Highlights_of_Bhartiya_Nyaya_Sanhita.pptx

In 2020, the Ministry of Home Affairs established a committee led by Prof. (Dr.) Ranbir Singh, former Vice Chancellor of National Law University (NLU), Delhi. This committee was tasked with reviewing the three codes of criminal law. The primary objective of the committee was to propose comprehensive reforms to the country’s criminal laws in a manner that is both principled and effective.
The committee’s focus was on ensuring the safety and security of individuals, communities, and the nation as a whole. Throughout its deliberations, the committee aimed to uphold constitutional values such as justice, dignity, and the intrinsic value of each individual. Their goal was to recommend amendments to the criminal laws that align with these values and priorities.
Subsequently, in February, the committee successfully submitted its recommendations regarding amendments to the criminal law. These recommendations are intended to serve as a foundation for enhancing the current legal framework, promoting safety and security, and upholding the constitutional principles of justice, dignity, and the inherent worth of every individual.

1. SCHOOL OF LAW LINGAYA’S VIDYAPEETH (Deemed to be University) Dr. Anjali Dixit Associate Professor of Law 9696189149

2. HIGHLIGHTS INDIAN PENAL CODE TO BHARATIYA NYAYA SANHITA B H A R A T I Y A N Y A Y A SANHITA

3. I N T R O D U C T I O N The Indian Penal Code (IPC) is the principal law on criminal offences in India. Enacted in 1860 during the British colonial period, it is the main legal document that defines various criminal offenses and prescribes punishments for individuals found guilty of committing those offenses . Offences covered include those affecting: ( i ) h u m a n b o d y s u c h a s a ss a u l t a n d m u r d e r , ( ii ) p r o p e r t y s u c h a s e x t o r t i o n a n d theft, public order such as unlawful assembly and rioting, public health, safety, decency, morality, and religion, (iv) defamation , and (v) offences against the state . O v e r t h e y e a r s , t h e I P C h a s b ee n a m e n d e d t o a d d n e w o ff e n c e s , a m e n d e x i s t i n g ones and change the quantum of punishment. The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 (BNS) first introduced in Lok Sabha on August 11, 2023 replaces the British-era IPC completely. The BNS largely retains the provisions of the IPC, adds some new offences, removes offences that have been struck down by courts, and increases penalties for several offences.

4. W H A T W A S T H E N EE D ? INDIAN PENAL CODE TO BHARATIYA NYAYA SANHITA Addressing Colonial Legacy : Shedding 160-year-old colonial baggage. Aligning criminal law with Indian values and ethos. Modernizing Outdated Provisions: Updating archaic language and concepts. Reflecting contemporary social realities and technological advancements. Tackling Emerging Crimes : Combating terrorism, organized crime, and cybercrime more effectively. Addressing new forms of social and economic offenses. Emphasis on victim protection, compensation, and rehabilitation.

5. The BNS aims to simplify process as IPC was criticised for complexity and inconsistency with 511 sections and 26 chapters, resulting in overlapping and poorly defined offenses, causing confusion in its application. Promoting Gender Justice and Equality : Removing discriminatory provisions. E n s u r i n g g e n d e r - n e u t r a l l a w s a n d a dd r e ss i n g s p e c i f i c c r i m e s a g a i n s t women and marginalized groups. Harmonizing with International Standards . Aiming for simpler language and structure for better understanding and implementation.

6. T I M E L I N E O F B H A R A T I Y A N Y A Y A S A N H I T A B I L L 1 1 A U G U S T 2 O 2 3 Minister of Home Affairs , introduced the Bill Lok Sabha . 1 2 D E C EM B E R 2 O 2 3 Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita bill, 2023 was withdrawn and Bharatiya Nyaya (Second) Sanhita bill, 2023 was after further consideration and recommendation for amendments 2 O D E C EM B E R 2 O 2 3 Bill passed in Lok Sabha 2 1 D E C EM B E R 2 O 2 3 Bill passed in Rajya Sabha 2 5 D E C EM B E R 2 O 2 3 Bill received the assent of the President of India

