThinking you must be perfect

Thinking that people are either good or evilThinking that people are either good or evil

Believing that you can’t live without a certain personBelieving that you can’t live without a certain person

78. AngerAnger

Anger is a stimulus for all kinds of human behaviorAnger is a stimulus for all kinds of human behavior
—may lead to impulsive, destructive behavior. —may lead to impulsive, destructive behavior.

Anger can flow from a strong emotional feeling Anger can flow from a strong emotional feeling
coupled with an adrenaline rush.coupled with an adrenaline rush.

Behavior may include seething inwardly or Behavior may include seething inwardly or
externalization of feelings onto another.externalization of feelings onto another.

79. Anger: Treatment IssuesAnger: Treatment Issues

Substance abuse treatment centers often use the exercise of having Substance abuse treatment centers often use the exercise of having
clients list their losses in connection with their addictive behaviorsclients list their losses in connection with their addictive behaviors
—this will lead to self disgust or depression.—this will lead to self disgust or depression.

Knowledge of feeling and the thought processes connected with Knowledge of feeling and the thought processes connected with
these feelings help clients work toward change.these feelings help clients work toward change.

Expression of anger may be encouraged in the belief that angry Expression of anger may be encouraged in the belief that angry
feelings can be released—in fact, such exercises increase the anger.feelings can be released—in fact, such exercises increase the anger.

Anger management programs, often recommended for batterers, Anger management programs, often recommended for batterers,
have been ineffective because anger is often not the cause of the have been ineffective because anger is often not the cause of the
battering but other feelings stemming from a sense of inadequacy.battering but other feelings stemming from a sense of inadequacy.

80. JealousyJealousy

An emotion related to anger and the motivation for An emotion related to anger and the motivation for
crime as in some Old Testament stories.crime as in some Old Testament stories.

Freud believed that jealousy was universal because Freud believed that jealousy was universal because
it originates in painful childhood experiences that it originates in painful childhood experiences that
everyone shares.everyone shares.

Buss reports that jealousy may be deliberately Buss reports that jealousy may be deliberately
incited by partners who feel insecure.incited by partners who feel insecure.

81. Intimate Partner ViolenceIntimate Partner Violence

Violence should be conceptualized in multidimensional terms as a bio-psycho-Violence should be conceptualized in multidimensional terms as a bio-psycho-
social phenomenon.social phenomenon.

A background of violence is commonly found in the biographies of abusive men.A background of violence is commonly found in the biographies of abusive men.

Battering men often have an irrational fear of abandonment.Battering men often have an irrational fear of abandonment.

Jacobson and Gottman’s research— “pit bulls” and “cobras.” Pit bulls are more Jacobson and Gottman’s research— “pit bulls” and “cobras.” Pit bulls are more
treatable but tend to stalk their partners.treatable but tend to stalk their partners.

View the power and control wheel at www.duluth-model.orgView the power and control wheel at www.duluth-model.org

The challenge to feminist theorists is how to explain the often irrational The challenge to feminist theorists is how to explain the often irrational
attachment of battered women to their abusers. attachment of battered women to their abusers.

When the trauma is ongoing, the victim’s coping may seem maladaptive but may When the trauma is ongoing, the victim’s coping may seem maladaptive but may
be a normal response to an abnormal situationbe a normal response to an abnormal situation

82. Traumatic Bonding Traumatic Bonding

Similar to concept of “brainwashing” or Stockholm syndromeSimilar to concept of “brainwashing” or Stockholm syndrome

Common in kidnap victims over long period of time, ensures Common in kidnap victims over long period of time, ensures
survival in many casessurvival in many cases

Examples—concentration camp victims while in captivity Examples—concentration camp victims while in captivity
(Bettelheim’s study), Patty Hearst, Elizabeth Smart, Shawn (Bettelheim’s study), Patty Hearst, Elizabeth Smart, Shawn
Hornbeck, and more recently, Jaycee DugardHornbeck, and more recently, Jaycee Dugard

Victims come to see the world through the eyes of the Victims come to see the world through the eyes of the
victimizers, adopting their beliefs as their own. Return to victimizers, adopting their beliefs as their own. Return to
normal when rescued.normal when rescued.

83. TraumaTrauma

Three basic kinds of trauma are trauma from:Three basic kinds of trauma are trauma from:

childhood events such as sexual abusechildhood events such as sexual abuse

terrifying events such as rape, ongoing family violenceterrifying events such as rape, ongoing family violence

mass disaster situations such as earthquakes or war.mass disaster situations such as earthquakes or war.

Examples of war trauma are:Examples of war trauma are:

Personal reactions to the horrors that were visited upon the Personal reactions to the horrors that were visited upon the
Japanese people at Hiroshima and Nagasaki that are widely Japanese people at Hiroshima and Nagasaki that are widely
known but rarely talked about.known but rarely talked about.

When the U.S.-led war on Iraq broke out, German opposition When the U.S.-led war on Iraq broke out, German opposition
was reinforced by an awareness of what bombing from the air was reinforced by an awareness of what bombing from the air
does to people on ground.does to people on ground.

Vietnam veterans who had flashbacks in seeing bombings of Vietnam veterans who had flashbacks in seeing bombings of
Iraq on TVIraq on TV

84. Trauma Trauma cont.cont.

Syndrome related to trauma was not identified until 1860s; Freud Syndrome related to trauma was not identified until 1860s; Freud
characterized symptoms further.characterized symptoms further.

As spelled out by the APA in the DSM-IV-R, the diagnosis of As spelled out by the APA in the DSM-IV-R, the diagnosis of
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) requires the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) requires the development of
characteristic symptoms following exposure to an extremely characteristic symptoms following exposure to an extremely
traumatic stressor.traumatic stressor.

Common symptoms are:Common symptoms are:

Recurrent and intrusive recollections or dreams of the eventRecurrent and intrusive recollections or dreams of the event

Intense psychological distress or physiological reactions when Intense psychological distress or physiological reactions when
the person is exposed to reminders.the person is exposed to reminders.

85. Effects of TraumaEffects of Trauma

Men (and women) who fought in Iraq and Afghanistan sometimes Men (and women) who fought in Iraq and Afghanistan sometimes
suffer from lifetime PTSD related to combatsuffer from lifetime PTSD related to combat

One in six in a government study were found to have signs of traumaOne in six in a government study were found to have signs of trauma

Traumatized ex-soldiers have a higher rate of unemployment, Traumatized ex-soldiers have a higher rate of unemployment,
divorce and violent outburst than persons not suffering from traumas.divorce and violent outburst than persons not suffering from traumas.

Medications such as SSRIs can prevent trauma if taken immediately Medications such as SSRIs can prevent trauma if taken immediately
by offsetting the formation of traumatic memories.by offsetting the formation of traumatic memories.

Cognitive-behavioral treatments may reduce the effects of PTSD.Cognitive-behavioral treatments may reduce the effects of PTSD.

86. Rape in WarRape in War

In the past, the victims of rape, in general, and of mass In the past, the victims of rape, in general, and of mass
rape in war were silenced out of shame. rape in war were silenced out of shame.

Impact of Brownmiller’s book, Impact of Brownmiller’s book, Against Our Will: Men, Against Our Will: Men,
Women, and RapeWomen, and Rape (1975) (1975)

Rape of the enemy’s woman seems to be a regular Rape of the enemy’s woman seems to be a regular
consequence of war; survivor is doubly stigmatized.consequence of war; survivor is doubly stigmatized.

Now the rape during wars is recognized as an international Now the rape during wars is recognized as an international
war crime punishable under law.war crime punishable under law.

87. Human TraffickingHuman Trafficking
(article from (article from NASW NewsNASW News))

U.S. government estimates trafficking of about 900,000 every year.U.S. government estimates trafficking of about 900,000 every year.

NASW’s policy statements on human rights, refugees, child welfare NASW’s policy statements on human rights, refugees, child welfare
and cultural competence all speak to the issue of human trafficking.and cultural competence all speak to the issue of human trafficking.

According to the Department of Health and Human Services, many According to the Department of Health and Human Services, many
trafficking victims will have permanent physical and psychological trafficking victims will have permanent physical and psychological
damage from being brutally beaten or reaped by their traffickers.damage from being brutally beaten or reaped by their traffickers.

Once in the U.S., these women are forced to perform sex or hard Once in the U.S., these women are forced to perform sex or hard
labor to repay their “debt” for being smuggled into the country.labor to repay their “debt” for being smuggled into the country.

88. Sexual Exploitation of Trafficked ChildrenSexual Exploitation of Trafficked Children

Efforts to keep victims disoriented do not end once they Efforts to keep victims disoriented do not end once they
are smuggled into the U.S.are smuggled into the U.S.

The psychological effect is to “impair the child for life”. The psychological effect is to “impair the child for life”.
When rescued, they need to develop a sense of physical When rescued, they need to develop a sense of physical
security.security.

HHS programs and other efforts have not been HHS programs and other efforts have not been
successful to large extent. Victims often do not speak successful to large extent. Victims often do not speak
English and their enslavement is not recognized.English and their enslavement is not recognized.

89. ConclusionConclusion
Horrific events, as described in this chapter, may crush theHorrific events, as described in this chapter, may crush the
human spirit. What is even more striking in working withhuman spirit. What is even more striking in working with
survivors of such trauma is the resilience that is possible withsurvivors of such trauma is the resilience that is possible with
help and support. help and support.
The best means of prevention of trauma is to provide betterThe best means of prevention of trauma is to provide better
protection of our children, and as to war trauma, the bestprotection of our children, and as to war trauma, the best
means of prevention is to keep wars from happening in themeans of prevention is to keep wars from happening in the
first place.first place.

