History of plant breeding(Pre and post mendelian era)

History of plant breeding (Pre and post mendelian era), Objectives of plant breeding and Characteristics improved by plant breeding with suitable example

1. History of plant breeding (Pre and post mendelian era), Objectives of plant breeding and Characteristics improved by plant breeding M y assignment topic is - SUBMITTED BY: ANKIT TIGGA MSC(AG) PREVIEWS YEAR DEPT-GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING IGKV,RAIPUR , CG SUBMITTED TO: MRS. MANGLA PARIKH, DR. MAYURI SAHU DEPT-GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING IGKV, RAIPUR , CG COURSE NO - GP-503 COURSE TITLE – PRINCIPLES OF PLANT BREEDING INDIRA GANDHI AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY, RAIPUR, (CG)

2. HISTORY OF PLANT BREEDING In broad sense history of plant breeding can be divided into four parts- Pre Mendelian era:- before 1900. Mendelian era:- 1900 to 1920. Post Mendelian era:- 1921 to 1950. 4. Modern era:- after 1950

3. Pre Mendelian Era :- 1665: Robert Hooke : First described the cell and known as father of cell biology. 1694 : Camerarius of Germany first to demonstrate sex in plants and suggested crossing as a methods to obtain new plant types. 1717 Thomas Fairchild : developed first inter specific hybrid between sweet William and carnation species of dianthus popularly known as fair child’s mule. 1753 Linnaeus : Published “species planetarium” binomial nomenclature of plant taxonomy officially begins with his general list of plant species .

4. 1800 knight T.A : first used artificial hybridization in fruit crops . 1890 Rimpu : F irst made interspecific cross between wheat ( triticum aestivum ) and rye ( secale cereals ) . 1856 De Vilmorin : He was proposed the concepts of progeny test working with sugar beet. 1865 Mendel G.J.: Discovered principle of inheritance working with garden pea. 1899 Navaschin and Guignard : Discovered double fertilization of egg and endosperm. 1899 Hopkins : Described ear to row selection method.

5. 1900 De Veris , correns and tschermak : independently rediscovered Mendel’s results working with pea. 1900 Hugo de vries : Coined the term mutation and first reported mutation in oenothera . 1900 Nilsson and ehle : further elaborated individual plant selection method. 1903 Johannsen : proposed the pureline theory that provided the genetic basis for individual plant selection and also coined the terms gene, genotype, phenotype and pureline . 1908 Nilsson ehle : proposed multiple factor hypothesis working with wheat. Mendelian era :

6. 1908 hardy and Weinberg : Laid the foundation of population genetics . 1908 Shull and East : Proposed over- dominance hypothesis of hererosis independently working with maize. 1908 Davenport : First proposed dominance hypothesis of heterosis . 1914 Shull G.H. : F irst used term heterosis for hybrid vigor. 1917 Jones D.F . : proposed dominace of linked genes hypothesis as explanation for heterosis.He first made double cross in maize and also first used genetic male sterility in developing maize hybrids. 1919 Hay H.K. and Garber R.J. : Gave initial idea about recurrent selection and suggested use of synthesis varieties for commercially cultivation in maize.

7. 1921 Sewall Wright : gave five systems of mating, viz random genetics assortative, genetic disassortative , phenotypic assortative and phenotypic disassortative . 1925 East and jones: first discovered gametophytic system of self incompatibility in Nicotiana sanderae . 1926 Vovilov N.L . : Identified 8 main centers and 3 sub centers of crop diversity. He also developed concept of parallel variation or law of homologous series of variation. 1928 Karpenchenko : First made interspecific cross between radish and cabbage. 1928 Stadler : First used x-ray for induction of mutations in barley. 1935 Nagaharu : Reported genetic origin of tetraploid species of brassica. 1937 Harrington : Proposed mass pedigree method of breeding a modification of pedigree method. Post mendelian era :-

8. 1950: Hughes M.B. and Babcock E.B. : First discovered saprophytic system of self incompatibility. 1950: Gerestel D.V. : Discovered self incompatibility in parthenium . 1951: Painter R.H. : Gave mechanisms of insect resistance in crop plants. 1952 Jensen :First suggested use of multiline in oats. 1956 Flor H.H. : First developed concept of gene for gene hypothesis in flax for flax rust caused by malampsora lini . 1961 : First maize hybrid was released (ganga 1, ganga 101, deccan and ranjit ) under all india coordinated research project on maize. 1963 Vander plank : Developed concept of vertical and horizontal resistance. Morden era :-

9. Father of green revolution in world. 1953 : First outlined the method of development multilines in wheat. 1964 developed high yielding semi dwarf varieties of wheat which resulted in green revolution . Scientific area-plant pathology , Agronomy and genetics. AWARDS AND HONOR Presidential Medal of Freedom ( 1977 ) Nobel Prize (1970 ) etc….. Dr. Norman Ernest Borlaug ( plant pathologist ) Born March 25, 1914 Saude , Iowa Died September 12, 2009 (aged 95) Dallas , Texas

10. 1965 Grafius : First applied single seed descent method in oats. 1968 Donald : developed concept of crop ideotype in wheat . 1970 Patel C.T. :Developed world’s first cotton hybrid for commercial cultivation in india . 1976 Yuan long ping : development world’s first rice hybrid (CMS based) for commercial cultivation in China. 1991 ICRISAT : Developed world’s first pigeon pea hybrid ( ICPH 8, GMS based ) for commercial cultivation in india . 1994 “ FlavrSavr ” tomato developed as first genetically modified food produced for the market by calgene company of California . 1997 Davis : Developed the concept of smart breeding . 2001 : Protection of plant varieties and farmers’s Rights act (PPVFRA).

