Historical Linguistic Changes German .pptx

Historical Linguistic changes is about what happened in old middle and modern era in USA

1. Historical German Linguistic Changes (Old, Middle, And Modern) By Rodríguez Moisés Lavalley Rita

2. OLD HIGH GERMAN 4 MIDDLE HIGH GERMAN 6 MODERN HIGH GERMAN 8 CHART OF EXAMPLE WORDS 9

3. OLD HIGH GERMAN (500 – 1050 AD)

4. Old High German 500 – 1050 AD Phonological Changes Second consonant shift Proto Germanic : “p”, “t”, “k” became “ pf ”, “ ts ”, “ kx ” in high german dialects . Example : p: apfel vs apple , t: zwei vs two and k: machen vs make . Vowel changes Dipthongization “i” became “ ei ” Example : zeit vs time Morphological Changes Strong and weak verb conjugations Example : Singan vs to sing Lexical Changes Latin loanwords due to contact with the Roman Empire and Christianization. Example: Latin “vinum” vs OHG “ wín ” (Wine) Dialectal Variation Significant regional dialectal diversity: Alemannic, Bavarian, East Franconian, Rhenish Franconian. 4

5. MIDDLE HIGH GERMAN (1050 – 1350 AD)

6. Middle High German 1050 – 1350 AD Phonological Changes Monophthongization Example : OHG “ ei ” > MHG “ī” in " stone " (“ stein ” > “ stīn ”) Lengthening of Vowels : Example : OHG “ gesti ” > MHG “ gest ” ( guests ). Morphological Changes Reduction of inflectional endings. Example: Simplification of noun declensions: OHG “ gast ” (guest) nominative plural “ gesti ” > MHG “gest”. Syntactic Changes Increased use of periphrastic constructions with auxiliary verbs. Example: Formation of perfect tense using “ haben ” or “sein” with past participles. Lexical Expansion Incorporation of loanwords from Latin, French, Italian. Example: French “ cour ” > MHG “ kur ” (court). 6

7. MODERN HIGH GERMAN (1600 – Present )

8. Early new high German 1650 - 1800 Standardization Influence of grammarians and lexicographers. Example: Johann Christoph Adelung's dictionary and grammar works. Phonological Changes Continued vowel shifts and diphthongization. Reduction and loss of unstressed final schwa. Example: MHG “ gabe ” > ENHG “gab” (gave). Lexical Expansion Loanwords from French, Latin, Italian due to Renaissance and Enlightenment influences. Development of scientific and technical vocabulary. Further Standardization and Codification Influence of Konrad Duden's dictionary. Standardization through compulsory education and mass media. Phonological Changes Simplification of consonant clusters. Example: Loss of “r” in casual speech in clusters like - rs and -rt. Morphological and Syntactic Changes Continued simplification of noun and adjective declensions. Increased use of analytical constructions with auxiliary verbs. Example: Passive voice formation with werden . 8 Modern high German 1800 - Present

9. Example of Words Across Periods Old German Middle German Modern German English Equivalent Buoh Buch Buch Book Hús Hús Haus House Kind Kint Kind Child Gast Gast Gast Guest Apful / Apfol Apfel Apfel Apple 9

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