90. Chapter 4 Chapter 4
Birth through AdolescenceBirth through Adolescence

Your children are not your children.Your children are not your children.
They are the sons and daughters of Life’s They are the sons and daughters of Life’s
longing longing for itself.for itself.
They come through you but not from you.They come through you but not from you.
And though they are with you yet they belong And though they are with you yet they belong
not to not to you.you.
Kahlil Gibran, 1923Kahlil Gibran, 1923

91. Chapter ObjectivesChapter Objectives
Focus of the chapter--childhood behavior. Focus of the chapter--childhood behavior.
This chapter views behaviors across the lifespan according to the key This chapter views behaviors across the lifespan according to the key
accomplishments expected of the child of a certain age. accomplishments expected of the child of a certain age.
Major themes: childhood resilience and cross-cultural aspects ofMajor themes: childhood resilience and cross-cultural aspects of
child development child development

92. Famous Stories of Childhood Resilience Famous Stories of Childhood Resilience

Novels of Charles DickensNovels of Charles Dickens

Autobiography of Benjamin FranklinAutobiography of Benjamin Franklin

Autobiography of Frederick DouglassAutobiography of Frederick Douglass

Life stories of Maya Angelou and Malcolm X Life stories of Maya Angelou and Malcolm X

93. Birth to Two YearsBirth to Two Years

Jean Piaget—Jean Piaget—

Earliest period of life—sensorimotor development—from automatic Earliest period of life—sensorimotor development—from automatic
behavior to deliberate responses, imitationbehavior to deliberate responses, imitation

12 to 18 months—game of peek-a-boo—infant learns objects are 12 to 18 months—game of peek-a-boo—infant learns objects are
permanentpermanent

Erikson—concerned with trust, relationship, his stage more Erikson—concerned with trust, relationship, his stage more
relevant to personalityrelevant to personality

Attachment theory—Spitz’s (1945) study of WWII orphans, Attachment theory—Spitz’s (1945) study of WWII orphans,
need for touch; shown also in Harlow’s monkey studyneed for touch; shown also in Harlow’s monkey study

Language develops slowly, use of sign language is beneficial.Language develops slowly, use of sign language is beneficial.

Cases of intersexual newborns and sex assignment—does the Cases of intersexual newborns and sex assignment—does the
brain have a gender?brain have a gender?

94. CCross-Cultural Studiesross-Cultural Studies

An advantage of cross-cultural studies—the transfer of knowledge An advantage of cross-cultural studies—the transfer of knowledge
about successful innovations, such as “kangaroo care.” about successful innovations, such as “kangaroo care.”

The Mexican American “epidemiological paradox”: refers to the The Mexican American “epidemiological paradox”: refers to the
paradox of better than expected birth outcomes given income paradox of better than expected birth outcomes given income
level and teen pregnancies. level and teen pregnancies.

Lowest infant mortality rate in Asian Americans, highest among Lowest infant mortality rate in Asian Americans, highest among
Native Americans. Native Americans.

Cross-cultural research on responding to crying is mixed: infants Cross-cultural research on responding to crying is mixed: infants
whose crying is ignored (Germany) can be insecure, infants whose whose crying is ignored (Germany) can be insecure, infants whose
crying is always responded to (Japan) tend to be overly dependent. crying is always responded to (Japan) tend to be overly dependent.

In societies where women are devalued, abandonment and In societies where women are devalued, abandonment and
mistreatment of infant girls is commonplace. mistreatment of infant girls is commonplace.

95. Age 2-7Age 2-7

Piaget’s stage of preoperational thought—language is Piaget’s stage of preoperational thought—language is
concrete, can contemplate objects out of sightconcrete, can contemplate objects out of sight

By 4-5, children can sort objects by color, shapeBy 4-5, children can sort objects by color, shape

Piaget’s theory is one-dimensional. Piaget’s theory is one-dimensional.

Erikson’s more holistic stages—this period covers Erikson’s more holistic stages—this period covers
development of autonomy and initiative.development of autonomy and initiative.

Concerned only with the male Concerned only with the male

Sees the female only concerned with her appearance or Sees the female only concerned with her appearance or
playing with dollsplaying with dolls

““the over-scheduled child”—U.S. vs Scandinaviathe over-scheduled child”—U.S. vs Scandinavia

Attachment disorder can arise at this stage, found in birth and Attachment disorder can arise at this stage, found in birth and
foster families.foster families.

96. Abuse and NeglectAbuse and Neglect

Sexual abuse early in girls tends to lead to overtly sexual behaviors, in Sexual abuse early in girls tends to lead to overtly sexual behaviors, in
teens it leads to depression and substance abuse.teens it leads to depression and substance abuse.

Sibling abuse is commonplace.Sibling abuse is commonplace.

Link between battering of mother and child abuseLink between battering of mother and child abuse

See fact sheet on child mistreatment—See fact sheet on child mistreatment—

60% of reported victims experienced neglect60% of reported victims experienced neglect

Birth to 3 years—highest rates; by race—highest for Hispanics and Birth to 3 years—highest rates; by race—highest for Hispanics and
African AmericansAfrican Americans

Child fatalities—over 1,000 per year, most under age 4, infant boys the Child fatalities—over 1,000 per year, most under age 4, infant boys the
highest ratehighest rate

97. Cross Cultural Education Cross Cultural Education

Japanese education begins at home, even prior to preschool.Japanese education begins at home, even prior to preschool.


In African and South American tribal groups, education is through In African and South American tribal groups, education is through
parental modeling of occupational behavior. parental modeling of occupational behavior.

Childhood aggression is handled differently across cultures, Childhood aggression is handled differently across cultures,
mostly based on larger societal view such as hierarchy and general mostly based on larger societal view such as hierarchy and general
rates of aggression.rates of aggression.

France—both children punished for fighting; U.S.—punish the one France—both children punished for fighting; U.S.—punish the one
who started it.who started it.

Story content—American children have more aggression in their Story content—American children have more aggression in their
stories than children from Sweden or Germany. stories than children from Sweden or Germany.

98. Age 6-12Age 6-12

Piaget’s period of concrete operations—child thinks logically but Piaget’s period of concrete operations—child thinks logically but
still on a concrete level.still on a concrete level.


Erikson’s delineation of the key crisis during this early to middle Erikson’s delineation of the key crisis during this early to middle
childhood period is termed industry vs. inferiority. childhood period is termed industry vs. inferiority.

When adults think back to the middle childhood period, most of When adults think back to the middle childhood period, most of
their memories center around the school – one’s role in the school their memories center around the school – one’s role in the school
play, cruel and beloved teachersplay, cruel and beloved teachers, failures and honors ,competitions , failures and honors ,competitions
won or not won. won or not won.

School experience can grossly affect the way the individual is School experience can grossly affect the way the individual is
shaped during adulthood.shaped during adulthood.

99. MMental ental RRetardationetardation
The term mental retardation is used by the American The term mental retardation is used by the American
Psychiatric Association to denote sub-average general Psychiatric Association to denote sub-average general
intellectual functioning that is accompanied by significant intellectual functioning that is accompanied by significant
limitations in adaptive functioning “in at least twolimitations in adaptive functioning “in at least two”” of the of the
following skill areas: following skill areas:

communication communication

self-careself-care

home livinghome living

social skillssocial skills

use of community resourcesuse of community resources

sself-directionelf-direction

functional academic skillsfunctional academic skills

workwork

leisureleisure

health and safetyhealth and safety..

100. LLearning earning DDisabilityisability

In Britain, this term refers to all developmental disabilitiesIn Britain, this term refers to all developmental disabilities..


In the United States, the term is usually used if there is a In the United States, the term is usually used if there is a
discrepancy between the child’s IQ test scores and school discrepancy between the child’s IQ test scores and school
achievement. achievement.

Dyslexia is a form of learning disability often involving a lack of Dyslexia is a form of learning disability often involving a lack of
sense of left and right. Because their brains are wired differently, sense of left and right. Because their brains are wired differently,
dyslexics are often creative and skilled problem solvers. dyslexics are often creative and skilled problem solvers.

Since learning disability, according to the standard definition, is Since learning disability, according to the standard definition, is
unrelated to IQ, a significant number of children with such unrelated to IQ, a significant number of children with such
diagnosis are indeed gifted. diagnosis are indeed gifted.

ADHD probably more a personality trait than a disabilityADHD probably more a personality trait than a disability

101. AAutism and Asperger’s Syndromeutism and Asperger’s Syndrome

Rise in autism diagnosisRise in autism diagnosis

““Geek syndrome” theory to explain high rate in the Silicon Valley Geek syndrome” theory to explain high rate in the Silicon Valley

New technologies such as fMRI show that autistics rely heavily on New technologies such as fMRI show that autistics rely heavily on
parts of the brain that specialize in working with the meanings of parts of the brain that specialize in working with the meanings of
individual words. individual words.

Males account for more than 80 percent of the million-plus Males account for more than 80 percent of the million-plus
Americans with autistic disorders. Americans with autistic disorders.

New programming that stresses it is okay to be different, that in New programming that stresses it is okay to be different, that in
difference there is strength.difference there is strength. Influence ofInfluence of Temple Grandin.Temple Grandin.

102. Single Sex EducationSingle Sex Education

Since during prepuberty period, girls mature much faster than Since during prepuberty period, girls mature much faster than
boys, single sex education became a subject of interest.boys, single sex education became a subject of interest.

