Health Nursing Informatics and Technology VB Notes - Chapter 1 - Introduction to Computer Applications.pptx

Introduction to health informatics

1. Chapter – 1 Introduction to Computer Applications Arashgeet Kaur www.BrainKart.com https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=info.therithal.brainkart.nursingstudynotes Page 1 of 25

2. Learning Objectives https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=info.therithal.brainkart.nursingstudynotes Page 2 of 25 Identify and define various concepts used in computer To understand the characteristics of computer To understand the structure of computer and its various components Identify application of computer in nursing www.BrainKart.com

3. Chapter Outline https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=info.therithal.brainkart.nursingstudynotes Page 3 of 25 Introduction to computer and its characteristics Applications of Computers Structure of Computers Uses of Computers in Teaching, Learning, Research and Nursing Practice www.BrainKart.com

4. Introduction to a Computer A programmable, electronic device that can store, retrieve and process data Operates under the control of instructions stored in its own memory Basic computer functions: Accepts data (input) Processes input according to the specified rules/ instructions Produce result (output) Stores output for future use Input Processing Output Storage www.BrainKart.com https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=info.therithal.brainkart.nursingstudynotes Page 4 of 25

5. Characteristics of Computers https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=info.therithal.brainkart.nursingstudynotes Page 5 of 25 Speed: Ability to execute million instructions per second Diligence: Run tirelessly and with consistency Accuracy: Minimal chances of error while working on data, subject to right data and instructions being input into the system Storage Capability: Huge amounts of data can be stored and retrieved as required by the user Versatility: Perform several tasks for personal or business purposes No feelings: Instructions- based decisions www.BrainKart.com

6. Applications of Computers https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=info.therithal.brainkart.nursingstudynotes Page 6 of 25 Banking : Online accounting, checking charges, records, withdrawing money via ATMs, etc. Insurance : Maintaining and updating client database and insurance policy details Marketing : Creating and printing advertisements, Designing product catalogues, etc. Business : Planning & budgeting, performance analysis, maintaining employee database, etc. Education : Online certificate courses, hybrid learning environment. Communication : Emails, Video- conferencing, IM, etc. Healthcare : Diagnostic and monitoring systems, Record keeping, Inventory management, etc. Entertainment : Playing videos, games, etc. www.BrainKart.com

7. Importance of Computers in Hospital Maintaining patient history accurately Efficient record keeping Functioning of several machines (X- Ray, MRI) Effective inventory management Helps in diagnoses & treat timely Easy and secure access to required medical data Medical imaging during surgical procedures Adequate stock for patients’ needs https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=info.therithal.brainkart.nursingstudynotes Page 7 of 25 www.BrainKart.com

8. Structure of computer www.BrainKart.com https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=info.therithal.brainkart.nursingstudynotes Page 8 of 25

9. Structure of Computer Hardware Input Devices Processing ALU Control Unit Memory Primary Storage Secondary Storage Output Devices Software System Software Application Software https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=info.therithal.brainkart.nursingstudynotes Page 9 of 25 Multiple devices operate together in an integrated ecosystem. Computer www.BrainKart.com

10. Hardware & Software Hardware Software https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=info.therithal.brainkart.nursingstudynotes Page 10 of 25 Physical elements of the computer Encoded information (programs and data) used by computer to process data as per instructions Can be touched and seen Cannot be touched Divided into four categories: Input devices Output devices Processing devices Storage devices Divided into two main categories: Application Software System Software Developed using electronic components and other materials Developed by writing instructions using a programming language Can be replaced if damaged Can be re-installed if damaged e.g. CPU, Scanner, Printer, etc. e.g. Google Chrome, Microsoft Word, etc. www.BrainKart.com

11. Input Devices Devices used to enter information and instructions into the computer for storing/ processing Mouse : Pointing device used to control the cursor movement on the screen Keyboard : Has alphabets, numbers and special character keys Touchpad : Alternative to mouse, that senses the finger motion Touch Screen : Selection by touching the display screen Light Pen : Allows to input with more accuracy Scanner : Scans images, text and objects to convert into digital image OMR : Captures data from OMR sheets MICR : Magnetic Ink Character Recognition, generally used by banks Bar Code Reader : Reads bar code data, decodes it and sends to the computer Microphone : Takes sound as an input while recording music or videos Webcam : Small cameras used to record videos Digital Camera : Device used to capture images and videos www.BrainKart.com https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=info.therithal.brainkart.nursingstudynotes Page 11 of 25

