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1. “ Sumqayıt Dövlət Universitetinin nəzdində Sumqayıt Dövlət Texniki Kolleci ” PHŞ Şöbə : İnformasiya texnologiyaları və kimya İxtisas : Kompüter sistemlərində proqram təminatı Kurs : 2 Qrup : 530 a - 9-24 F ənn : xarici dilində işgüzar və akademik kominikasiya M övzu : computer history Tələbə : Nağıyev Əhməd Müəllim : Kərimova Aygül Tarix : 24 .10.2025

2. What is a computer? A computer is an electronic machine that performs logical calculations with the data it receives from the user, can store the results of the calculations, and can reprocess the stored data at any time.

3. HISTORY OF COMPUTERS ENIAC At the end of 1945, based on the idea of ​​physicist Atanasov, American scientists J. Mauchly and J. Eckert built the first electronic digital calculator. The calculator was called "ENIAC" (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator). ENIAC, built during World War II, covered an area of ​​approximately 167 m² and weighed 30 tons. It was used to calculate long-range cannons and missiles.

4. HISTORY OF COMPUTERS I generation (1950-1959) - vacuum tube computers. Programs for first generation computers were written in a "machine language" unique to a particular computer. For example: MESM, BESM, Strela , M-3, Minsk-1, M-20, etc. These programs were extremely complex, requiring the programmer to have precise knowledge of the computer's architecture to write them. Therefore, they were extremely expensive and were used mainly in the military-industrial complex and government organizations.

5. HISTORY OF COMPUTERS Generation II (1955-1967) - transistors Second-generation computers are computers whose element base is mainly semiconductors. For example, BESM-4, Minsk-22, Ural-14, etc. In these computers, electron tubes were replaced by transistors created by Nobel Prize winners William Shockley, Walter Brattain and John Bardeen at Bell Laboratories (USA). Transistors were smaller, more durable, less demanding on electrical energy and could replace about 40 electron tubes. As a result, the volume and mass of computers decreased many times, the demand for electrical energy decreased, and the cost and operating costs decreased. TRANSISTOR

6. HISTORY OF COMPUTERS Generation III (1964-1975) microcircuits The element bases of the third generation of computers were integrated circuits or microcircuits. The first microcircuits were created in 1958 by Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce. Microcircuits had a size of about 10 mm2 and were capable of replacing ten thousand transistors. The basis of this generation was the IBM 360/370. On its basis, the EC EHM was created in the former USSR.

7. HISTORY OF COMPUTERS Stage IV (1974-1976) – integrated circuits This stage began with the introduction of large integrated circuits in computer manufacturing in 1974-1976. Large integrated circuits enabled the integration of thousands of transistors and other electronic components on a single crystal. As a result, large integrated circuits replaced the functional units of the computer, which previously consisted of separate elements. Examples of these are: IBM PC 286, 386, 486, 586, etc.

8. HISTORY OF COMPUTERS Stage V – Nanotechnology This stage covers the modern era and the goal is to organize the production of modern and future computers based on new and cutting-edge electronic technologies. Fifth-generation computers, having very high productivity and reliability, allow for qualitatively new functional requirements, including working with knowledge bases, organizing artificial intelligence systems, providing communication with the user through speech and vision, simplifying the process of creating the latest software tools, etc.

9. prepared by Ahmad Naghiyev end