7. CHANGES INDIAN PENAL CODE TO BHARATIYA NYAYA SANHITA B N S c o n t a i n s 3 5 8 s e c t i o n s i n 2 c h a p t e r s w h il e I P C h a s 5 1 1 s e c t i o n s i n 2 3 chapters . 20 new offences have been added in the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) 19 provisions that existed in IPC have been deleted In 33 offences the punishment of imprisonment has been increased In 83 offences the punishment of fine has been enhanced In 23 offences the mandatory minimum punishment has been introduced In six offences the punishment of 'community service' has been introduced

8. M A I N F E A T U R E S O F B H A R A T I Y A N Y A Y A S A N H I T A INDIAN PENAL CODE TO BHARATIYA NYAYA SANHITA

9. The BNS proposes community service as an alternative punishment for minor and petty offenses. Community service as a punishment is introduced for the first time in India and is a form of non-custodial or alternative sentencing. w h e r e b y i n d i v i d u a l s c o n v i c t e d o f c e r t a i n o ff e n s e s a r e r e q u i r e d t o p e r f o r m a specified number of hours of unpaid work in the community. Instead of serving time in jail or paying fines, offenders contribute their time and efforts to benefit the community. This as a form of punishment exists in many countries. Community service is seen as a way to rehabilitate offenders and reintegrate them into society through positive engagement. C O MM U N I T Y S E R V I C E Photo: Mammoth Memory

10. The new law extends this punishment to offences such as: theft of property worth less than Rs. 5,000 , a tt e m p t t o c o mm i t s u i c i d e w i t h t h e i n t e n t t o r e s t r a i n a p u b li c servant, and appearing in a public place intoxicated and causing annoyance. Although community service is added as a form of punishment. T h e s c o p e o f c o mm un i t y s e r v i c e i s un c l e a r a s i t i s n o t d e f i n e d a s o f what community service will entail and how it will be administered. E ff e c t i ve i m p l e m e n t a t i o n a n d m o n i t o r i n g o f c o mm un i t y s e r v i c e programs require well-developed infrastructure and resources. Photo: School Stories Org

11. O R G A N I S E D C R I M E Organised crime has been added as an offence. It includes crimes such as kidnapping, extortion and cyber-crime committed on behalf of a crime syndicate. Organized crime typically involves large, structured criminal enterprises engaged in sophisticated, high-profit activities. The emphasis on group activity distinguishes organized crime from individual instances of the listed offenses. Membership in a gang or participation in joint criminal acts with others becomes a defining element. These organizations often operate across borders, have hierarchies, and employ advanced strategies to evade law enforcement . Photo: Northcott Global Solutions

12. The BNS aims to address limitations of the IPC in dealing with organized crime, which often relies on proving specific individual roles within loosely organized groups. The BNS's broader definition, increased penalties, and specific new offenses offer a more effective framework to tackle the complex structures and operations of organized crime syndicates. Attempting or committing organised crime will be punishable with: death or life imprisonment and a fine of Rs 10 lakh, if it results in death of a person, or imprisonment between five years and life, and a fine of at least five lakh rupees. Organized crime was previously under state jurisdiction . Adding it as a national offense addresses the potential occurrence across all states, including those without specific laws. However, this could result in duplication for states with existing special legislation on organized crime. Photo: India Today

13. Different from Organised crime, Petty organised crime is also an offence now, Petty organized crime refers to smaller-scale criminal activities orchestrated by less complex groups or individuals , often within local communities. It includes: vehicle theft, pick-pocketing , selling of public examination question papers, any other similar criminal act. Organized crime and petty organized crime differ primarily in scale, complexity, and the nature of criminal activities involved. It also emphasizes the importance of targeting the organized crime networks behind these activities, not just individual offenders. P E TT Y O R G A N I S E D C R I M E Photo: Merriam-Webster

14. To qualify as petty organised crime, such offences must be committed by members of a group or gang. The offense carries a penalty of one to seven years of imprisonment and a fine. This creates a distinction between individual offenders and those acting as part of a gang. For instance, theft is punishable by up to three years of imprisonment, but if committed by a gang, the penalty ranges from one to seven years of imprisonment. Photo: Merriam-Webster

