Hill roads

Unit-1 Chapter 3 Hill Roads

1. Hill Roads Prepared b y: Satya Pal Singh Assistant Professor Baddi University

2. INTRODUCTION A  hill road  may be  defined  as the one which passes through a terrain with a cross slope of 25% or more . The roads constructed in mountainous regions of a country are known as  hill roads  or  ghat roads . These roads present great difficulty in their alignment, design, construction and maintenance . Hence, a strong stable and feasible road must be present in hilly areas for overall development of other sectors as well.

3. IMPORTANCE OF HILL ROADS Economic Development Industrial Development Forest Wealth Strategic Considerations Tourism

4. IMPORTANCE OF HILL ROADS Economic Development: Hilly regions are backwards as far as modern civilization, culture and education is concerned. The main activity of people in these area is agriculture . The lands of these areas are mainly suitable for variety of fruits and vegetables like apple, strawberry, cherry, apricots, snow peas, lettuce etc. The economic life of these people can be improved if these fruits and vegetables are transported outside.

5. IMPORTANCE OF HILL ROADS Industrial Development: There are certain areas on hills where limestone has found abundantly which is useful raw material for cement industry. In the hills of Himachal Pradesh, Limestone is found in abundance in Bilaspur , Sirmour , Mandi and Solan District. In Recent survey, the Uranium deposit has also been found in Kullu and Hamirpur district. So the industrial development can also help in boosting up the economic growth of the country and thus need of roads for making a connectivity for various purposes is required.

6. IMPORTANCE OF HILL ROADS Forest Wealth: Most of the hilly regions contains huge forest wealth. Forest plays an important role in economic development for the country. Several goods such as Timber, Teak, Sal etc. which in terms serves as raw material for many industries. Therefore an efficient transport system is important for carrying these valuable goods to the places where it needed.

7. IMPORTANCE OF HILL ROADS Strategic Consideration Transport system can help in strategic development of backward areas. Many villages, towns of backward area affects due to lack of transportation system. Thus to build a bridge between communities of backward areas with healthcare centres, school or Institutional building can promote the health and lifestyle of people. In case of emergency such as war, a good transport system also can help for military purpose for moving army from one place to another.

8. IMPORTANCE OF HILL ROADS Tourism: Some of the hilly areas present a scenic beauty which attracts thousands of local and foreign tourists. The construction of hill roads is the main controlling factor for the development of tourism.

9. CLASSIFICATION OF HILL ROADS According to general classification: National Highway (NH) State Highway (SH) Major District Road (MDR) Other District Road (ODR) Village Road (VR)

10. CLASSIFICATION OF HILL ROADS Classification according to Border Road Organisation (BRO): National Highways Class 9 ( 6m wide for 3 tonnes vehicles) Class 5 ( 4.5 m wide for 1 tonnes vehicles) Class 3 ( 2.45 m to 3.65 m wide for J eeps )

11. CLASSIFICATION OF HILL ROADS Classification according to use: Motor Roads Bridle Paths Village Tracks

12. CLASSIFICATION OF HILL ROADS Motor Roads: In the hilly regions, motor roads are the main communication system . These roads are suitable for all types of traffic. Hence, this road can be used by all sorts of traffic.  These roads can have one or more lane width .

13. CLASSIFICATION OF HILL ROADS Bridle Paths: These  are the main roads for pedestrian traffic. Bridle P aths are used by pedestrians and Mule traffic. Bridle paths serve as feeder roads to motor roads . Width of these roads generally kept as 2-3 m and side slope of 1 in 8 to 1 in 10 is provided. If these roads are used by Jeeps, then width is taken as 2.45 to 3.65 m .

14. CLASSIFICATION OF HILL ROADS Village Paths: V illage paths  act as a connector between villages and other important areas in hilly regions. These are usually  1m to 1.2 m  wide and may have a slope of more than  45 degrees . For these types of paths, the recommended value of the  ruling gradient is   1 in 7.5  and the  limiting gradient  is  1 in 5

15. TYPES OF CURVES ON HILLY ROADS Hair Pin Bend Curves Salient Curves Re-entrant curves

16. TYPES OF CURVES ON HILLY ROADS Hair Pin Bends: Hair pin bend is a bend in a road with a very acute inner angle, making it necessary for an oncoming vehicle to turn about 180° to continue on the road. It is named for its resemblance to a bent metal  hairpin . It is located on the hill side having minimum slope and must be same from view point of landslide and ground water.

17. TYPES OF CURVES ON HILLY ROADS Salient Curves: Those curves having the convexity at the outer edge of a hill road, called as salient curves. The centre of the curvature of the salient curves lies towards hillside. Such curves are very dangerous for fast moving traffic so speed limit is restricted. This type of curve occur on the road length constructed on the ridge of the hill. The bend so formed at the salient curve in a hill road is known as corner bend.

18. TYPES OF CURVES ON HILLY ROADS At such a curve or corner bends, the portion of the projecting hill side is usually cut down to improve the visibility. Therefore the outer edge of the curve is essentially provided with parapet wall for the protection of vehicles from falling down of the hill slope.

19. TYPES OF CURVES ON HILLY ROADS Re-entrant Curve: Those curves having their convexity on the inner edge of a hill road are called as re-entrant curves. This type of curve occur in the road length constructed in the valley of a hill. These curves are less dangerous as they have provided adequate visibility to the fast moving vehicles. At such curves, the parapet walls are only provided for the safety of fast moving traffic.