History: Thailand and the First World War.pptx

Thailand and the First World War

1. World War I KEY FACTS Thailand’s Role in BY TEACHER GARETH WW1

2. World War I, also called the First World War or Great War , was the most deadly and destructive war the world had ever seen to that time . The Kingdom of Siam was one of the lesser-known and now, sadly almost forgotten participants of this conflict. The Great War 1914–18 The Siamese Expeditionary Force , 1919 Paris Victory Parade .

3. King Vajiravudh   (Rama VI) dressed in a uniform of a British General in 1917. The Kingdom of Siam initially stayed out of the war , with King Vajiravudh and his government asserting a policy of neutrality . Prior to the outbreak of war , in 1914, Siam enjoyed cordial relations with members of both the Triple Alliance and Triple Entente; particularly Great Britain and Germany . A P olicy of N eutrality

4. The only known photograph of Dr. Oskar Frankfurter who establised the Siamese National Library. German companies were well - established in Siam and trade between the two nations was estimated to be worth around 20 million reichmarks ( or $5 million ). The Siamese government had 48 German nationals working for it including Dr. Oskar Frankfurter who helped to found the Siamese National Library and Emil Florio who was head of Siam Commerical Bank. Germano-Thai Relations

5. King Vajiravudh   (Rama VI ): Phra Mongkut Klao Chao Yu Hua . King Vajiravudh (Rama VI) was British- educated , in 1898 he studied at the Royal Military College , Sandhurst and was commissioned as a Captain in the Durham Light Infantry . In 1899 he attended Christ Church College , Oxford where he read Law and History and in 1902 he attended the coronation of King Edward VII on behalf of his father King Chulalongkorn (Rama V) Anglo-Thai Relations

6. Devawongse Varoprakar , Siamese Prince and diplomat. Prince Charoonsakdi Kritakara . Captain  Samuel Joseph Bird Ames. Prince Devawongse Varoprakar , the Siamese foreign minister, was friendly with high-ranking officials such as the British Minister Sir Herbert Dering. Prince Charoonsakdi Kritakara , Siam's most important diplomat, was an Anglophile and staunchly pro-British. The f irst Thai Police Chief was an Englishman by the name of Captain  Samuel Joseph Bird Ames. Anglo-Thai Relations

7. State flag and ensign, decreed by King Vajiravudh (Rama VI ): 1912-1917. There were 3 main reasons behind Siam’s decision . A desire for a stable economy . Fear of invasion from British- controlled India and Malaya or German New-Guinea. National Pride : A majority of Siamese citizens were against the idea of fighting alongside nations to which they had ceded land. Why did Siam stay neutral?

8. Men from a car club in the early 1900s pose with their cars with the Temple of the Emerald Buddha in the background. However , Siam’s changing attitude begin to show in August 1915 . A German plot to organise a body of disaffected Indians living in Siam, to make an armed raid into Burma showed that the Germans had compromised Siam’s neutrality. Consequently, they began to search for reasons to join the war effort . Changing A ttitudes

9. Headline of the Siam Observer newspaper 22 nd July 1917. On 22nd July 1917, Siam declared war on Germany and the Austro- Hungarian empire . But Why ? O nce the USA declared war on Germany and Austro-Hungary on 6th April 1917. This caused King Vajiravudh to think that Germany would not win and made him understand the advantage of joining the Allies . Siam declares War

10. The Thai national flag introduced on the 28 th September 1917. According to a secret memo held at the National Archives of Thailand, the King stated to his council of ministers on 28th May 1917 that, as a neutral, Siam could hope at best to retain what it had, but it would run a risk of losing a great deal. It would be at the mercy of the Allies if Britain and France decided to take over German assets and privileges in Siam. However , Siam could gain from taking the Allied side. Any treaties with Germany would be terminated, and the Allies may consent to amending the unequal treaties that had bound Siam since the middle of 19th century. Siam declares War