Scientific research throughout the 1990s showed that Scientific research throughout the 1990s showed that
differences in brain structure created significant differences in differences in brain structure created significant differences in
female-male learning styles. female-male learning styles.

However, single-sex schools have not lived up to their However, single-sex schools have not lived up to their
promise. promise.

103. Boys vs. Girls in EducationBoys vs. Girls in Education

Recent media hype—focus on neglect of boys in Recent media hype—focus on neglect of boys in
school school

High dropout rates, school failure, fights, suicide.High dropout rates, school failure, fights, suicide.

Part of anti-feminist backlash, or was too much Part of anti-feminist backlash, or was too much
attention paid to girls’ problems earlier?attention paid to girls’ problems earlier?

Girls educational successes seen as taking away from Girls educational successes seen as taking away from
boys. boys.

This text takes a both/and, not either/or position.This text takes a both/and, not either/or position.

104. Small and Large SchoolsSmall and Large Schools
According to a research, we know that small schools and small According to a research, we know that small schools and small
classes have certain advantages over their large school, largeclasses have certain advantages over their large school, large
class counterparts. class counterparts.
Studies show that small public schools have higher attendanceStudies show that small public schools have higher attendance
rates and lower dropout rates, benefits that are especiallyrates and lower dropout rates, benefits that are especially
pronounced in lower-income communities. pronounced in lower-income communities.

105. PTSD in ChildhoodPTSD in Childhood

In 2007, approximately 800,000 children were found In 2007, approximately 800,000 children were found
to be victims of child maltreatment (DHHS).to be victims of child maltreatment (DHHS).


When childhood trauma occurs > brain chemistry When childhood trauma occurs > brain chemistry
changes > future psychological problems, especially changes > future psychological problems, especially
under conditions of repeated stress.under conditions of repeated stress.

PTSD symptoms—denial of or preoccupation with the PTSD symptoms—denial of or preoccupation with the
event, numbing, flashbacks, intrusive thoughts, guilt event, numbing, flashbacks, intrusive thoughts, guilt
feelings, sleep disturbances, jumpinessfeelings, sleep disturbances, jumpiness

106. Cross Cultural ComparisonsCross Cultural Comparisons

Very high pressured education in Japan, China, and South Very high pressured education in Japan, China, and South
Korea, especially for math achievementKorea, especially for math achievement


In Northern Ireland, IQ testing for school placement until In Northern Ireland, IQ testing for school placement until
recently. recently.

In many parts of the world, the children don’t go to school—In many parts of the world, the children don’t go to school—
families struggle to survivefamilies struggle to survive

Child sex trade in Southeast Asia related to povertyChild sex trade in Southeast Asia related to poverty

In Africa, children kidnapped as soldiers for war.In Africa, children kidnapped as soldiers for war.

Work of traditional healers with kids who have been rescuedWork of traditional healers with kids who have been rescued

107. AdolescenceAdolescence

Erikson’s focus on identity formation Erikson’s focus on identity formation

This period usually viewed as a process of distancing oneself from one’s parentsThis period usually viewed as a process of distancing oneself from one’s parents

Piaget’s period of Piaget’s period of formal operationsformal operations. Piaget’s notion of continuing intellectual . Piaget’s notion of continuing intellectual
development now proven in brain scans of prefrontal cortex.development now proven in brain scans of prefrontal cortex.

Identity, peer group, rebellion – these are the key terms associated with Identity, peer group, rebellion – these are the key terms associated with
adolescence.adolescence.

Society has often recognized the immaturity of youth by imposing legal Society has often recognized the immaturity of youth by imposing legal
restrictions on young people. restrictions on young people.

Erikson anticipated recent brain research findings in his perception of Erikson anticipated recent brain research findings in his perception of
adolescence as a period in life involving more dangers to the individual than any adolescence as a period in life involving more dangers to the individual than any
other.other.

108. Adolescence cont.Adolescence cont.

Peers are the benchmark for adolescent behavior in the Peers are the benchmark for adolescent behavior in the
U.S.U.S.

Among the risks that comprise role confusion as singled Among the risks that comprise role confusion as singled
out by Erikson are: out by Erikson are:

identification with the heroes of cliques identification with the heroes of cliques

disturbance about one’s occupational coursedisturbance about one’s occupational course

““falling in love”falling in love”

the rapidity of genital maturity the rapidity of genital maturity

clannishness and cruelty in exclusion of those who are clannishness and cruelty in exclusion of those who are
different.different.

109. Substance AbuseSubstance Abuse

Substance abuse involvement is one of the leading causes of death for youth.Substance abuse involvement is one of the leading causes of death for youth.

Self reporting surveys of drug use 12Self reporting surveys of drug use 12
thth
graders over past year: graders over past year:

Any illicit drug—36.6%Any illicit drug—36.6%

Marijuana—32.4%Marijuana—32.4%

Cocaine—4.4%Cocaine—4.4%

OxyContin—4.7% (prescription drug)OxyContin—4.7% (prescription drug)

Alcohol—65.5% Alcohol—65.5%

Meth (1.2%)Meth (1.2%)


Media, government attention on illicit drugs only Media, government attention on illicit drugs only

Government spends billions on war on drugsGovernment spends billions on war on drugs

Longitudinal studies conducted in several European countries compared Longitudinal studies conducted in several European countries compared
teacher assessments and later alcohol use; the number one predictor was teacher assessments and later alcohol use; the number one predictor was
novelty seeking, low harm avoidance or “daredevil” behavior. novelty seeking, low harm avoidance or “daredevil” behavior.

Study of 8 year olds in Finland—aggression in boys and crying easily in Study of 8 year olds in Finland—aggression in boys and crying easily in
girls predicted later problems with alcohol.girls predicted later problems with alcohol.

110. Dating Violence
One in 11 a victim of physical dating violence; 1 in 5
girls—includes sexual abuse (CDC, 2009)
Teen Dating Warning Signs (see p. 181)
Intimidation
Isolation
Bragging about power over others
Possessiveness, obsessive needs, jealous
Rough play
Substance abuse
Male from a male-violent home

111. ““Manliness”Manliness”

Boys generally not well-prepared by their parents with Boys generally not well-prepared by their parents with
information on the maturation of their reproductive information on the maturation of their reproductive
organsorgans


The forging of a firm identity for young males, in the The forging of a firm identity for young males, in the
absence of masculine role models can lead to absence of masculine role models can lead to
exaggerated concept of maleness. exaggerated concept of maleness.

bell hooks points out that often in our society men bell hooks points out that often in our society men
show their “manliness” through antisocial behavior: show their “manliness” through antisocial behavior:
lack of consideration for others, unwillingness to show lack of consideration for others, unwillingness to show
nurturance, and refusing to communicate.nurturance, and refusing to communicate.

112. Girls and AdolescenceGirls and Adolescence

For girls, the pressures for gender conformity mount For girls, the pressures for gender conformity mount
during the teenage years.during the teenage years.

For girls and women, the sense of self, as Gilligan For girls and women, the sense of self, as Gilligan
indicates, is invested more in maintaining relationships indicates, is invested more in maintaining relationships
than in establishing hierarchy. than in establishing hierarchy.

BrinBringging girls into the study of adolescence has brought ing girls into the study of adolescence has brought
a new dimension, a revolution, to the science of a new dimension, a revolution, to the science of
psychology. psychology.

113. Gays and Lesbian IdentityGays and Lesbian Identity

Often taken to be heterosexual by their parents and family.Often taken to be heterosexual by their parents and family.

Gay children often actively try to assume heterosexual persona. Gay children often actively try to assume heterosexual persona.

A fundamental assumption of the research literature on identity A fundamental assumption of the research literature on identity
formation is that “normative” development is heterosexual. formation is that “normative” development is heterosexual.

Mary Bricker-Jenkins’ description of how an understanding Mary Bricker-Jenkins’ description of how an understanding
teacher “saved my life”teacher “saved my life”

Fundamentalist religious beliefs—Fundamentalist religious beliefs—PrayersPrayers for Bobbyfor Bobby

School anti-bullying programsSchool anti-bullying programs

114. Stages of Homosexual DevelopmentStages of Homosexual Development

Developmental stages of awareness of one’s Developmental stages of awareness of one’s
homosexuality are said to include:homosexuality are said to include:

general sense of feeling different, general sense of feeling different,

awareness of same-sex feelings, awareness of same-sex feelings,

identity crisis, identity crisis,

eventual acceptance of LBGT identityeventual acceptance of LBGT identity

115. Suicide Risk—LGBT YouthSuicide Risk—LGBT Youth

According to a report by the DHHS, gay and lesbian youth are two to three According to a report by the DHHS, gay and lesbian youth are two to three
times more likely to commit suicide than their heterosexual counterparts. times more likely to commit suicide than their heterosexual counterparts.
study—30% of adolescent suicides related to gender issues study—30% of adolescent suicides related to gender issues

According to a 2001 Human Rights Watch report, LBGT youth are more According to a 2001 Human Rights Watch report, LBGT youth are more
likely to use drugs/alcohol, engage in unsafe sex, face being thrown out on likely to use drugs/alcohol, engage in unsafe sex, face being thrown out on
the street by parents and more likely to attempt suicide than other youth.the street by parents and more likely to attempt suicide than other youth.

Risk factors for suicide, such as gender nonconformity, higher for boys and Risk factors for suicide, such as gender nonconformity, higher for boys and
men. Celibate males more likely to commit suicidemen. Celibate males more likely to commit suicide

Lesbians are somewhat protected by the fact that they recognize their Lesbians are somewhat protected by the fact that they recognize their
sexuality at a later age, on average, than do boys, allowing them to have sexuality at a later age, on average, than do boys, allowing them to have
already developed life coping skills. already developed life coping skills.

