History of Life ppt Biology life science .pptx

History of Life

1. The beginning of Earth: The History of Life Chapter 14 Earth formed about 4.6 billion years ago. The Earth was hot with lava After about 500 million years of cooling, a solid crust formed on the surface. However, Earth was not as we know it, in the beginning there was NO living things and NO oxygen

2. The History of Life How did we know what the early Earths atmosphere was like? Urey- Miller Experiment They simulated early Earth and created compounds that were the building blocks of life Earths atmosphere contained things like nitrogen, CO2, hydrogen, methane, water vapor, and ammonia This atmosphere was unable to contain life Chapter 14

3. Then how did we go from NO life on Earth to Life? Monomers  Polymers  First Cells  Prokaryotes (bacteria)  Eukaryotes  Multicellular Plants and Animals

4. The geological time scale is a model that expresses the major geological and biological events in Earth ’ s history. The Geologic Time Scale The History of Life The geologic time scale is divided into Eras. Eras are Pre-Cambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic eras. Each era is divided into one or more periods . 14.1 Fossil Evidence of Change Chapter 14

5. Nearly 90 percent of Earth ’ s entire history, stretching from the formation of Earth to the beginning of the Paleozoic era Precambrian (4.6 BYA-542 MYA) The History of Life During the Precambrian the origin of life occurred 4 BYA Rocks formed, bacteria, algae (plants), and prokaryotes that started to create oxygen . 14.1 Fossil Evidence of Change Chapter 14

6. Once oxygen was available, the Earth exploded with life of all types, this was called the Cambrian Explosion The Paleozoic Era- 570 MYA to 245 MYA The History of Life Primarily life was in the oceans- shellfish, corals, and fish Life moved to land during this era with plants, and insects The first tetrapods - amphibians Chapter 14

7. The History of Life A mass extinction ended the Paleozoic era. Between 60 and 75 percent of the species alive went extinct. 14.1 Fossil Evidence of Change Chapter 14

8. The Mesozoic Era- 245 Million to 65 Million years ago The History of Life The era of reptiles Mammals and dinosaurs first appeared, and flowering plants Birds evolved from a group of predatory dinosaurs in the middle of the Jurassic period. About 65 million years ago, a meteorite struck Earth and most species went extinct, including ALL dinosaurs Chapter 14

9. Plate tectonics describes the movement of several large plates that make up the surface of Earth. The History of Life The Continents began to break away- at the end of the Mesozoic Chapter 14

10. The Cenozoic Era- 65 MYA to the Present The History of Life The era of mammals Horses, elephants, apes, etc. Most importantly the first modern human is believed to appeared some 200,000 years ago Chapter 14

11. What is the origin of Life? Spontaneous generation is the idea that life arises from nonlife. OR The theory of biogenesis states that only living organisms can produce other living organisms.

12. 14.2 The Origin of Life Origins: Early Ideas The History of Life Spontaneous generation is the idea that life arises from nonlife. Francesco Redi, an Italian scientist, tested the idea that flies arose spontaneously from rotting meat. Chapter 14

13. The theory of biogenesis states that only living organisms can produce other living organisms. The History of Life Louis Pasteur designed an experiment to show that biogenesis was true even for microorganisms. 14.2 The Origin of Life Chapter 14

14. Origins: Modern Ideas The History of Life Simple organic molecule formation The primordial soup hypothesis was an early hypothesis about the origin of life. Organic molecules could have been synthesized from simple reactions. UV light from the Sun and electric discharge in lightning might have been the primary energy sources. 14.2 The Origin of Life Chapter 14

15. Stanley Miller and Harold Urey were the first to show that simple organic molecules could be made from inorganic compounds. The History of Life Later, scientists found that hydrogen cyanide could be formed from even simpler molecules in simulated early Earth environments. 14.2 The Origin of Life Chapter 14

16. The History of Life Chapter 14

17. Replication of the Urey-Miller experiment . By passing electrical sparks through mixtures of hydrogen, methane, ammonia, and water vapor, scientists produced colored amino acids, the building blocks of organic life. The experiment was first performed by Stanley Miller in 1953 and has now been repeated many times elsewhere. These photographs show an experiment at NASA-Ames Research Center's Chemical Evolution Branch.

18. Making Proteins The History of Life Life requires proteins. One possible mechanism for the formation of proteins would be if amino acids were bound to a clay particle. 14.2 The Origin of Life Chapter 14

19. Genetic Code The History of Life Some RNA sequences appear to have changed very little through time. Many biologists consider RNA to have been life ’ s first coding system. Other researchers have proposed that clay crystals could have provided an initial template for RNA replication. 14.2 The Origin of Life Chapter 14

20. Cellular Evolution The History of Life Scientists hypothesize that the first cells were prokaryotes. Many scientists think that modern prokaryotes called archaea are the closest relatives of Earth ’ s first cells. 14.2 The Origin of Life Chapter 14

21. Photosynthesizing Prokaryotes The History of Life Archaea are autotrophic. do not obtain their energy from the Sun. do not need or produce oxygen. 14.2 The Origin of Life Chapter 14

22. The History of Life Photosynthesizing prokaryotes evolved not long after the archaea. Prokaryotes, called cyanobacteria, have been found in rocks as old as 3.5 billion years. 14.2 The Origin of Life Chapter 14

