History of Bacteria

Bacteria have existed from very early in the history of life on Earth. Bacteria fossils discovered in rocks date from at least the Devonian Period (419.2 million to 358.9 million years ago), and there are convincing arguments that bacteria have been present since early Precambrian time, about 3.5 billion years ago.

1. Pharmaceutical Microbiology History Md. Saiful Islam BPharm, MPharm (PCP) North South University Fb Group: Pharmacy Universe

2. Louis Pasteur 1859 – used swan-necked flask flask allowed in air, but trapped dust (and microbes) boiled infusion showed that NO growth occurred , even after many days (French chemist) entered a contest sponsored by French Academy of Sciences to prove or disprove Spontaneous generation.

3. Microbiology – Vaccine Edward Jenner is credited with first vaccine - in epidemics of smallpox during the late 1700’s he observed that milk maids didn’t get the disease, cattle had a similar disease - cowpox, milk maids had cow pox lesions, but not small pox, he purposefully took scrapings from cowpox blister and scraped a 8 year old volunteer. With the material - child got mild illness but not small pox. Vaccination comes from Latin word “ vacca ” meaning cow. Jenner laid the foundation for Pasteur’s later work with other vaccinations.

4. Jenner and vaccination

5. Microbiology – TMV Iwanowski 1892 - Discovered that plant disease can be caused by small organisms that were so small they passed through filters , Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) was later identified as the cause That’s the beginning of virology .

6. Microbiology – Aseptic Technique Joseph Lister – 1860’s, English surgeon that applied ideas of the germ theory to surgery, remembered the work of Semmelweis in Hungary in the 1840’s, if a Dr. would wash their hands childbed fever was prevented. He knew that phenol would kill bacteria; put 2 and 2 together and treated wounds with phenol - and no infection (phenol is the basic agent of today’s – Lysol) 1. First antiseptic use in surgery, chemicals used as agents on tissue before surgery 2. Also proved that microbes cause surgical infections

7. Semmelweis

8. Lister: Antisepsis in surgery

9. Microbiology – Penicillin Alexander Fleming - Scottish physician and bacteriologist - 1928 Observed mold growing on a bacteria culture, there was a ring of clearing around the mold where the bacteria didn’t grow, the mold was later found to be a Penicillium species and the naturally secreted chemical was called penicillin, an antibiotic. Fleming’s work - shelved until early WWII, sulfas were failing, needed penicillin to cure battle field wounds. Now have thousands of antibiotics and synthetics (and a significant problem – resistance)

10. Microbiology – Polio vaccine Salk - Polio vaccine, 1950’s polio was a scary epidemic, Salk developed a vaccine by treating the virus with formalin (IPV) inactivated polio virus Sabin 1963 live Polio virus vaccine, attenuated –altered virus, OPV-oral polio vaccine The work done on polio revolutionized the science of virology and we are seeing the results today in advances with Hepatitis and HIV viral infections – tissue culture and other techniques.

11. Salk; IPV

12. Sabin, OPV

13. Microbiology Sub groups of Microbes we will study: Bacteria Archaea Fungi Protozoans Algae Viruses Multicellular animal parasites – Helminths

14. Domains 3 domains 1. Archaea : ancient “bacteria”, unicellular like bacteria, also simple cell structure (prokaryote – no nucleus) but have distinct metabolism (chemistry) allowing them to exist in “extreme” environments Bacteria : unicellular, prokaryote, found everywhere 3. Eukarya : unicellular to multicellular , complex and organized cells with nuclei and organelles (mitochondria)

15. Domain Archaea Archaea are single- celled organisms that lack a membrane-bound nucleus. - Prokaryote Archaea can be found in environments that are too hostile for other life forms.

16. Domain Bacteria Bacteria are single- celled organisms that lack a membrane-bound nucleus. (Prokaryote also) Bacteria are found almost everywhere on the planet Earth.

17. Domain Eukarya The cells of all eukaryotes have a membrane-bound nucleus. Members of the Domain Eukarya are further categorized into one of four Kingdoms.