Headache or cephalalgia

headache

1. HEADACHE OR CEPHALALGIA

2. GROUP 6 : BRAHMANDA DAIVA (15700157) VIRSA VARISA FEBRIYANTI (15700095) ROSLINTIA AZ – ZAHRA ( 15700081) NI NYM TRI ANGGASTUTI ( 15700089) FEBBY YESITA KUMILA ( 15700151) DEO APRINGGA AYU NANTA (15700083)

3. CEPHALALGIA A headache or cephalalgia is pain anywhere in the region of the head or neck. It can be a symptom of a number of different conditions of the head and neck. Headaches can result from a wide range of causes both benign and more serious. Brain tissue itself is not sensitive to pain as it lacks pain receptors. Rather, the pain is caused by disturbance of the pain-sensitive structures around the brain. Nine areas of the head and neck have these pain-sensitive structures, which are the cranium (the periosteum of the skull), muscles, nerves, arteries and veins, subcutaneous tissues, eyes, ears, sinuses and mucous membranes

4. TYPES AND CAUSES There are more than 200 types of headaches. Some are harmless and some are life-threatening. The description of the headache and findings on neurological examination, determine whether additional tests are needed and what treatment is best.

5. 1. Primary headaches 90% of all headaches are primary headaches. Primary headaches usually first start when people are between 20 and 40 years old . The most common types of primary headaches are migraines and tension-type headaches. They have different characteristics. Migraines typically present with pulsing head pain, nausea, photophobia (sensitivity to light) and phonophobia (sensitivity to sound). Tension-type headaches usually present with non-pulsing " bandlike " pressure on both sides of the head, not accompanied by other symptoms.

6. Primary headaches can occur when pain-sensitive structures in the head do not work properly.

7. 2. Secondary headaches Headaches may be caused by problems elsewhere in the head or neck. Some of these are not harmful, such as cervicogenic headache (pain arising from the neck muscles). Medication overuse headache may occur in those using excessive painkillers for headaches, paradoxically causing worsening headaches.

8. In addition to those two examples, the following list should serve to illustrate the variety of different conditions that can cause secondary headaches: Blood clots Brain freeze (ice cream headaches) Carbon monoxide poisoning Concussion Dehydration Glaucoma Influenza Overuse of pain medication (rebound headaches) Panic attacks Stroke.

9. Secondary headaches can be the result of serious conditions such as stroke, but can equally be a consequence of eating cold food too quickly.

10. TREATMENT 1. Migraines Migraine can be somewhat improved by lifestyle changes, but most people require medicines to control their symptoms. Medications are either to prevent getting migraines, or to reduce symptoms once a migraine starts. Preventive medications are generally recommended when people have more than four attacks of migraine per month, headaches last longer than 12 hours or the headaches are very disabling. Possible therapies include beta blockers, antidepressants, anticonvulsants and NSAIDS.The type of preventive medicine is usually chosen based on the other symptoms the person has. For example, if the person also has depression, an antidepressant is a good choice.

11. 2. Tension-type headaches Tension-type headaches can usually be managed with NSAIDs (ibuprofen, naproxen), acetaminophen or aspirin. Triptans are not helpful in tension-type headaches unless the person also has migraines. For chronic tension type headaches, amitriptyline is the only medication proven to help. Amitriptyline is a medication which treats depression and also independently treats pain. It works by blocking the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine , and also reduces muscle tenderness by a separate mechanism. Studies evaluating acupuncture for tension-type headaches have been mixed. Overall, they show that acupuncture is probably not helpful for tension-type headaches.

12. 3. Cluster headaches Abortive therapy for cluster headaches include subcutaneous sumatriptan (injected under the skin) or triptan nasal sprays. High flow oxygen therapy also helps with relief. For people with extended periods with cluster headaches, preventive therapy can be necessary. Verapamil is recommended as first line treatment. Lithium can also be useful. For people with shorter bouts, a short course of prednisone (10 days) can be helpful. Ergotamine is useful if given 1–2 hours before an attack. See cluster headaches for more detailed information.

13. 4. Secondary headaches Treatment of secondary headaches involves treating the underlying cause. For example, a person with meningitis will require antibiotics. A person with a brain tumor may require surgery, chemotherapy and/or brain radiation.

14. REFERENCES : Brown, M.R. (1951). "The classification and treatment of headache". Medical Clinics of North America 35 (5): 1485–93. PMID   14862569 . Ad Hoc Committee on Classification of Headache (1962). "Classification of Headache". JAMA 179 (9): 717–8. doi : 10.1001/jama.1962.03050090045008 .

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