11. He is a famous plant breeder responsible for green revolution in India (1966-67) . Especially in Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. He developed HYV of wheat and rice Father of the Green Revolution in India- M. S. Swaminathan ( Mankombu Sambasivan Swaminathan , born August 7, 1925, in Kumbakonam , Tamilnadu .) He was Director General ICAR and later Director General of IRRI, Philippines from 1982-1988 Dr. M.S . Swaminathan

12. He was an Wheat breeder known for his contributions to the breeding of superior disease resistant N.P. varieties of wheat. He was the first indian Director General of ICAR. He observed that rust disease was largely responsible for low yields of wheat and therefore developed a systematic breeding method to develop varieties with resistance to rust disease. Dr.B.P . Pal Agricultural researcher 1906 - 1989

13. Dr.T.S . Venkatraman : He was an eminent sugarcane breeder . He transferred thick stem and high sugar contents from tropical noble cane to North Indian Canes, This process is known as nobaization of sugarcane . He was Director of Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore . Pushkarnath : A famous potato breeder who developed several high yielding varieties of potato . He was director of CPRI, Shimla. N.G.P Rao : He is an eminent Sorghum breeder. He developed several high yielding He was chairman of ASRB and Vice-Chancellor of Marathwada N.G.P . hybrids of grain Sorghum Agricultural University, Parbhani . DS Athwal : He is a famous pearlmillet breeder . He worked in PAU, Ludhiana and developed Several superior variety was C 591. Some indian Plant breeder

14. OBJECTIVE OF PLANT BREEDING 1 2 3

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17. CHARACTERISTICS IMPROVED BY PLANT BREEDING S.No . Character improved Crop example Improvement achieved th rough 1 Yield Wheat, Rice, Maize. Sorghum, Cotton. Dwarfing genes, Hybrid varieties 2 Quality Nutritional quality Protein contents Oil contents Fibre traits All food crops Pulse crops Oilseed crops sugarcane & suger beet cotton, jute etc. Various plant breeding approaches 3 Resistance to biotic stresses insects, disease All major, vegetable and fruit Various crop improvement approaches( Back cross method etc. ) 4 Resistance to abiotic stresses Drought , salinity, lodging Wheat, barley, pulses etc. Various crop improvement approaches Use of dwarfness

18. S.No . Character improved Crop example Improvement achieved th rough 5 Earliness Cotton [270 to 170 days ] Caster [270 to 180 days ] Sugarcane [360 to 270 days] Pigeonpea [270to 120 days] Various crop improvement approaches. 6 Adaptability Wheat, rice, sorghum, maize, pearl millet. Various crop improvement approaches. 7 Toxin free varieties Neurotoxin Gossypol Erucic acid Lathyrus Cotton Brassica Various crop improvement approaches.

19. CHARACTERISTICS IMPROVED BY PLANT BREEDING WITH EXAMPLE YIELD- Crop example Wheat, Rice, Maize. Sorghum, Cotton. Improvement achieved through- Dwarfing genes ( Norin -10 gene in wheat and dee gee woo gen in rice), Hybrid varieties . IMPROVEMENT IN QUALITY – Significant achievement have been made in improving the nutritional value of crop products. For example:- Elimination of the toxic substance erucic acid from the oil of brassica, entirely through genetics means has greatly enhanced the value of this crop (rape and mustard) as a source of edible oil. Presence of neurotoxin in Khesari dal ( lathyrus sativus ) seed has toxic effects on human health, which results in paralysis of lower limbs called lathyrism . Now varieties of lathyrus have been developed from IARI which have neurotoxin content below the critical level.

20. RESISTANCE TO BIOTIC STRESSES – Crop plants suffer from biotic stresses. Biotic stress results due to the attack of disease, insects, and parasitic weed. For example - crop Resistance Variety Resistance to cotton Bollguard 1 bollworms Sugarcane Co1158 Top borer Cotton Supriya whitefly crop Resistance Variety Resistance to Rice IR 26 , IR 30 Bacterial blight Okra Parbhani kranti Yellow mosaic INSECT RESISTANT VARIETIES DISEASE RESISTANT VARIETIES

21. R ESISTANCE TO ABIOTIC STRESSES – Crop plants suffer from abiotic stresses . Abiotic stress is caused due to drought, salinity, cold, heat etc. Improvement achieved through – Various plant breeding approaches to develop drought and salinity tolerant varieties . E xample - Name of crops Drought tolerant varieties Wheat C 306, WL 410 Ground nut jyoti Name of crops Salinity tolerant varieties Rice mohan Sugercane Bo 19, Co 997

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