15. Addition of terrorism/terrorist act as an offence. Terrorism includes an act that intends to: t h r e a t e n t h e un i t y , i n t e g r i t y , s e c u r i t y o r e c o n o m i c s e c u r i t y o f t h e country , or strike terror in the people or any section of people in India. Punishment for attempting or committing terrorism includes: death or life imprisonment, and a fine, if it results in death of a person, or imprisonment between five years and life, and a fine. Under the BNS, cases of terrorism will be tried in Sessions Courts. Although terrorism was not covered under IPC, it was already there in special laws under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 (UAPA) which can cause overlap causing additional compliance burden and costs. T E RR O R I S M Photo: RAND

16. Sedition is no longer an offence which was previously covered in IPC Section 124A. The IPC defines sedition as bringing or attempting to bring hatred, contempt, or exciting disaffection towards the government. The Supreme Court has put the offence of sedition on hold until a Constitution bench examines it, while BNS removes this as an offence. Instead, it introduces a new provision ( Act endangering sovereignty, unity and integrity of India ) that penalizes acts such as: e x c i t i n g o r a tt e m p t i n g t o e x c i t e s e c e ss i o n , a r m e d r e b e lli o n , o r s u b v e r s i v e activities encouraging feelings of separatist activities, or endangering the sovereignty, unity, and integrity of India. These offences may involve exchange of words or signs, electronic communication, or use of financial means. S E D I T I O N Photo: Rediff.com

17. The new provision may be seen as retaining elements of the offense of sedition while expanding the scope of acts perceived as threatening India's unity and integrity. Punishment provided in this provision is imprisonment for life or with imprisonment which may extend to seven years, and shall also be liable to fine. Undefined terms like 'subversive activities' create ambiguity , leaving it unclear which actions qualify, leading to potential issues, which can be used for political gains. Photo: The Statesman

18. Experts have in the past said that in the backdrop of mob lynching cases, there must be a defined provision in the IPC to deal with such crimes as IPC does not have a separate provision for murder by a mob because of which police register a case of murder under 302 (murder in the Indian Penal Code) In BNS addition of Mob Lynching as an offence defined as When a group of five or more persons acting in concert commits murder on the ground of race, caste or community, sex, place of birth, language, personal belief or any other similar ground. BNS does not mention “mob lynching” specifically. Instead the offence deals with cases when a "group" of five or more individuals commits murder based on factors such as race, caste, community, or personal belief. Punishment for such crime is provided as each member of such group shall be punished with Death or with imprisonment for life , and shall also be liable to fine . M O B L Y N C H I N G Photo: The Column of Curae - Wordpress

19. S E X U A L O FF E N C E A G A I N S T W O M E N The IPC criminalises acts such as rape, voyeurism, stalking and insulting the modesty of a woman. The BNS retains these provisions along with with new addition of “ Sexual intercourse by employing deceitful means, etc ”. Criminalization of sexual intercourse under deceitful means or false promises is introduced. Offense defined as engaging in sexual intercourse with a woman after deceitfully promising marriage without genuine intention . The act does not qualify as rape, but it constitutes a separate offense . "Deceitful means" is broadly defined to include inducement for employment or promotion and marrying by concealing one's identity . Punishment for such offence will be imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to ten years and shall also be liable to fine . It is to be noted that such provisions can also be misused to threaten individuals for marriage. Photo: MumbaiMirror

20. CONCLUSION In conclusion, while the BNS presents a commendable effort to modernize India's penal system and expedite the justice process, careful attention is needed to refine certain aspects. The consolidation and simplification of provisions demonstrate an intention to enhance clarity and efficiency, and the proposed heightened penalties for serious offenses are positioned as potential deterrents. However, vigilance is essential, particularly regarding new additions related to offenses against the state and public tranquility, to avoid any unintended ambiguity or misinterpretation. It also has some flaws as to no definition provided for Community Service, no proper step towards gender neutrality in rape and sexual assault since section 377 had been struck down by the supreme court no provision has been provided for safeguarding men and animals. BNS also includes contains obsolete illustration and references in the bill. Overall, the BNS represents a progressive step towards reforming the criminal justice framework, yet it requires meticulous scrutiny for both phraseology and intent, ensuring a balance between contemporary needs and the preservation of fundamental principles.

21. T H A N K Y O U Any Questions?