11. Major-General Phraya Pichai Charnyarit , commander of the Siamese Expeditionary Force (aka Siamese Volunteer Corps) In September 1917, a volunteer expeditionary force   was assembled consisting of medical, motor transport and aviation detachments . By early-1918, 1,284 men were selected from thousands of volunteers. The volunteers were commanded by Major-General Phraya Pichai Charnyarit . The force was sent to France and landed in Marseilles on 30th July 1918. Siam joins the war effort

12. Siamese soldiers photographed in Marseilles, July 1918. On 1st August 1918, the French selected some men from the Siamese volunteers to form the “1st Siamese L abour V olunteer Detachment”. They received brief training and arrived at the Western F ront on 4th August 1918 during the Second Battle of the Marne. These were the first Siamese soldiers to see the front line trenches. Siam joins the war effort

13. Soldiers of the Siamese Expeditionary Force moving to the front lines August 1918. Also in August 1918, the medical and motor transport detachments were sent to the front and took part in the battles of Champagne and Meuse-Argonne which were part of the “Hundred Days O ffensive”, a series of battles to push back the German army. They distinguished themselves under fire and were awarded the Croix de Guerre and Order of Rama medals. They also took part in the 1919 Paris Victory Parade. Siam joins the war effort

14. Thai World War Volunteers Memorial, Sanam Luang , Bangkok. At the war's end, Siam participated in the Versailles Peace Conference  and became a founding member of the League of Nations. By 1925, the United States, the United Kingdom, and France had abandoned their extraterritorial rights in Siam. Aftermath of War

15. 1. Open diplomacy without secret   treaties 2.  Economic free trade on the seas during war and  peace 3.  Equal trade   conditions 4.  Decrease armaments among all   nations 5.  Adjust colonial  claims 6.  Evacuation of all Central Powers from Russia and allow it to define its own   independence 7.  Belgium to be evacuated and  restored 8.  Return of Alsace-Lorraine region and all French  territories On January 8, 1918, President Wilson presented to Congress his outline of  Fourteen Points   for peace . Fourteen Points   for peace JANUARY 8,1918 The Fourteen Points were a proposal made by U.S. President  Woodrow Wilson in a speech before   Congress   on January 8, 1918, outlining his vision for ending   World War I in a way that would prevent such a conflagration from occurring again .  9.  Readjust Italian   borders 10. Austria- Hungary to be provided an opportunity for   self-determination 11.  Redraw the borders of the Balkan region creating Roumania , Serbia and Montenegro 12.  Creation of a Turkish state with guaranteed free trade in the   Dardanelles 13.  Creation of an independent Polish   state 14.  Creation of the League of  Nations The Points , Summarized

16. Second Battle of the Somme On March 21 the Germans launched the   Second Battle of the Somme in France and advanced more than 40 miles (64 kilometers ) westward . The Germans continued their offensive push over the next couple of months but were stopped by American counterattacks . Second Battle of the Somme  Second Battle of the Somme, also called   Battle of Saint-Quentin, ( March 21– April 5, 1918), partially successful German offensive against Allied forces on the Western Front during the later part of  World War I. Whippets going off to battle tank . Image : www.forces-war-records.co.uk

17. Bulgaria signed an armistice on September 29. The Ottoman Empire surrendered on October 30. Austria- Hungary was granted armistice on November 3. Armistice

18. World War I; chemical weapon U.S. soldiers using gas equipment and receiving telephone instructions during the Meuse- Argonne offensive , Varennes -en- Argonne , France, 1918. Source : National Archives, Washington, D.C. Allied forces began attacks at Meuse- Argonne , the final offensive of the war . The   battles of the Meuse- Argonne   continued from September 26 until November 11. The Allies repeatedly attacked the German defensive line, forcing the Germans to retreat . The final offensive

19. The November 11 Armistice between Germany and the Allies ended the fighting , and negotiations for peace began . Negotiations for peace