Children who are constantly exposed to ridicule or who know they would Children who are constantly exposed to ridicule or who know they would
be if their sexuality were known are vulnerable to internalized homophobia. be if their sexuality were known are vulnerable to internalized homophobia.

116. MMinority inority EEthnic thnic GGrouproupss

About 1/3 to 1/2 of adolescents who live in the U.S. belong to aAbout 1/3 to 1/2 of adolescents who live in the U.S. belong to a
minority ethnic group.minority ethnic group.

Formation of a firm ethnic-group identity is important. Formation of a firm ethnic-group identity is important.

The pathway of racial identity development is different forThe pathway of racial identity development is different for
dominant group: move from belief in stereotypes to dominant group: move from belief in stereotypes to conflict arises throughconflict arises through
experience with diverse groups, may become advocates or retreatexperience with diverse groups, may become advocates or retreat

Research on ethnic identity in adolescents showed that youthResearch on ethnic identity in adolescents showed that youth
from diverse backgrounds:from diverse backgrounds:

often experience a crisis whereby they challenge everything often experience a crisis whereby they challenge everything
associated with the dominant group associated with the dominant group

or the reverse, that they reject their own cultural heritage. or the reverse, that they reject their own cultural heritage.

Later, this crisis is resolved and the youth accepts their ethnicity.Later, this crisis is resolved and the youth accepts their ethnicity.

117. Minority Groups Minority Groups cont.cont.

As hooks indicates, there will be rage, rage because of a As hooks indicates, there will be rage, rage because of a
system that does not address the psychological wounds system that does not address the psychological wounds
caused by the “madness of forming self and identity in caused by the “madness of forming self and identity in
white supremacist capitalist patriarchy.” white supremacist capitalist patriarchy.”

This is expressed in the high levels of suicide and This is expressed in the high levels of suicide and
substance abuse prevalent among Native Americans. substance abuse prevalent among Native Americans.

Coming-of-age rituals:Coming-of-age rituals:

Quinceañera festivities for Latin American girls—more Quinceañera festivities for Latin American girls—more
commercial in the U.S.commercial in the U.S.

Jewish boys and girls—bar or bat mitzvahJewish boys and girls—bar or bat mitzvah

118. Mixed RacialMixed Racial IIdentity dentity DDevelopmentevelopment

To the extent that the models of racial-ethnic identity To the extent that the models of racial-ethnic identity
development assume that youths growing up have just one development assume that youths growing up have just one
racial identity, they fail to reflect the reality for biracial, racial identity, they fail to reflect the reality for biracial,
bicultural children.bicultural children.


Six periods in the movement toward the development of a racial Six periods in the movement toward the development of a racial
identity: identity:

neutrality neutrality

awareness of difference awareness of difference

impact of difference impact of difference

experimentation experimentation

transition to acceptancetransition to acceptance

119. Multiracial Identity
2000 Census 1
st
time reporting
2.4% reported 2 or more races
Half Latino and white
One-third white and other race
One-sixth white and black
One-eighth white and Asian
Obama—Dreams from My Father

120. RResilienceesilience

People who have survived the most difficult of circumstances, People who have survived the most difficult of circumstances,
often referred to as “the strength of human spirit” or resilience.often referred to as “the strength of human spirit” or resilience.

Resilience Resilience is defined as the capability of individuals to cope is defined as the capability of individuals to cope
successfully in the face of significant change, adversity or risk. successfully in the face of significant change, adversity or risk.

Scientific studies of children at high risk (from malnutrition, Scientific studies of children at high risk (from malnutrition,
poverty, etc.) are looking at brain chemistry to learn more about poverty, etc.) are looking at brain chemistry to learn more about
the nature of resilience.the nature of resilience.

Research shows biological and psychological factors in interaction Research shows biological and psychological factors in interaction
often determine behavioral outcomes.often determine behavioral outcomes.

The longer the period of neglect, the more serious the damage that The longer the period of neglect, the more serious the damage that
is done. Religious faith a source of strengthis done. Religious faith a source of strength

121. RReligious eligious BBeliefseliefs

Fowler and Wilber are two social theorists who looked at how Fowler and Wilber are two social theorists who looked at how
children’s religious beliefs are modified with maturity.children’s religious beliefs are modified with maturity.

Wilber, like Fowler, was influenced by Piaget’s structured Wilber, like Fowler, was influenced by Piaget’s structured
cognitive model yet he ventured into the realm of levels of cognitive model yet he ventured into the realm of levels of
consciousness that transcends the personal.consciousness that transcends the personal.

Religious faith: Religious faith:

helps provide structure for children through ritualshelps provide structure for children through rituals

brings closeness to relatives and people of all ages through sharing in brings closeness to relatives and people of all ages through sharing in
the rituals the rituals

develops an aesthetic appreciate through art and music involved in develops an aesthetic appreciate through art and music involved in
the rituals the rituals

provides for stress reduction and support in times of trouble provides for stress reduction and support in times of trouble

122. Implications for Social WorkersImplications for Social Workers

Healing powers of spirituality now recognized Healing powers of spirituality now recognized

Need to reduce all risk factors for children Need to reduce all risk factors for children
generally and maximize children’s natural generally and maximize children’s natural
resilienceresilience

Harm reduction works to reduce harm in high-Harm reduction works to reduce harm in high-
risk situations such as bullying or abuse at risk situations such as bullying or abuse at
homehome

123. In a NutshellIn a Nutshell
Risk and resilience across the first part ofRisk and resilience across the first part of the life span – this in a the life span – this in a
nutshell can be considered the theme of this chapter.nutshell can be considered the theme of this chapter.
The organizational structure of this chapter was drawn from The organizational structure of this chapter was drawn from
the insights of Piaget on cognitive growth and development, the insights of Piaget on cognitive growth and development,
from Erikson’s psychosocial scheme which pinpointed key from Erikson’s psychosocial scheme which pinpointed key
issues to be resolved across the childhood lifespan and from issues to be resolved across the childhood lifespan and from
Fowler’s and Wilber’s conceptualization of the evolution of Fowler’s and Wilber’s conceptualization of the evolution of
spiritual understanding. spiritual understanding.

124. Chapter 5Chapter 5
Early Adulthood Through Middle AgeEarly Adulthood Through Middle Age
When I was a child, I spake as a child, I When I was a child, I spake as a child, I
understood as a child, thought as a understood as a child, thought as a
child, child, but when I became a man I but when I became a man I
put away put away childish things.childish things.

I CorinthiansI Corinthians 13:11 13:11
This chapter concerns mThis chapter concerns major achievements across the adult life course in termsajor achievements across the adult life course in terms
of intimacy in young adulthood, generativity during the middle years, and ego of intimacy in young adulthood, generativity during the middle years, and ego
integrity during the final stage of life. integrity during the final stage of life.

125. College LifeCollege Life

Erikson’s period of intimacy vs. isolationErikson’s period of intimacy vs. isolation

College is traditionally a time of transition and questioning of the beliefs of College is traditionally a time of transition and questioning of the beliefs of
one’s upbringing. one’s upbringing.

Compared to previous generations of students, more binge drinking, more Compared to previous generations of students, more binge drinking, more
unplanned sexual activity in some circles and a higher degree of religiosity unplanned sexual activity in some circles and a higher degree of religiosity
in others. in others.

Economic challenges—present-day realities of increased tuition, textbook Economic challenges—present-day realities of increased tuition, textbook
prices, parents saving for retirement, and necessity for a car and job.prices, parents saving for retirement, and necessity for a car and job.

Prolonged transition between adolescence and adulthood has become the Prolonged transition between adolescence and adulthood has become the
norm—living at home, extended educations.norm—living at home, extended educations.

126. The Biology of Mating RitualsThe Biology of Mating Rituals

EEvolutionary psychologist David Buss concludes that, the role of genetics volutionary psychologist David Buss concludes that, the role of genetics
in mating behavior is pronounced. in mating behavior is pronounced.

Mating rituals, such as flirting, follow patterns that cross cultures and countries, based on Mating rituals, such as flirting, follow patterns that cross cultures and countries, based on
gestures that seem anchored deep within our evolutionary history. Males attracted to gestures that seem anchored deep within our evolutionary history. Males attracted to
fertile-appearing female.fertile-appearing female.

Males tend to exhibit behavior that conveys strength and symbols of success.Males tend to exhibit behavior that conveys strength and symbols of success.

The experience of love as a biological drive that comprises lust, romantic love (narrows The experience of love as a biological drive that comprises lust, romantic love (narrows
focus to one person) and attachment. focus to one person) and attachment.

Attachment is fuelled by: proximity, stress, sex.Attachment is fuelled by: proximity, stress, sex.

Exhilaration of early romance does not last.Exhilaration of early romance does not last.

Biology alone does not determine sexual attraction.Biology alone does not determine sexual attraction.

127. PPersonal ersonal HHappiness appiness

Researchers of happiness often study married couples.Researchers of happiness often study married couples.

TThe personality traits—ability to share, good humor, etc. that he personality traits—ability to share, good humor, etc. that
make for partner compatibility and enduring friendships. make for partner compatibility and enduring friendships.

One study found that newlyweds were matched on values and One study found that newlyweds were matched on values and
attitudes, but differed on personality traits like extroversion.attitudes, but differed on personality traits like extroversion.

