HISTORY OF PHARMACOLOGY-REVIEW,discoveries.pptx

Modern pharmacology,old pharmacological discovery

1. HISTORY OF PHARMACOLOGY-REVIEW   Dr.S.Sreeremya

2. INTRODUCTION It is quiet true that medicine existed as a science and as an art centuries before the advent of Hippocrates. Researchers recall the Greeks and Romans extolled the antiquity, wisdom and the scientific knowledge of the Egyptians. Thoth or Hermes was for the Egyptians personification of the priesthood, and also signifies according to the Egyptian language an assembly of the learned men, and was considered as a unity. Thoth was the inventor of medicine as a science and an art( Satoskar R.S. et.al.,1995). Hence, the names of the individuals were lost in the priesthood and the merit that each had mainly acquired by his work was turned to profit the sacerdotal company and was mainly regarded as that of the titular genius of this company. In order that one may judge of the immensity of the knowledge gathered by the learned of ancient Egypt reference should be made to the forty-two volumes of the Hermetic collections and recorded( Satoskar R.S. et.al.,1995). The last six of these volumes were especially devoted to mainly medicine.

3. The first Egyptian physician to be recorded in history was Imhotep, whose name mainly signifies, "He who cometh in peace." In all nations and primitive peoples, the early period of the popular medicine was followed by the practice of Sacerdotal medicine by the priests or the holy men, in which cures were accomplished through prayer and sacrifices, strange and often nauseous remedies and also suggestions. Galen, (131-201 A.D.) should be given full credit for the continuance of the work of the Hippocrates for there were more difficult and perplexing the ideas of medicine which had developed and which he had to overcome and yet, eighty-five known constituents were mainly catalogued by him. His theories held sway in the European medicine for fourteen centuries. In the middle ages now began the period of monastic medicine, in which there grew up robust a belief in the miraculous healing powers of saints and holy relics. Medicine was lifted to a somewhat higher planes in the Eleventh and Twelfth centuries by the organizations of the School of Salerno in Italy( Satoskar R.S. et.al.,1995). There are many more prominent names we could mention who contribute to the stream of pharmacology, School of Spagarists which was founded nearing to the end of the Fourteenth Century and reached its zenith with Paracelsus (1493-1541) (Swiss), Versalius , (French-German) and Ambrose Pare, (French). Even biotechnological tools discovery has made these research possible(Dr.S.Sreeremya,2024)    

4. HISTORY OFPHARMACOLOGY • Knowledge of the drugs and their uses in diseases are asold ashistory of mankind. • Primitive men gather the knowledge and information of healing and medicines by observing the nature, noticing the animals while ill and personal experiences after consuming plants and herbs as the remedies( Satoskar R.S. et.al.,1995) . • Ancient civilizations discovered that extracts from the plants, animals, and minerals had medicinal effects on body tissue. These discoveries became the foundations of pharmacology.

5. Pharmacology in the present form is relatively a recent branch about hundred yearsold . Historicaldevelopments in the Pharmacology •PENPSAO(2700 BC)It was the great herbal materia medica written in china. •The Kahun Papyrus (2000 BC) is an oldest Egyptian document containing information about the veterinary medicines and uterine diseasesof women. • Ebers papyrus (1550 BC) also an Egyptian document comprising information about number of diseases and 829 prescription where the castor oil, opium like drug are being used. Historical developments in Pharmacology(Hardman et al.,1996). •The Hippocrates (460-375 BC) A greek physician consider “father of Medicine”. He was the person who majorly recognize disease as abnormal reaction of body. He introduced the use of metallic salts for the treatment ofdisease . • Theophrastus (380-287 BC) a great philosopher called the of Pharmacognosy . He classified medicinal plants on the bases of medicinal characteristics. Historical developments in Pharmacology

6. • Dioscorides (AD 57) a greek , synthesized one of the first • materia medica of approximately 500 plants and remedies.The Claudius Galen (AD 129–200) first attempted to consider the theoretical backgrounds of pharmacology. Paracelsus (1493–1541) a Swiss scholar and the alchemist, often considered the “grandfather of pharmacology”. He introduces the use of the chemicals for treatment of disease. • Valerius Cordus (1514-1544) He compiled the first pharmacopeia where he delineated techniques for the preparation of drugs. MODERNPHARMACOLOGY • The Conversion of old medicines into the modern pharmacology start taking shape following the introductions of animal experimentation and isolation of active ingredients from the plants. • Francois Megendie (1783-1855) a first pharmacologist established the foundations of modern pharmacology. He • developed experiment to elucidate the physiological processes and actions of drugs on thebody . Rudolph Buchheim (in a period of 1820–1879) German pharmacologist a key figures in the development of the pharmacology, a who at the University of Dorpat , created the first pharmacological institute(Hardman et al.,1996). MODERNPHARMACOLOGY • Frederich Sertürner , The German pharmacist’s assistant, isolated morphine—the first pure drug—in 1805 • Claude Bernard ( in the period of 1813-1878) considered Father of the experimental Medicine. He identifies the site of action of curare (arrow Poisoning)

7. . Journal of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, History of Pharmacology-Review , Dr. S. Sreeremya , Vol 6(2),pp-40-47.2024.