20. The  Paris Peace Conference   began in January 1919 in Paris. The conference inaugurated the international settlement after World War I. JAN, 1919 The Paris Peace Conference   Paris Peace Conference   Johannes Bell of Germany is portrayed as signing the peace treaties on 28 June 1919 in  The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors Source : William Orpen  - Imperial War Museum London

21. A major product of the Paris Peace Conference was the   Treaty of Versailles , signed in June 1919 at the Palace of Versailles in France. Under the agreement , Germany was forced to accept blame for Allied losses and to pay major reparations . Also formulated at the Paris Peace Conference was the  League of Nations , an organization for international cooperation established by the Allies . Treaty of Versailles Treaty of Versailles Dignitaries gathering in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles , France, for the signing of the Treaty of Versailles , June 28, 1919. Image : Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc.

22. World War I Timeline They key facts of WW1 in timeline mode WW1

23. World War I Timeline June 28, 1914 Archduke   Franz Ferdinand  of Austria and his wife , Sophie , are assassinated on a visit to  Sarajevo   by a Bosnian Serb nationalist . July 28, 1914 World War I begins when   Austria- Hungary  declares war on   Serbia . A chain of threats and mobilizations soon results in a general war between the Central and Allied powers . ➔

24. September 6, 1914 The   First Battle of the Marne  begins . The Germans advance to within 30 miles (48 kilometers ) of Paris but are stopped by the British and the French.  Trench warfare   begins . November 5, 1914 Britain and France declare war on the   Ottoman Empire . ➔

25. April 22, 1915 The   Second Battle of Ypres   begins . The German army initiates the modern era of  chemical warfare   by using chlorine gas as a weapon on Allied trenches . Some 5,000 French and Algerian troops are killed . April 25, 1915 Allied forces land on the   Gallipoli Peninsula   of the Ottoman Empire , beginning the nine-month-long   Gallipoli Campaign . The campaign is a disaster almost from the beginning . Altogether , the Allies suffer more than 200,000 casualties and fail to capture the Ottoman capital of Constantinople ( now Istanbul ). ➔

26. May 7, 1915 A German U- boat sinks the British ocean liner   Lusitania  off the southern coast of Ireland during the ocean liner’s crossing from New York to England . Nearly 1,200 people are killed , including 128 U.S. citizens . February 21, 1916 The   Battle of Verdun   begins . Over the next 10 months , French and German armies at Verdun , France, suffer more than 700,000 casualties , including some 300,000 killed . ➔

27. May 31, 1916 The British and German fleets meet 60 miles (97 kilometers ) off the coast of Jutland , Denmark , marking the start of the   Battle of Jutland . It is the war’s only major battle between the world’s two largest sea powers . The clash of the battleships is largely indecisive . July 1, 1916 The first day of the   First Battle of the Somme  marks the single bloodiest day in the history of the British army , with nearly 20,000 British soldiers killed in action . By the time the Somme campaign ends , some four and a half months later , the combined casualties of both sides surpass 1,000,000 . ➔

28. March 15, 1917 Tsar Nicholas II of Russia abdicates the throne after a week of riots in the Russian capital of St. Petersburg. The   Russian Revolution   will ultimately place the   Bolsheviks  in power . April 6, 1917 The United States declares war on Germany . By June, American forces arrive in France. ➔

29. November 20, 1917 A British offensive at Cambrai , France, marks the first large-scale use of tanks in combat . British advances are short- lived , however . British forces are driven back almost to their original positions two weeks later . September 26– November 11, 1918 The battles of the Meuse- Argonne take place. The battles are the final confrontations on the Western Front in northeastern France in World War I. The Argonne Forest is cleared of German troops by the end of October , and the Allies soon advance to the town of Sedan, France. The   Armistice   is declared on November 11, before a final offensive against Germany itself can begin . ➔

30. June 28, 1919 The Allied and associated powers and Germany sign the   Treaty of Versailles   peace agreement .

31. This is a war to end all wars WOODROW WILSON, 1917 “ ”

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