Yet happy couples were matched on personality, not attitudes.Yet happy couples were matched on personality, not attitudes.

128. Myers-Briggs Myers-Briggs IInventory nventory

Myers-Briggs inventory utilizes four different subscales:Myers-Briggs inventory utilizes four different subscales:

extroversion-introversion extroversion-introversion

sensing-intuiting sensing-intuiting

thinking-feeling thinking-feeling

judging-perceiving (how one’s experiences are analyzed) judging-perceiving (how one’s experiences are analyzed)

This scale is widely used in business and government as a basis of This scale is widely used in business and government as a basis of
employee selection. employee selection.

Not surprisingly, in today’s efficiency-conscious world, this Not surprisingly, in today’s efficiency-conscious world, this
personality indicator is in widespread use in matching couples on personality indicator is in widespread use in matching couples on
the basis of their score compatibility.the basis of their score compatibility.

For sales types-- ESFPs; engineers– ESTPsFor sales types-- ESFPs; engineers– ESTPs

Social worker might be ISFJ, less creative type than INSJ; but Social worker might be ISFJ, less creative type than INSJ; but
attention to detail is important in this fieldattention to detail is important in this field

People with disorders may be complementary—antisocial and People with disorders may be complementary—antisocial and
borderline are often paired with OCD or dependent typesborderline are often paired with OCD or dependent types

129. SexSex

SexSex defies our many attempts to explain the hold defies our many attempts to explain the hold
it has on people. it has on people.

Rates of sexual activity among teens in the U.S. Rates of sexual activity among teens in the U.S.

Comparable to those in Western EuropeComparable to those in Western Europe

Yet incidence of adolescent pregnancy, childbearing, contraction of Yet incidence of adolescent pregnancy, childbearing, contraction of
venereal disease far exceeds that found in most other industrialized nations.venereal disease far exceeds that found in most other industrialized nations.

BBesides issues of school and grades, girls most often struggle with such social esides issues of school and grades, girls most often struggle with such social
concerns as knowing how to say yes to a relationship without having to say yes concerns as knowing how to say yes to a relationship without having to say yes
to sex. to sex.

At all ages, women are more likely than men to contract At all ages, women are more likely than men to contract
genital herpes, Chlamydia or gonorrhea.genital herpes, Chlamydia or gonorrhea.

ABC News poll: women—ABC News poll: women—

6 sex partners in life; men—206 sex partners in life; men—20

70% of men think of sex every day, 15% of women70% of men think of sex every day, 15% of women

Men 3 times as often look at sexually explicit website.Men 3 times as often look at sexually explicit website.

130. Healthy LoveHealthy Love

Healthy love is above all reciprocal, non-possessive; it is about giving and Healthy love is above all reciprocal, non-possessive; it is about giving and
receiving both.receiving both.

Obsessive love thinking:Obsessive love thinking:

I cannot live without your.I cannot live without your.

You are the only person for me.You are the only person for me.

We must agree on everything.We must agree on everything.

We should be happy in each other’s exclusive company.We should be happy in each other’s exclusive company.

(and among alcoholics) You keep me sober.(and among alcoholics) You keep me sober.

The Enrich Couple Inventory reveals key ingredients that make for a happy The Enrich Couple Inventory reveals key ingredients that make for a happy
relationship even long after the initial chemistry has faded: relationship even long after the initial chemistry has faded:

good listening skills good listening skills

understanding of each other’s feelingsunderstanding of each other’s feelings

balance in leisure time spent together and apart balance in leisure time spent together and apart

being easy to talk to being easy to talk to

creative and agreeable in handling differences including finances and sexual creative and agreeable in handling differences including finances and sexual
compatibility compatibility

131. BJS Statistics
Trends in Fatal Intimate Partner Violence
l Homicide victims killed by an intimate partner
declined from an estimated 3,300 in 1993 to an
estimated 2,340 in 2007.
l Between 1993 and 2007, female victims killed
by an intimate partner declined from 2,200 to
1,640 victims, and male intimate partner
homicide victims declined from 1,100 to 700
victims.

132. Intimate Partner ViolenceIntimate Partner Violence


The 2004 intimate partner violence fact The 2004 intimate partner violence fact
sheet provides us with a list of sheet provides us with a list of consistently consistently
observed “markers” for the commission of observed “markers” for the commission of
intimate partner violence: intimate partner violence:

violence in the family of origin violence in the family of origin

behavioral deficitsbehavioral deficits

certain and multiple psychiatric diagnosescertain and multiple psychiatric diagnoses

personality disorders personality disorders

substance abuse substance abuse

anger anger

low self-esteem. low self-esteem.

133. Murder-Suicide

The nightmare of volunteers and staff at women’s The nightmare of volunteers and staff at women’s
shelter is that battering, love-struck spouses or shelter is that battering, love-struck spouses or
boyfriends will commit the ultimate act if the woman boyfriends will commit the ultimate act if the woman
makes a successful break. makes a successful break.

Suicide-murderSuicide-murder is the term used here to refer to the is the term used here to refer to the
phenomenon whereby an estranged partner kills the phenomenon whereby an estranged partner kills the
focus of his or her obsessive passion, and suicide is focus of his or her obsessive passion, and suicide is
the primary motive.the primary motive.

Whole family murder-suicide. Related to economics?Whole family murder-suicide. Related to economics?

134. RapeRape

A risk factor to intimacy, both in destroying a relationship A risk factor to intimacy, both in destroying a relationship
underway and in inhibiting one’s ability to trust and bond underway and in inhibiting one’s ability to trust and bond
sexually due to the legacy of the past, is rape. sexually due to the legacy of the past, is rape.


CDC estimates—one of six of women victims of rape or CDC estimates—one of six of women victims of rape or
attempted rapeattempted rape

Gang rape, fraternity rape, prison homosexual assault, some Gang rape, fraternity rape, prison homosexual assault, some
aspects of date and marital rape and the sexual brutality that is aspects of date and marital rape and the sexual brutality that is
inevitable in slavery and war all involve the targeting of inevitable in slavery and war all involve the targeting of
women (or women substitutes) as fair game. women (or women substitutes) as fair game.

135. RRape-Supportive ape-Supportive CCultureulture
We are, as Jackson Katz terms it, a rape-supportive culture.We are, as Jackson Katz terms it, a rape-supportive culture.

In a research study from Glasgow, Scotland which has generated In a research study from Glasgow, Scotland which has generated
worldwide attention, one in five boys and young men thought that worldwide attention, one in five boys and young men thought that
forcing one’s wife to have sex would be acceptable. forcing one’s wife to have sex would be acceptable.

In In Our GuysOur Guys, Lefkowitz reveals the connection between sports hero , Lefkowitz reveals the connection between sports hero
idolatry in suburbia and sexual violence against women.idolatry in suburbia and sexual violence against women.

Marital rape, if not socially sanctioned, has been socially tolerated for Marital rape, if not socially sanctioned, has been socially tolerated for
a long time. Date or acquaintance rape is rarely reported as well.a long time. Date or acquaintance rape is rarely reported as well.

Fear of sexual violence is a defining characteristic of the male prison Fear of sexual violence is a defining characteristic of the male prison
experience in the U.S. experience in the U.S.

Gay males and lesbians are also subjected to sexual victimization in Gay males and lesbians are also subjected to sexual victimization in
the society.the society.

136. Rape continued
Thousands of women soldiers raped in Iraq, not
by the enemy as was original argument for them
not to serve
PTSD as a result
Prevention on college campuses: Jackson Katz
— The Macho Paradox, male mentoring programs
to get at the root cause
Bystander intervention taught in schools

137. Midlife CrisisMidlife Crisis

Erikson’s stage of generativity vs stagnation. MidlifeErikson’s stage of generativity vs stagnation. Midlife is the time of noticeable is the time of noticeable
change in strength and appearance. change in strength and appearance.

Biological changes apparent at 20Biological changes apparent at 20
thth
and the following high school and college and the following high school and college
reunions. People get fatter, lose height, need reading glasses. Some are getting reunions. People get fatter, lose height, need reading glasses. Some are getting
plastic surgery.plastic surgery.

Menopause is the term most closely associated with middle age, a term traditionally Menopause is the term most closely associated with middle age, a term traditionally
equated with irrational, emotional outbursts in women and mid-life crises in men. equated with irrational, emotional outbursts in women and mid-life crises in men.

75% of menopausal women experience mild facial flush and perspiration that 75% of menopausal women experience mild facial flush and perspiration that
are popularly called ‘hot flashes” or “night sweats.” are popularly called ‘hot flashes” or “night sweats.”

In middle-aged men, there is a decrease in sexual functioning and slowness in In middle-aged men, there is a decrease in sexual functioning and slowness in
arousal due to a gradual decline in their testosterone level. arousal due to a gradual decline in their testosterone level.

138. Psychology of Human MidlifePsychology of Human Midlife

Psychologically, the middle years are a time of contemplation and Psychologically, the middle years are a time of contemplation and
even regret. even regret.

Women at midlife are connecting to self and others by using relevant Women at midlife are connecting to self and others by using relevant
processes to define themselves and make sense of their experiences. processes to define themselves and make sense of their experiences.

Singles may feel isolated.Singles may feel isolated.

Subjective well-being is an important issue that relates to Subjective well-being is an important issue that relates to
psychological functioning during middle age. psychological functioning during middle age.

Boxed reading: “In the Middle of a Middle” describes how this period Boxed reading: “In the Middle of a Middle” describes how this period
is dull compared to times of beginnings and endings. Social work is is dull compared to times of beginnings and endings. Social work is
about being in the middle of things as well.about being in the middle of things as well.