12. Processing Devices https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=info.therithal.brainkart.nursingstudynotes Page 12 of 25 CPU (Central Processing Unit): Processes input Takes instructions from memory Makes required calculation based on the instructions and type of data Produces result ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) Performs arithmetic functions and logical operations CPU (Brain of the Computer) Control Unit Determines sequence of execution of instructions during processing www.BrainKart.com

13. Memory Memory Primary Memory RAM DRAM SRAM ROM PROM EPROM EEPROM Secondary Memory Hard Disk Drive Solid State Drive Optical Drives Storage: Process of saving data and instructions Primary Storage Secondary Storage Also called ‘ internal memory ’ or Also called ‘ back- up ‘ main memory ’ memory’ https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=info.therithal.brainkart.nursingstudynotes Page 13 of 25 It holds program instructions, input data & intermediate results while processing It is permanent storage (Non- volatile memory) Located on computer motherboard, close to CPU External to computer Faster access time Slower access time Less storage capacity Can store large amounts of data High cost Lower cost Consists of RAM and ROM Includes HDD, SSD, Optical drives, and Tape Drives www.BrainKart.com

14. Primary Memory RAM (Random Access Memory) Read and write memory Volatile memory Very fast Types of RAM: DRAM – Dynamic RAM SRAM – Static RAM. Faster, bulkier and more expensive than DRAM. ROM (Read Only Memory) Read memory Non- volatile, hence used for crucial information Used for start-up process of computer Types of ROM: PROM – Programmable ROM EPROM – Erasable Programmable ROM EEPROM - Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM www.BrainKart.com https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=info.therithal.brainkart.nursingstudynotes Page 14 of 25

15. Secondary Memory HDD (Hard Disk) Electro- mechanical, non- volatile disk Magnetic device Used to store OS, installed software and user’s data Cheaper and durable SSD (Solid State Drive) Non-volatile Can be written and overwritten No moving parts Faster because data is stored electronically Optical Drives Read and write of information uses light Cheap, light-weight and easily transportable Types of Optical Drives: CD Drive DVD Drive HD DVD www.BrainKart.com https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=info.therithal.brainkart.nursingstudynotes Page 15 of 25

16. Output Devices Used to display results after input data has been processed Provide data output as desired and understood by user Monitor : Interface between user and CPU. It displays the graphical information. Printer : Prints digital information on to paper. Different types: Laser, Inkjet, Dot Matrix Printer Sound Car & Speakers : Product audio Screen Projector : Projects images or videos on to a bigger screen www.BrainKart.com https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=info.therithal.brainkart.nursingstudynotes Page 16 of 25

17. System Software https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=info.therithal.brainkart.nursingstudynotes Page 17 of 25 Controls working of the computer system First loaded into memory when a computer is turned on Runs only in background of the device, hence called ‘ Low- Level Software ’ Types of System Software: Operating System (OS) : Allows applications and devices to be identified and function. For e.g., Microsoft Windows, Mac, Linux, iOS, Android Device Drivers : Used to connect computer components to perform their intended tasks Firmware : Operational software for the OS to control and manage activities of hardware Utilities : For diagnostic and maintenance tasks www.BrainKart.com

18. Application Software https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=info.therithal.brainkart.nursingstudynotes Page 18 of 25 Set of programs to carry out a specific application Types of Application Software: Word Processing Software : To type and modify documents for creating letters, reports etc. For e.g., Microsoft Word, Notepad, WordPad, etc. Spread Sheet Software : To tabulate data and make computations. For e.g., Microsoft Excel, Apple Numbers, etc. Database Software : To store and sort information in a database. For e.g., Microsoft Access, MySQL Presentation Software : To create presentation slides’ deck. For e.g., Microsoft PowerPoint Multimedia Software : To create, edit or view media content. For e.g., Winamp, VLC, etc. Graphics Software : To edit changes in visual data. For e.g., Adobe Photoshop Internet Browsers : To browse internet for educational, entertainment or other purposes. For e.g., Google Chrome, Internet Explorer, etc. www.BrainKart.com

19. Uses of computer Computers help nurses beyond electronic record-keeping and in providing quality health care to patients www.BrainKart.com https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=info.therithal.brainkart.nursingstudynotes Page 19 of 25

20. Research https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=info.therithal.brainkart.nursingstudynotes Page 20 of 25 Computers are useful tool for conducting medical research work Nurses can update themselves by surfing online databases, websites and applications for relevant information Nurses have access to verified online libraries, medical journals and other available resources Competitive edge for nurses for professional growth www.BrainKart.com