23. The Endosymbiont Theory The History of Life ancestors of eukaryotic cells lived in association with prokaryotic cells. relationship between the cells became mutually beneficial prokaryotic symbionts became organelles within eukaryotic cells. This theory explains the origin of chloroplasts and mitochondria. 14.2 The Origin of Life Chapter 14

24. The History of Life 14.2 The Origin of Life Chapter 14

25. The History of Life Chapter 14

26. The History of Life Chapter Resource Menu Chapter Diagnostic Questions Formative Test Questions Chapter Assessment Questions Standardized Test Practice biologygmh.com Glencoe Biology Transparencies Image Bank Vocabulary Animation Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding feature. Chapter 14

27. A B C D CDQ 1 Tadpoles become frogs. A starfish can grow from a severed arm. Damp hay and corn create mice. From a tiny acorn, an oak can grow. Which is an example of the theory of spontaneous generation? The History of Life Chapter 14 Chapter Diagnostic Questions

28. A B C D CDQ 2 The History of Life Chapter 14 Chapter Diagnostic Questions sulfur nitrogen oxygen water vapor What gas do scientists think was absent from Earth ’ s early atmosphere?

29. A B C D CDQ 3 The History of Life Chapter 14 Chapter Diagnostic Questions Cambrian Devonian Triassic Mesozoic In which period did the first land vertebrates appear?

30. A B C D FQ 1 The History of Life Chapter 14 igneous metamorphic sedimentary volcanic In which type of rock do paleontologists search for fossils? 14.1 Formative Questions

31. A B C D FQ 2 The History of Life Chapter 14 14.1 Formative Questions absolute dating geological dating relative dating sedimentary dating Which dating method determines the age of rocks by comparing them to rocks in other layers?

32. A B C D FQ 3 The History of Life Chapter 14 14.1 Formative Questions plate tectonics extensive glaciation increased volcanic activity meteorite impact Which geological change during the Mesozoic era had the greatest effect in shaping the course of evolution?

33. A B C D FQ 4 The History of Life Chapter 14 biogenesis transgenesis primordial generation spontaneous generation At one time people believed that mold growing on a piece of cheese was created by the cheese. This is the idea of __________. 14.2 Formative Questions

34. A B C D FQ 5 The History of Life Chapter 14 14.2 Formative Questions It was digested by the host cell. It became an organelle in the host cell. It became a harmful parasite in the host cell. It was removed from the host cell by exocytosis. According to the endosymbiont theory, what may have happened to a prokaryotic cell that entered a host cell?

35. A B C D FQ 6 The History of Life Chapter 14 14.2 Formative Questions chloroplast lysosome centriole ribosome An ancient prokaryote containing photosynthetic pigments that was engulfed by a host cell may have become a _________.

36. A B C D CAQ 1 The History of Life Chapter 14 18 years 36 years 54 years 72 years Which is the half-life of the radioactive isotope shown in the graph? Chapter Assessment Questions

37. A B C D CAQ 2 The History of Life Chapter 14 Chapter Assessment Questions 2,857.5 years 7,576 years 11,460 years 5,730 years Study the graph. Determine the age of a rock if it contained 40% C-14.

38. A B C D STP 1 The History of Life Chapter 14 absence of oxygen absence of food intense heat intense sunlight Which factor made it unlikely that life existed on Earth 4 billion years ago? Standardized Test Practice

39. A B C D STP 2 The History of Life Chapter 14 Standardized Test Practice fossilized microbes in volcanic rock dinosaur footprints found in sedimentary rock marine fossils found in a deep sedimentary layer a woolly mammoth frozen in a glacier since the last Ice Age For which fossil might a paleontologist most likely use carbon-14 to determine its age?

40. A B C D STP 3 The History of Life Chapter 14 Standardized Test Practice 750,000 years 3 million years 4.5 million years 6 million years Beryllium-10 (Be-10) has a half life of about 1.5 million years. If a sample is analyzed and determined to contain ¼ of the original Be-10, what is the age of the sample?

41. A B C D STP 4 The History of Life Chapter 14 Standardized Test Practice a large crater that was found a layer containing high levels of iridium the sudden appearance of mammals the sudden disappearance of dinosaurs Which provides the best evidence that a meteorite struck the earth 65 million years ago?

42. A B C D STP 5 The History of Life Chapter 14 Standardized Test Practice In this experiment using water and the gases to simulate Earth ’ s early atmosphere, which was not one of the final products? amino acids nucleotides RNA molecules sugar molecules

43. A B C D STP 6 The History of Life Chapter 14 Standardized Test Practice They are eukaryotes. They contain DNA. They carry out photosynthesis. They live in extreme environments. Why do scientists believe that archea are the closest relatives to Earth ’ s first cells?

44. The History of Life Chapter 14 Glencoe Biology Transparencies

45. The History of Life Chapter 14 Image Bank

46. fossil paleontologist relative dating law of superposition radiometric dating half-life geologic time scale era period Cambrian explosion K-T boundary plate tectonics The History of Life Chapter 14 Vocabulary Section 1

47. spontaneous generation theory of biogenesis endosymbiont theory The History of Life Chapter 14 Vocabulary Section 2

48. The History of Life Chapter 14 Animation Visualizing Geologic Time Continental Drift Miller-Urey Experiment Endosymbiont Theory

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52. The History of Life Chapter 14