139. Happiness and PsychologyHappiness and Psychology

Happiness is like depression; it can be contagious.Happiness is like depression; it can be contagious.

A review of scientific research concluded that each of us has a A review of scientific research concluded that each of us has a
happiness set point; no matter what happens in life, we tend to happiness set point; no matter what happens in life, we tend to
return to our natural set point.return to our natural set point.

MythsMyths about happiness that are disproved in research and surveys about happiness that are disproved in research and surveys
are that happiness is brought about by money, beauty, youth, are that happiness is brought about by money, beauty, youth,
intelligence.intelligence.

On the plus side, Layard lists religious faith, leisure time activities, On the plus side, Layard lists religious faith, leisure time activities,
friendship, sense of humor, self-esteem and volunteering as friendship, sense of humor, self-esteem and volunteering as
behaviors that all help provide a sense of well-being.behaviors that all help provide a sense of well-being.

Rick Warren’s Rick Warren’s The Purpose-Driven LifeThe Purpose-Driven Life contends that contentment contends that contentment
comes with finding meaning in our lives.comes with finding meaning in our lives.

140. ForgivenessForgiveness

Forgiveness is a teaching along with compassion that characterizes Forgiveness is a teaching along with compassion that characterizes
all the major world religions.all the major world religions.

Late middle age is a time when many people return to a religious Late middle age is a time when many people return to a religious
faith of their youth or engage in new, religious beliefs that reflect faith of their youth or engage in new, religious beliefs that reflect
the individual’s present spiritual state.the individual’s present spiritual state.

Forgiveness is about removing the hold that anger and resentment Forgiveness is about removing the hold that anger and resentment
have on us. Forgiving people have lower blood pressure than have on us. Forgiving people have lower blood pressure than
others.others.

Finding purpose and meaning in a seemingly bleak situation is one Finding purpose and meaning in a seemingly bleak situation is one
component of spirituality.component of spirituality.

141. Cultural Perspectives

India is one nation where attitudes among the younger India is one nation where attitudes among the younger
generation, especially urban youth, are changing rapidly. generation, especially urban youth, are changing rapidly.

Researchers compared attitudes toward sex in 24 countries and Researchers compared attitudes toward sex in 24 countries and
found wide varieties in sexual beliefs. “Teen permissive” found wide varieties in sexual beliefs. “Teen permissive”
countries—Germany, Austria, and Sweden. “Sexual countries—Germany, Austria, and Sweden. “Sexual
conservatives”—the U.S., Ireland, N. Ireland, and Poland. conservatives”—the U.S., Ireland, N. Ireland, and Poland.
Muslim countries, the most conservative. Muslim countries, the most conservative.

Domestic violence is an issue not defined as such in most Domestic violence is an issue not defined as such in most
nations.nations.

142. Chapter 6
LATE MIDDLE AGE THROUGH
THE END OF LIFE

143. Facts on Aging
From Erikson’s generativity vs. stagnation to ego
integrity (late middle age) vs despair
Young-old from 50-75 and old-old after 75
Pew survey shows older people are happier, less
stressed and worried than younger ones
Life expectancy over 80 in Japan, Singapore, France,
Sweden, and Italy. South Africa has fallen to 43 (AIDS).
U.S.: 80.7, white females, 70.2 black males
Over 65 is around 20% minorities.
Birth rate decline in Western Europe, especially former
Soviet Union countries.

144. Age 50-75
Sarah Lawrence-Lightfoot, The Third Chapter,
positive account of transitions
Post midlife journeys of 40 older Americans—
workaholic to take voice lessons, engineer who
became an artist, one to write a novel, start new
more creative careers

145. The Biology of Old Age The Biology of Old Age

Many of the health problems faced by elderly persons result from a Many of the health problems faced by elderly persons result from a
general decline in the circulatory system. general decline in the circulatory system.

Physical limitations coupled with lack of adequate transportation limit Physical limitations coupled with lack of adequate transportation limit
older persons in their ability to shop, obtain legal counsel or get medical older persons in their ability to shop, obtain legal counsel or get medical
care. care.

Two recent memoirs provide disturbing and unsentimental chronicles of Two recent memoirs provide disturbing and unsentimental chronicles of
life with a parent in the late stages of life with a parent in the late stages of Alzheimer’s: The Story of My Alzheimer’s: The Story of My
FatherFather and and Death in Slow MotionDeath in Slow Motion (the author’s mother’s acts of rage) (the author’s mother’s acts of rage)

Cancer is another important target area of research and development. Cancer is another important target area of research and development.

Elderly alcoholics rarely seek treatment on their own, but family Elderly alcoholics rarely seek treatment on their own, but family
members may take them to a substance abuse treatment center for help.members may take them to a substance abuse treatment center for help.

146. Psychological Aging vs. Biological AgingPsychological Aging vs. Biological Aging

Psychological aging is related to biological aging in the way the Psychological aging is related to biological aging in the way the
mind is very closely linked to the body.mind is very closely linked to the body.

Pipher (Pipher (Another CountryAnother Country) argues that the developmental period of ) argues that the developmental period of
old age is about major physical and social disruption and old age is about major physical and social disruption and
psychological stresses. psychological stresses.

Despite their forgetfulness, the elderly have a storehouse of Despite their forgetfulness, the elderly have a storehouse of
memories.memories.

As we live in the present and invest in the future, old age and death As we live in the present and invest in the future, old age and death
are commonly denied. Kübler-Ross’s stages of death and dying:are commonly denied. Kübler-Ross’s stages of death and dying:

denial denial

anger anger

bargaining bargaining

depression depression

acceptance acceptance

147. Old Age and HealthOld Age and Health

Physician-oriented, and cure-based health care is in many ways unsuited to Physician-oriented, and cure-based health care is in many ways unsuited to
the needs of older persons who typically have chronic conditions with the needs of older persons who typically have chronic conditions with
social dimensions.social dimensions.

Increasingly, Americans and some Europeans are seeking ways to exert Increasingly, Americans and some Europeans are seeking ways to exert
some measure of control over where and how they die. some measure of control over where and how they die.

According to survey, two-thirds of the public and a majority of physicians According to survey, two-thirds of the public and a majority of physicians
in the U.S. support physician-assisted suicide as a legitimate right in cases in the U.S. support physician-assisted suicide as a legitimate right in cases
of incurable and debilitating disease.of incurable and debilitating disease.

Cancer—narratives of Elizabeth Edwards and Farrah FawcettCancer—narratives of Elizabeth Edwards and Farrah Fawcett

148. The Social Side of AgingThe Social Side of Aging

In a youth-oriented, fast-paIn a youth-oriented, fast-pacced industrialized society, ed industrialized society,
the process of aging begins to acquire a negativethe process of aging begins to acquire a negative
meaning as we move past early adulthood.meaning as we move past early adulthood.

The social side of aging refers to the culturalThe social side of aging refers to the cultural
expectations for people at various stages of their lives. expectations for people at various stages of their lives.

Race, ethnicity and social class status are significantRace, ethnicity and social class status are significant
determinants of an individual’s experience with aging.determinants of an individual’s experience with aging.

149. Cultural PerspectivesCultural Perspectives

In many cultures, one’s sense of well-In many cultures, one’s sense of well-
being, or general happiness, is not being, or general happiness, is not
determined from within but rather from determined from within but rather from
positive relations with others, usually the positive relations with others, usually the
family. family.

Read “Latino Family Ties.” Read “Latino Family Ties.”

150. Motivational EnhancementMotivational Enhancement

Similar to the cognitive approach in that it is concerned with thought Similar to the cognitive approach in that it is concerned with thought
processes is motivational interviewing.processes is motivational interviewing.

Choice important for people of all ages. William Miller has formulated Choice important for people of all ages. William Miller has formulated
motivational therapy in terms of the following general principles:motivational therapy in terms of the following general principles:


express empathyexpress empathy

develop discrepancy between goals and behaviorsdevelop discrepancy between goals and behaviors

avoid argumentation avoid argumentation

roll with resistance roll with resistance

support self-efficacy support self-efficacy

151. Late AdulthoodLate Adulthood

Forgiveness and healing are key concepts with much relevance to Forgiveness and healing are key concepts with much relevance to
the helping effort. the helping effort.

One of the most difficult tasks of old age is to learn to adjust to One of the most difficult tasks of old age is to learn to adjust to
everyday life without the care and companionship of a significant everyday life without the care and companionship of a significant
other, often to live alone or, in the company of others, to feel alone. other, often to live alone or, in the company of others, to feel alone.

Sense of meaning can come from membership in community Sense of meaning can come from membership in community
recreational and volunteer groups, a renewed or continuing church recreational and volunteer groups, a renewed or continuing church
involvement and participation in other activities for spiritual involvement and participation in other activities for spiritual
fulfillmentfulfillment..

152. Resilience
Reading, “Resilience in Older African American
Women” who survived segregated South
Part of the Great Migration to Iowa
Characteristics shown in their narratives:
Respect for elders—father a sharecropper
Value of education—father taught himself to read
Resistance to oppression
Strong religious faith
Positive attitude toward life

153. ConclusionConclusion

From embarking on the journey of life as a grown person to From embarking on the journey of life as a grown person to
reaching the end of the trail, this chapter has touched upon reaching the end of the trail, this chapter has touched upon
some pivotal moments. some pivotal moments.