21. Nursing Practice https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=info.therithal.brainkart.nursingstudynotes Page 21 of 25 Diagnosis Digital records can be used anywhere and anytime for diagnosis. Easy access to manuals for medical devices to be used. Electronic records are convenient to record, handle and transfer. EHR gives easy access to nurses for patient’s medical history. Computers reduce diagnosis time and errors as the nurses can refer to online resources and medical references online. Telemedicine Convenient to establish communication with patients where physical appointments can’t be scheduled. Easy to secure expert opinion in hospitals located in rural areas or where there is shortage of medical staff. Increased collaboration among medical professionals around the globe via chatting apps to get advice on medical concerns. Inventory Management Accurate stocks and shelving information maintained by nurses for medicines. Efficient purchase and handling by analysing stock movement and forecasting the future requirement. www.BrainKart.com

22. Teaching / Learning https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=info.therithal.brainkart.nursingstudynotes Page 22 of 25 Computer Aided Teaching & Testing Use of technology for the formation, exploration, modification and enrichment of teaching. Computer – assisted Translation Improved self- learning for students by facilitating translation of content Increased effectiveness and information retention among the students. Teaching through Presentations Easy to integrate PPT with conventional classroom learning. Can be used to introduce topics and go through complex topics one- by- one, and referred by students as per their need. Effective method for teachers to engage and hold students’ attention. Used by students to present their projects’ findings and results. Online/e-Learning Concurrent learning: Engaging students via teleconferencing app and interacting with them in instructor- led classes and virtual classroom discussion panels Non- concurrent learning: Use of online course material for students to learn & take assessment at their own pace. www.BrainKart.com

23. Computer Aided Teaching & Teaching Computer Aided Teaching Uses technology for the formation, exploration, modification and enrichment of teaching. Increases productivity, develop better understanding & learning for the students. Features of Computer Aided Teaching: Engaging and effective classes for students & better learning experience Better understanding of fundamental concepts displayed via graphics Several modes of Computer Aided Teaching: Tutorial Mode – Uses course materials for information Drill & Practice Session – Uses questions and analysis of the responses Simulation – Uses computerised imitation of a real- life process Modelling – Creating theoretical models. Data Analysis – Working and analysing experimental data Computer Assisted (or Aided) Testing Using computers to test and evaluate students’ learning with the help of computers. Students’ responses are evaluated using an application. Generates statistics report (e.g., class performance, most incorrectly answered question, etc.) Features of Computer Aided Testing are: Increase in accuracy. Decrease in chances of bias. Lesser evaluation time as compared to manual checking. Reduction in paperwork. Easy retrieval of questions and student’s performance. www.BrainKart.com https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=info.therithal.brainkart.nursingstudynotes Page 23 of 25

24. Computer Aided Teaching & Testing Benefits Visual Learning – Enhanced learning experience by using media, helping students retain longer. Measures Progress – Students can choose online courses of their own interest, and keep progressing with content & evaluation at their own pace. Simple Structure – Small modules of big concepts are simple for students to understand and learn. Engaging – Increased effectiveness of teaching methodologies by increasing student engagement. Communicating with international colleagues – Allows easy collaboration with Subject Matter Experts virtually from all over the world. Time Saving – Quick and accurate evaluation of students’ responses as compared to manual evaluation. Unbiased – Evaluation of tests based on a criterion giving unbiased results. Challenges Cost – Involves cost to develop effective online courses & applications, set up computer system and working internet connection for online courses and research. Difficult implementation – CAT requires infrastructure & funds, and instructor to technologically upgrade. Isolation among students – Students may feel isolated due to lack of physical student- teacher interaction, or language barrier. Mismatch with the teaching objectives – Misalignment between prepared course material and teacher’s objectives for a particular class. www.BrainKart.com https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=info.therithal.brainkart.nursingstudynotes Page 24 of 25

25. Summary https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=info.therithal.brainkart.nursingstudynotes Page 25 of 25 Computer is a programmable, electronic device that can store, retrieve and process data. Characteristics of computers include speed, diligence, accuracy, storage capability, multi- tasking and versatility. Computers are used across all industries, including banking, entertainment, nursing, engineering, research, etc. Computers consist of hardware and software. Computers are used for Computer Aided Teaching and Testing to engage students effectively using media and presentations. www.BrainKart.com