Introduction22
representations … Combination does not, however, lie in the objects,
and cannot be borrowed from them, and so, through perception, first
taken up into the understanding. On the contrary, it is an affair of the
understanding alone, which itself is nothing but the faculty of com-
bining a priori, and of bringing the manifold of given representations
under the unity of apperception. (B134)
The understanding, in turn, is an essentially judgmental (propos-
itional) and thus conceptual capacity (cf. B92–94). Therefore, nothing
can be a representation for me, i.e. embedded in the structure of inten-
tionality, prior to or independently of conceptualization.
23
This view of intentionality as essentially conceptually mediated
renders the notion of the sensible manifold in general somewhat
puzzling. Kant does state in more than one place that the manifold
of sensible intuition is given prior to all thought (e.g. B132). But it is
difficult to grasp what a pre-conceptual sensible manifold could be.
Under the description “sensible manifold,” an essential relation to con-
sciousness, an intentional character, is clearly implied. Yet under the
description “pre-conceptual,” the manifold is clearly excluded from
the structure of intentionality: outside the structure of intentionality,
however, the characterization as sensible would appear to be empty;
the pre-conceptual manifold could be nothing but the concrete deter-
minateness of things without the mind, which is what I have been call-
ing formal reality.
Furthermore, it is difficult to see how the mere synthesis or com-
bination of such determinations could suffice to embed them in the
structure of intentionality, thereby transforming them into represen-
tational content. Kant himself states that “the representation of this
unity [of the manifold as belonging to an identical self-consciousness]
23 This view of Kant is widely held, but it has recently been the subject of debate.
R. Hanna attributes to Kant the view that the objective content of some conscious
experience is thoroughly nonconceptual in nature (see Robert Hanna, “Kant and
Nonconceptual Content,” European Journal of Philosophy 13:2 [ 2005]: 247–90, and
more recently “Kantian Non-Conceptualism, Rogue Objects, and the Gap in the
B-Deduction,” International Journal of Philosophical Studies 19:3 [ 2011]: 397–413), a
similar position is represented by Lucy Allais, “Kant, Non-Conceptual Content, and
the Representation of Space,” Journal of the History of Philosophy 47:3 ( 2009): 383–413.
Hannah Ginsborg has argued against the strong nonconceptualist interpretation
in “Was Kant a Nonconceptualist?,” Philosophical Studies 137:1 ( 2008): 65–77, and in
“Kant and the Problem of Experience,” Philosophical Topics 34:1/2 ( 2006): 59–106. A
somewhat weaker version of nonconceptualism (“state nonconceptualism”) is attrib-
uted to Kant by Stephanie Grüne, Blinde Anschauung: Die Rolle von Begriffen in Kants
Theorie sinnlicher Synthesis (Frankfurt am M ain: Klostermann 200 9).