Following a discussion of heterosexuality and gay/lesbian Following a discussion of heterosexuality and gay/lesbian
sexuality, the topic shifted from healthy to unhealthy love sexuality, the topic shifted from healthy to unhealthy love
relationships, a shift that led into the territory of violence and relationships, a shift that led into the territory of violence and
even rape and suicide played out in the form of murder. even rape and suicide played out in the form of murder.

A discussion of old age – ego integrity v. despair – concluded A discussion of old age – ego integrity v. despair – concluded
the life span portion of the chapter and the book.the life span portion of the chapter and the book.

154. Chapter 7Chapter 7
The Individual and the FamilyThe Individual and the Family

““They are the we of me”They are the we of me”
Carson McCullersCarson McCullers
Member of the WeddingMember of the Wedding
This chapter delves into the inner workers of family life—roles andThis chapter delves into the inner workers of family life—roles and
relationships.relationships.

155. Definition of FamilyDefinition of Family

The role of family: to mediate the relationship between individual and society.The role of family: to mediate the relationship between individual and society.

Zastrow and Kirst-Ashman define family members as people who are: Zastrow and Kirst-Ashman define family members as people who are:
members of a primary group in constant and intimate interaction, mutually members of a primary group in constant and intimate interaction, mutually
obligated to each other and usually occupying a common residence. obligated to each other and usually occupying a common residence.

The mass-media portrait of the solitary, “nuclear” family devoid of links to The mass-media portrait of the solitary, “nuclear” family devoid of links to
extended family extended family

Some negative modern developments affecting the American family –changes Some negative modern developments affecting the American family –changes
in eating habits and the many hours spent watching TV or on the Internet. in eating habits and the many hours spent watching TV or on the Internet.

Institutional supports for the family have eroded over the past decade Institutional supports for the family have eroded over the past decade

Political lip service to “family values.” Political lip service to “family values.”

156. Theories about FamilyTheories about Family

General systems theory and ecosystems theory as discussed in chapter 1:General systems theory and ecosystems theory as discussed in chapter 1:

The family is a system in interaction with other social systems at the The family is a system in interaction with other social systems at the
societal levelsocietal level

The family is a system within itself. The family is a system within itself.

The systems and ecological perspectives have been among the most The systems and ecological perspectives have been among the most
widespread theoretical frameworks in social work that provide designs for widespread theoretical frameworks in social work that provide designs for
conceiving of personal and environment transactions.conceiving of personal and environment transactions.


Murray Bowen’s formulation had a revolutionary impact on the fields of Murray Bowen’s formulation had a revolutionary impact on the fields of
counseling and social work. counseling and social work.

Trained as a psychoanalyst Trained as a psychoanalyst

Interest in families began in his work at the Menninger clinic in the Interest in families began in his work at the Menninger clinic in the
1940s and later moved to Georgetown Medical School in Washington, 1940s and later moved to Georgetown Medical School in Washington,
DCDC

Decided that the processes heDecided that the processes he had earlier observed in diseased families were had earlier observed in diseased families were
present in all families present in all families

157. Bowen’s Family System TheoryBowen’s Family System Theory

Bowen’s family systems theory contrasted with general systems Bowen’s family systems theory contrasted with general systems
concepts: concepts:

General systems model grew out of the assumption that similar General systems model grew out of the assumption that similar
mathematical expressions and models could be applied to the mathematical expressions and models could be applied to the
human domain.human domain.

Bowen used metaphors from the natural environment. Bowen used metaphors from the natural environment.

A major contribution of Bowen was his graphic construct for A major contribution of Bowen was his graphic construct for
representing key themes that carry over from generation to representing key themes that carry over from generation to
generation. generation.

According to McGoldrick, genogram data can help us look for According to McGoldrick, genogram data can help us look for
repeated symptoms such as patterns of conflict across generations, repeated symptoms such as patterns of conflict across generations,
depression or abuse. depression or abuse.

Family therapists pay close attention to the boundaries among Family therapists pay close attention to the boundaries among
members of the family system and between the family and other members of the family system and between the family and other
systems such as neighbors and schools.systems such as neighbors and schools.

158. CriticismCriticism

Bowen’s approach criticized Bowen’s approach criticized

for its Anglo-American emphasis on individualism and independence. for its Anglo-American emphasis on individualism and independence.

its ideal of the differentiated self that fails to take into account women’s its ideal of the differentiated self that fails to take into account women’s
ways of relating and their focus on closeness ways of relating and their focus on closeness

the mother-blaming inherent in his theory—his conceptualization of the mother-blaming inherent in his theory—his conceptualization of
emotional fusion was often the relationship between mother and child. emotional fusion was often the relationship between mother and child.

Contributions:Contributions:

Provides a lens for understanding interactions among a number of Provides a lens for understanding interactions among a number of
variables at once; variables at once;

Has expanded the social work profession’s person-in-environment Has expanded the social work profession’s person-in-environment
concepts concepts

Has provided fuel for our social work imaginations as we explore the Has provided fuel for our social work imaginations as we explore the
gender roles and family rules so unique to each family. gender roles and family rules so unique to each family.

159. Functional and Dysfunctional Functional and Dysfunctional FFamiliesamilies

Healthy families can be said to be where everyone’s boundaries touch, but Healthy families can be said to be where everyone’s boundaries touch, but
not overlap.not overlap.

Functional families are characterized by:Functional families are characterized by:

open communicationopen communication

respect for individual differences and boundaries,respect for individual differences and boundaries,

stable routines and having a sense of humorstable routines and having a sense of humor

Dysfunctional families are said to be enmeshed or disengaged. Dysfunctional families are said to be enmeshed or disengaged.

When boundaries are clearly defined between individuals, one’s thoughts When boundaries are clearly defined between individuals, one’s thoughts
and feelings are respectedand feelings are respected

EnmeshedEnmeshed family members tend to speak for one another; parents tell family members tend to speak for one another; parents tell
children what they think or feel; guilt is used to control; and parents show children what they think or feel; guilt is used to control; and parents show
signs that they are not psychologically separated from their own parentssigns that they are not psychologically separated from their own parents

On the other end of the spectrum, On the other end of the spectrum, disengageddisengaged families sacrifice belonging families sacrifice belonging
for autonomy. for autonomy.

Psychiatrist Ernest Hartmann has devised the Boundary Questionnaire to Psychiatrist Ernest Hartmann has devised the Boundary Questionnaire to
measure what he sees as a basic dimension of personality – the tendency measure what he sees as a basic dimension of personality – the tendency
toward thickness or thinness in boundaries.toward thickness or thinness in boundaries.

160. Family SocializationFamily Socialization

Family communication has a lot to do with socialization--child learns how to Family communication has a lot to do with socialization--child learns how to
behave through feedback and role models. behave through feedback and role models.

A latent function of the family includes socialization into the norms of society. A latent function of the family includes socialization into the norms of society.

Gender role socialization Gender role socialization

starts early and is pervasive starts early and is pervasive

In violent families dominance of the weak by the strong – of children by adults, smaller In violent families dominance of the weak by the strong – of children by adults, smaller
children by larger, male by female – is the rule. children by larger, male by female – is the rule.

Socialization—a two-edged sword. The paradox of the family is that although so Socialization—a two-edged sword. The paradox of the family is that although so
many are flawed that family affection serves as a glue that holds lives together. many are flawed that family affection serves as a glue that holds lives together.

Family can be the buffer against the pain of society and the source of pain, Family can be the buffer against the pain of society and the source of pain,
booster a child’s potential and also hold them back, etc. booster a child’s potential and also hold them back, etc.

In any case, children do better in families than in any other social arrangements In any case, children do better in families than in any other social arrangements
(the one exception is the traditional kibbutz which combines community and (the one exception is the traditional kibbutz which combines community and
family life.).family life.).

161. Father-Son Father-Son RRelationshipselationships

Parent-child relationships are among the most common social roles Parent-child relationships are among the most common social roles
played over the life-course and the most enduring in terms of social ties.played over the life-course and the most enduring in terms of social ties.

Research on fathering consists of two basic varieties:Research on fathering consists of two basic varieties:

research on the impact on children of father absence research on the impact on children of father absence

studies of father roles in the home. studies of father roles in the home.

Father-son relationship often the most difficult dyad in the family—Father-son relationship often the most difficult dyad in the family—

Father may find expressing affection to son difficult.Father may find expressing affection to son difficult.

Father may seek success through son or be jealous of mother-son bonding.Father may seek success through son or be jealous of mother-son bonding.

Son may go to great links to prove himself to his father or to finish the Son may go to great links to prove himself to his father or to finish the
father’s unfinished business—analogy of Henry V in battle and George W. father’s unfinished business—analogy of Henry V in battle and George W.
Bush Bush

Stories of Barack Obama and John McCainStories of Barack Obama and John McCain

Research on father-son relationships—stress on how the women’s Research on father-son relationships—stress on how the women’s
movement has freed both women and men from gender-role restrictions. movement has freed both women and men from gender-role restrictions.

162. Father Daughter RelationshipFather Daughter Relationship

To Virginia Satir, the early father-daughter relationship was instrumental in To Virginia Satir, the early father-daughter relationship was instrumental in
preparing the girl for life. preparing the girl for life.

Perkins studied college women, categorized fathering styles as doting, distant, Perkins studied college women, categorized fathering styles as doting, distant,
demanding/supportive, domineering, absent, or seductive. demanding/supportive, domineering, absent, or seductive.

The bulk of the literature on the father-daughter relationship, as any search The bulk of the literature on the father-daughter relationship, as any search
engine check will show, is concerned with sexual abuse. engine check will show, is concerned with sexual abuse.

