History and scope of biotechnology

History and scope of biotechnology

1. History and Scope of Biotechnology Source: Leverage Edu Dr.E.Gayathiri Department of Plant Biology and Plant Biotechnology Guru Nanak College, Chennai

2. LEARNING OBJECTIVE BASIC CONCEPT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY TYPES OF BIOTECHNOLOGY HISTORICAL ASPECTS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY APPLICATION OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

3. Scope of Biotechnology Biotechnology includes technique that uses living organisms, or parts of such organisms, To make products To improve plants or animals To develop microorganisms for specific use.

4. Scope of Biotechnology Biotechnology is a mix of disciplines Genetics Molecular Biology Biochemistry Embryology Cell biology Linked with chemical engineering , Information technology Robotics .

5. Scope of Biotechnology Modern biotechnology - Integration of new with approaches of traditional Biotechnology such as Plant breeding Animal breeding Food production F ermentation products and processes Production of pharmaceuticals and fertilizers.

6. Branches of Biotechnology The definition of biotechnology can be further divided into different areas known as Red biotechnology Green biotechnology Blue biotechnology White Biotechnology

7. RED BIOTECHNOLOGY Red biotechnology ( Bio-pharmaceutical ) is a process that utilizes organisms to improve health care and help the body to fight diseases. It is a branch of modern biotechnology that is utilized in the field of medicine. Source: its applications ... attemptnwin.com

8. Green Biotechnology It is the use of genetically altered plants or animals to produce more environmentally-friendly farming solutions Sourcehttps://www.biotechonweb.com/branches-of-biotech.html

9. Blue biotechnology   Biotechnology using aquatic organisms - think ' blue ' for the water that these organisms live in. Source: https://www.slideshare.net/manjeshsaakre/blue-biotechnology

10. White B iotechnology White ( also called gray ) biotechnology involves industrial processes such as the production of new chemicals or the development of new fuels for vehicles. White biotechnology – also meaning Industrial Biotechnology Source: www.asiabiotech.com

11. Types of Biotechnology A distinction is made between non-gene biotechnology and 'gene biotechnology Gene biotechnology : Gene biotechnology deals with genes, the transfer of genes from one organism to another and genetic engineering . Non-gene biotechnology : Non-gene biotechnology works with whole cells, tissues or even individual organisms.

12. ( i ) Genomics: Genomics is the study of all the genetic material in an animal, plant or microbe. (famous- Human Genome Project ) It helps in investigating genetic composition of the animal , plant or microbe to generate innovative products and techniques Eg : Stress-tolerant crop varieties Genetic sequence of rice to boost its Vitamin A Pharmacogenomics Key components of Modern Biotechnology Source: Hype When It Comes To Genomics Research forbes.com Personal Genomics and Your Health ... online.stanford.edu

13. Key components of Modern B iotechnology Bioinformatics The assembly of data from genomic analysis into accessible forms, involving the application of information technology to analyze and manage large data sets resulting from gene sequencing or related techniques. It is a new science that combines the concepts of life sciences to solve biological problems Eg : Maize and Citrus Species Source:Bioinformatics : Introduction and ...coursera.org

14. Key components of Modern B iotechnology Bioinformatics The IRRI (Philippines)- Worked on the complete genome of Rice . Brazilian scientists have already completed the gene sequence of X.fastidiosa , a plant pathogen that infects Citrus plants . Teams from many worked on sequencing all 840 million base pairs of DNA on Potato's 12 chromosomes. Source: Emerging Fungal Diseases of Citrus ... intechopen.com, Golden Rice ; Potentially Most Valuable ... shaileshsaxena.blogspot.com, EEUU : Genetic Engineering and Risk in ... argenpapa.com.ar

15. ( iii) Transformation : Plant transformation is a way to insert gene of interest (part of DNA) from one organism to another organism Eg : Stilbene synthase from Grape into Tomato (to enable the production resveratrol ) . Key components of Modern Biotechnology Source: SlideShare

16. Molecular breeding: Identification and evaluation of useful traits in breeding programs by the use of marker-assisted selection ( MAS ) Molecular breeding is of very recent origin. It developed In the 1980 s with the evolution of DNA marker technologies . Molecular breeding has two distinct branches ( i ) Molecular marker technology and (ii) Transformation technology. Key components of Modern Biotechnology

17. Key components of Modern Biotechnology Vaccine technology The use of modem immunology to develop recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid ( rDNA ) vaccines for improved control of livestock and fish diseases. Eg : Plant b ased vaccines ( administered orally or to other mucosal surfaces ) Source: The Biology Notes

18. History of Biotechnology Plant breeding 12,000 years ago Source:https ://european-seed.com/2016/05/much-plant-breeding-innovation-politically-intended/

19. History of Biotechnology 8,000 B.C Bread-making wheat grown in Egypt, rice cultivated in China 4,000-10,000 B.C All major food crops being cultivated in Eurasia and in Americas. i.e. Potato, Wheat, Pea, Sunflower, Millet 10,000 Babylonians use selective breeding techniques with date palm (870 BC)

20. History of Biotechnology 1859 Charles Darwin publishes the theory of evolution by natural selection 1865 Gregor Mendel discovers the laws of inheritance by studying flowers in his garden. The science of genetic begins. 1923 Russet Burbank hybrid potato launched 1933 First hybrid maize variety launched in USA Green revolution (1960-1970 ) 1902 Gottlieb Haberlandt proposed that all cells are totipotent

21. History of Biotechnology 1953 James Watson and Francis Crick describe the double helical structure of DNA. 1972 Paul Berg discovery restriction enzymes cut and splice genetic material in a very specifically way. 1973 Cohen and Boyer created the first recombinant DNA using bacterial genes. The era of recombinant DNA technology begins.

22. History of Biotechnology 1983 First GM plants: - Tobacco : resistant to kanamycin and to methotrexate Petunia : resistant to kanamycin Sunflower : containing a gene from French bean 1985 First GM plants in field in the UK. 1990 The first field trial of GM cotton

23. History of Biotechnology 1992 FDA (Food and Drug Administration) decided GM foods would be regulated as conventional foods. 1994 Flavr Savr Tomato - the first GM food to be approved for sale in the U.S. 1996 First large-scale cultivation of GM soybean and maize

24. History of Biotechnology 2000 Arabidopsis genome sequence completed. 2002 NCFAP studied six biotech crops planted in the United States—soybeans, maize, cotton, papaya, squash, and canola. 2003 The International Rice Genome Sequencing Project, a 10- nation publicly funded effort 2004 First generation Golden rice field trial.

25. Application of Biotechnology HEAL THE WORLD Reducing rates of infectious disease Saving millions of children's lives Changing the odds of serious, life-threatening conditions affecting millions around the world Tailoring treatments to individuals to minimize health risks and side effects Creating more precise tools for disease detection Combating serious illnesses and everyday threats confronting the developing world.

26. FUEL THE WORLD Streamlining the steps in chemical manufacturing processes by 80% or more; Using biofuels to cut greenhouse gas emissions by 52% or more Decreasing water usage and waste generation Application of Biotechnology

27. Thank You Source: https ://www.bio.org/what-biotechnology