Hemoglobin estimation and Blood typing experiment and

A hemoglobin test measures the amount of hemoglobin in your blood. Hemoglobin is a protein in your red blood cells that carries oxygen to your body's organs and tissues and transports carbon dioxide from your organs and tissues back to your

The ABO group consists of four possibilities: A, B, AB, and O. The Rh type is either positive or negative. Individuals with AB Positive blood are known as universal recipients because they can receive any one of the blood groups or Rh types in a blood transfusion

1. Experiment 4 Performed by: Vijay Hemmadi Fiona Fernandes Kavya Chandra Sanvidh Narkhede Supervised by: Prof. Dibakar Chakrabarty

2. Experiment 4 Measurement of Haemoglobin Content in Human Blood and Determination of ABO-Rh Blood Typing

3. B.     ABO-Rh Blood typing A.        Estimation of Hemoglobin content                  

4. Blood, a type of connective tissue, is a complex mixture of cells, chemicals, and fluid.

5. Blood functions

6. Deliver O 2 , nutrients to all body cells Transport waste products from cells for elimination Transport hormones Maintain body temp (distribute heat) Maintain pH (carry buffers) Maintain fluid volume Prevent blood loss (clotting) Prevent infection (WBCs, antibodies )

7. Red respiratory pigment – RBC of the blood Iron containing pigment – Heme - attached- protein- Globin Heme - Iron- porphyrin complex – 4 membered ring st. Iron- divalent Ferrous form- Fe 2+ Globin- 4 polypeptide chain - a, b, g and d 2-α- Chain and 2- β - Chain- HbA 65,000Da

8. Age or stage of the fetus Hb type Structure In early embryonic life Gower 1 ζ2 ε2  (zeta and epsilon) Gower 2 α2 ε2  (alpha and epsilon) At 6th weeks of gestation Fetal Hb α2 γ2  ( alpha and gamma) At 28 the week of gestation Hb A α2 β2  (alpha and beta)

9. Dissolved oxygen is about 0.2 ml O 2 per 100mL blood Hb- 20ml O 2 per 100mL blood .    

10. N/10 HCl Hemoglobin is converted into hematinic acid (brown in color)

11. S tandard hematin by the hemometer The percentage of hemoglobin in the RBC under normal condition almost constant. Male -15.8gms in 100ml of blood Female -13.7gms in 100ml of blood.

12. Increased Hb Is Seen In: congestive heart failure. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COP). After vigorous exercise. Hemoconcentration like dehydration, burns, severe vomiting. Intestinal obstruction. Severe dehydration like diarrhea , and burns. Decreased Hb Is Seen In: Anemia . Drugs that cause aplastic anemia . Drugs that cause hemolysis ( G6PD deficiency ). Immune hemolytic anemia . Iron deficiency anemia . Thalassemia. Pernicious anemia . Hemoglobinopathies. Liver diseases, and Cirrhosis. Hypothyroidism. The hemorrhage acute or chronic like bleeding hemorrhoids , or ulcers. Malignancies: Hodgkin’s disease. leukemia . Lymphomas. Carcinomatosis. Multiple myelomas. Autoimmune diseases. SLE. sarcoidosis. Rheumatoid arthritis. Dietary deficienc

13. Karl Landsteiner - four different immunological human blood typing There are 4 main blood groups (types of blood) – A, B, AB and O. Your blood group is determined by the genes you inherit from your parents. ABO Blood Typing

14. Representation of ABO sugars on red blood cells.

15. The Rh factor is a protein that can be found on the surface of red blood  cells . If your blood cells have this protein, you are Rh positive. If your blood cells do not have this protein, you are Rh negative D-antigen Rhesus macaque

16. Erythroblastosis fetalis -Haemolytic anaemia/ anemia of new born Prevention is Rho(D)  immune globulin  injection for female who are Rh-negative.

17. Rh –do not occur naturally

18. The Blood Pressure Reading Your blood pressure reading is written in a format like this: 120/80. It is spoken like this: “120 over 80.” The systolic blood pressure reading is the higher number. The diastolic blood pressure reading is the lower number. The units are millimeters of mercury (mmHg).