Girls in homes where fathers were highly involved tended to delay sexual Girls in homes where fathers were highly involved tended to delay sexual
encounters and pregnancy.encounters and pregnancy.

Hawaiian study found that women married men who resembled their fathers, and Hawaiian study found that women married men who resembled their fathers, and
men married women who resembled their mothers. men married women who resembled their mothers.

In European American families, fathers have strong influence regarding their In European American families, fathers have strong influence regarding their
daughter’s achievements, while mothers have more in African American families. daughter’s achievements, while mothers have more in African American families.

Girls often feel a sense of protection in having a father in the home.Girls often feel a sense of protection in having a father in the home.

163. Mother-Son BondMother-Son Bond

Freud had a lot to say about he love between mother and son— Oedipus Freud had a lot to say about he love between mother and son— Oedipus
Complex.Complex.

As the sons reach adolescence, mothers find it hard to truly understand them, As the sons reach adolescence, mothers find it hard to truly understand them,
especially if they conform to gender-role expectations, seeking adventure especially if they conform to gender-role expectations, seeking adventure
and tinkering with mechanical equipment, especially cars (Erikson). and tinkering with mechanical equipment, especially cars (Erikson).

Mother-son relationship differs in many ways from the mother-daughter Mother-son relationship differs in many ways from the mother-daughter
relationship.relationship.

Experiment showed mother praised son’s performance more than daughter’s. Experiment showed mother praised son’s performance more than daughter’s.

African-American mother-son bond, African-American mother-son bond,

Sacred Bond: Black Men and Their MothersSacred Bond: Black Men and Their Mothers

Stories of gay man with AIDS, and of mother who fought the gang to Stories of gay man with AIDS, and of mother who fought the gang to
reclaim her sonreclaim her son

164. Mother-Daughter RelationshipMother-Daughter Relationship

The mother-daughter relationship, according to Christiane The mother-daughter relationship, according to Christiane
Northrup, MD: Northrup, MD:

has more “clout” biologically, emotionally and psychologically has more “clout” biologically, emotionally and psychologically
than any other relationship in a woman’s life.than any other relationship in a woman’s life.

Attitudes about female body are passed down.Attitudes about female body are passed down.

Northrup has devised a map of female development in the form of a Northrup has devised a map of female development in the form of a
house with many rooms of passage toward the roof of life hereafter.house with many rooms of passage toward the roof of life hereafter.

Another kind of mother-daughter passage occurs in the ties between Another kind of mother-daughter passage occurs in the ties between
caregiving daughters and their dependent, advanced-aged mothers. caregiving daughters and their dependent, advanced-aged mothers.

Daughter from Danang—Daughter from Danang—PBSPBS filmfilm

Daughter returns to Vietnam to meet her biological motherDaughter returns to Vietnam to meet her biological mother

Raises issue of cultural differences and customs in mother-Raises issue of cultural differences and customs in mother-
daughter relationshipsdaughter relationships

165. Brother-Sister RelationshipsBrother-Sister Relationships

Relationships between brothers and sisters are distinctive, often precious Relationships between brothers and sisters are distinctive, often precious
and the longest family relationship of one’s life.and the longest family relationship of one’s life.


Studies have shown that of three sibling pairs, sister/sister pairs are the Studies have shown that of three sibling pairs, sister/sister pairs are the
closest and brother/brother compete the most. closest and brother/brother compete the most.

First-borns often become the family heroes as they may feel pressure to First-borns often become the family heroes as they may feel pressure to
pursue dreams unfulfilled of their parents. pursue dreams unfulfilled of their parents.

Family theorists such as Bowen and Satir firmly believed that ordinal Family theorists such as Bowen and Satir firmly believed that ordinal
rank in childhood related to later roles rank in childhood related to later roles

Impact of birth order Impact of birth order

Researcher examined data from biographies of key historical Researcher examined data from biographies of key historical
personalitiespersonalities

concluded first borns identified with power; later borns more liberal concluded first borns identified with power; later borns more liberal

Sisters often grow close late in life.Sisters often grow close late in life.

166. Disabled SiblingsDisabled Siblings

Findings in the research literature concerning the long-term impact Findings in the research literature concerning the long-term impact
of growing up in a home with an autistic sibling are contradictory.of growing up in a home with an autistic sibling are contradictory.

Children of autistic sibling may hesitate to bring friends homeChildren of autistic sibling may hesitate to bring friends home

May suffer from lack of companionship and parental neglectMay suffer from lack of companionship and parental neglect

But may become more mature and caring as a result But may become more mature and caring as a result

The important role that siblings play in providing support systems The important role that siblings play in providing support systems
for each other is rarely explored in the research literature apart from for each other is rarely explored in the research literature apart from
attention paid to family supports, in general.attention paid to family supports, in general.

167. Sibling Relationship Sibling Relationship

The way that parents treat their children may affect how children The way that parents treat their children may affect how children
treat each other when the parent is gone. Resentments linger.treat each other when the parent is gone. Resentments linger.

Marriage research shows that sibling relationships change Marriage research shows that sibling relationships change
drastically following the marriage of one or more of the grown drastically following the marriage of one or more of the grown
children, frequently creating a wedge – especially when the spouse children, frequently creating a wedge – especially when the spouse
does not does not “fit in.”“fit in.”

Politics and religion in later life likewise can cause irreparable Politics and religion in later life likewise can cause irreparable
damage.damage.

168. Aunts and Uncles
In literature: David Copperfield, Tom Sawyer,
Pollyanna
Eulogies to Ted Kennedy by nephew and niece
Can provide stability to family
Uncles more action centered—Kennedy and
sailing
Aunts—more about emotional support
Text dedicated to the author’s aunts

169. GrandparentsGrandparents

The relations between grandparents and grandchildren yield satisfactions The relations between grandparents and grandchildren yield satisfactions
that the parent-child often does not. that the parent-child often does not.

Grandmothers tend to outlive their husbands Grandmothers tend to outlive their husbands

and play a more active role in caring for their grandchildren than do and play a more active role in caring for their grandchildren than do
grandfathers. grandfathers.

The maternal grandmother tends to be more involved in the childrearing The maternal grandmother tends to be more involved in the childrearing
than the paternal grandmother. than the paternal grandmother.

Grandparents often pay for “extras” such as piano lessons and summer Grandparents often pay for “extras” such as piano lessons and summer
camp as well as contributing in major ways to house payments and medical camp as well as contributing in major ways to house payments and medical
expenses. expenses.

Another factor could be Another factor could be the revision of child welfare policies to the revision of child welfare policies to
acknowledge the importance and convenience of kinship care when child acknowledge the importance and convenience of kinship care when child
placement is necessary. placement is necessary.

When parents give birth to a child with a physical disability, the role of the When parents give birth to a child with a physical disability, the role of the
support system is essential to the family’s ability to cope.support system is essential to the family’s ability to cope.

170. Family Family BBreakupreakup

Family breakup occurs frequently in modern, industrialized society. Family breakup occurs frequently in modern, industrialized society.

Given the extent of divorce, the family forms that result in:Given the extent of divorce, the family forms that result in:

single parents raising kids single parents raising kids

joint custody arrangementsjoint custody arrangements

The stepfamily—defined as a household that contains a child who is The stepfamily—defined as a household that contains a child who is
the biological or adopted offspring of one of the parents.the biological or adopted offspring of one of the parents.

171. Divorce and Family SplittingDivorce and Family Splitting

Widely reported media accounts including editorial columns warned about Widely reported media accounts including editorial columns warned about
the long-term consequences to children of parental splits.the long-term consequences to children of parental splits.

Research of Wallerstein has been extensively usedResearch of Wallerstein has been extensively used

Her data came from her clients who had been getting a divorceHer data came from her clients who had been getting a divorce

Interviewed 30 years later—low marriage rate of the children in her Interviewed 30 years later—low marriage rate of the children in her
samplesample

Study of Canadian government data found Study of Canadian government data found

that following the divorce, levels of child anxiety/depression increased. that following the divorce, levels of child anxiety/depression increased.

but for highly dysfunctional families, there was a decrease in antisocial but for highly dysfunctional families, there was a decrease in antisocial
behavior. behavior.

Other research found significant differences in divorced vs. nuclear family Other research found significant differences in divorced vs. nuclear family
children’s test results, but after taking into account income and mother’s children’s test results, but after taking into account income and mother’s
education, the differences were negligible.education, the differences were negligible.

172. Implications for Social WorkImplications for Social Work

Social workers can learn from other nations as well as from diverse cultures—lessons Social workers can learn from other nations as well as from diverse cultures—lessons
about strong family policies that guarantee that all their people get adequate health about strong family policies that guarantee that all their people get adequate health
care.care.

Kinship care—care offered by members of the African American extended family is Kinship care—care offered by members of the African American extended family is
today widely used in child welfare departments for all families.today widely used in child welfare departments for all families.

Social workers, family therapists and substance abuse counselors can all expect to be Social workers, family therapists and substance abuse counselors can all expect to be
working with diverse family forms. working with diverse family forms.

The professional must be prepared for the unexpected—prepared to draw on every The professional must be prepared for the unexpected—prepared to draw on every
ounce of our social work imaginations. ounce of our social work imaginations.

Conclusion to the book—learning from the microcosm, paradox in human behavior, Conclusion to the book—learning from the microcosm, paradox in human behavior,
symbol of the holon—family a whole and a part of another wholesymbol of the holon—family a whole and a part of another whole

The journey of the book was from micro-micro level to micro-macro—the individual The journey of the book was from micro-micro level to micro-macro—the individual
in the familyin the family..