HOMOEOPATHIC POTENSTISATION (DYNAMISATION)

Homoeopathic dynamisation in detail with recent techniques of potentisation is explained. Trituration and succusion is also discussed. All the terms available according to different author are published.

1. POTENTISATION HOMOEOPATHIC DYNAMISATION - DR. RADHIKA KHANDELWAL

2. OBJECTIVES To understand what is potentisation? To know the history of potentisation. To know the process of potentisation and the advancement.

3. POTENTISATION – WORD MEANING POTENTIAL – having or showing the capacity to develop something in the future. POTENCY – the power of something to influence or make and impression. POTENTIATE – increase the power, effect, or likelihood of (something, especially a drug or physiological reaction).

4. POTENTISATION DEFINITION ACCORDING TO HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACOPOEIA OF INDIA AND BY DR. MANDAL It is a mathematico-mechanical process by virtue of which the inherited dormant dynamic curative power of drugs is aroused or increased by modifying drug strength/drug power to dynamic power through simultaneous and successive process of dilution and friction in definite order.

5. POTENTISATION DEFINITION ACCORDING TO DR. HAHNEMANN IN 5 TH VOLUME OF CHRONIC DISEASE “Homoeopathic dynamisation are processes by which the medicinal properties, which are latent in natural substances while in their crude state, become aroused and then become enabled to act in our life, i.e., in our sensible and irritable fiber. This development of properties of crude natural substances (dynamisation) takes place inn the case of dry drug substances by means of trituration in mortar, but in case of fluid substances by means of shaking or succussion, which is also trituration.

6. POTENTISATION DEFINITION ACCORDING TO DR. STUART CLOSE “HOMOEOPATHIC DYNAMISATION is a mathematico-mechanical process for the reduction, according to scale, of crude, inert or poisonous medicinal substances to a state of physical solubility, physiological assimilability, and therapeutic activity, and harmlessness, for use as homoeopathic healing remedies.

7. POTENTISATION DEFINITION ACCORDING TO DR. SUMIT GOEL (ART AND SCIENCE OF HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACY) Homoeopathic Dynamisation are process by which the medicinal properties that are latent in natural substances while in their crude state, become aroused and then become enabled to act in an almost spiritual manner on our life, i.e. on our sensible and irritable fibre.

8. HISTORY OF POTENTISATION 1799 – Announced with out any particular explanation very small and so called INFINITESIMAL DOSES. 1805 – His article “MEDICINE OF EXPERIENCE” on HUFELAND’S JOURNAL mentioned about 100 th , 1000 th or 1000000 th part of medicinal dose. 1810 – ORGANON OF MEDICINE (1 ST EDITION) he wrote – “When I speak of the smallest possible dose in homoeopathic therapy, I cannot establish a chart of weight and measures of medicines, because the medicines themselves are so varied in strength.

9. HISTORY OF POTENTISATION 1814 – “TREATMENT OF THE TYPHUS OR HOSPITAL FEVER AT PRESENT PREVAILING,” where he mentioned about dilution of Bryonia and Rhus tox. 1816-1819 – Dosage range from 1/100; 1/1000; 1/50000 part of grain. 1822- MATERIA MEDICA PURA (2 nd EDITION VOLUME I) states 30C dilution.

10. HISTORY OF POTENTISATION 1825 – Dr. Hahnemann stated these preparations as DYNAMISATION/POTENTISATION. 1829 – Declared 30 C as STANDARD POTENCY. 1835 – Detailed description of process of TRITURATION for first 3 centesimal dilution of insoluble medicinal substance in CHRONIC DISEASE. 1837 – Remedies in centesimal scale increased succussions at each step to 10.

11. HISTORY OF POTENTISATION 1839 – Final Instructions of Potentisation in CHRONIC DISEASES (VOLUME 5) . Latest method of Potentisation of drugs are recorded in APHORIMS 270 – 272 in ORGANON OF MEDICINE (6 TH EDITION) .

12. OBJECTS OF POTENTISATION Avoid unnecessary aggravation. Arousal of medicinal powers. Toxic/poisonous property can be reduced. Preserves therapeutic potentiality. Substances inert in crude form becomes active. More the drug is potentised more is the dynamic power.

13. EFFECTS OF POTENTISATION Quantitative reduction but qualitative increase of therapeutic property. Increase in potential energy – determined by different scales. Elimination of toxic products. Gaining of maximum potential energy and dynamic power.

14. PHENOMENON OF POTENTISATION Dilution – Word meaning – Weakening or reducing the concentration. Friction – Word meaning – Effort expended in moving one object over another with pressure.

15. FACTORS OF POTENTISATION Nature of drug. Solvent or vehicle. RELATION BETWEEN THE FACTORS – SOLID VEHICLE: Sugar of milk, used for insoluble drugs. LIQUID VEHICLE: C2H20H – used for drugs soluble in liquid vehicle. Purified water – used in preparing potency. Dispensing alcohol – in some cases.

16. PROCESSESS OF POTENTISATION TRIURATION – In case of insoluble substances. SUCCUSSION – In case of soluble substances.

17. SCALES AND POTENCY OF POTENSTISATION FOR TRITURATION – Centesimal scale – 30, 200, 1M., C.M., M.M…. Decimal scale – 1X, 2X,3X, 6X, 12X…. FOR SUCCUSSION - Centesimal scale – 30, 200, 1M., C.M., M.M…. Decimal scale – 1X, 2X,3X, 6X, 12X…. 50-Millesimal scale – 0/1, 0/2, 0/3, 0/4….

18. TRITURATION

19. TRITURATION DEFINITION ACCORDING TO HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACOPEIA OF INDIA It is an ideal physical, mathematical process of potentisation by which preparation of medicines takes place by the use of solid vehicle, i.e., sugar of milk by grinding in definite order. Potencies made by trituration are up to – 3C in centesimal scale and 50-Millesimal scale; 6X in decimal scale. Vehicle used – Sugar of Milk

20. SUBSTANCES TAKEN FOR TRITURATION As per Old Method of Preparation – CLASS VII – Dry; Insoluble (Insoluble in purified water and alcohol) E.g. Arsenic Album. CLASS VIII – Liquid; Insoluble. E.g. Snake venoms (Lachesis) CLASS IX – Fresh vegetable and animal substances; Insoluble. E.g. Anacardium Orientale.

21. TIME DISTRIBUTION

22. ACCORDING TO DR.HAHNEMANN

23. ACCORDING TO H.P.I.

24. PROCESS OF TRITURATION CLASS VII DRUG VEHICLE RATIO – DECIMAL SCALE – 1: 9 (3+3+3) (By Dr. Hahnemann) 1: 99 (1+3+5) (In H.P.I.) CENTESIMAL SCALE – 1:99(33+33+33) (By Dr. Hahnemann) 1: 99 (11+33+55) (In H.P.I.)

25. PROCESS OF TRITURATION – CLASS VII (ACCORDING TO DR. HAHNEMANN) DECIMAL SCALE PRINCIPLE – 1 part of drug substance is triturated with 9 parts of sugar of milk. All subsequent potencies are prepared by taking 1 part of previous one and 9 parts of sugar of milk. DURATION – Whole process takes 60 minutes divided in 20 minutes which is further divided in to 10 minutes and then 6,3,1 minutes respectively. CENTESIMAL SCALE PRINCIPLE - 1 part of drug substance is triturated with 99 parts of sugar of milk. All subsequent potencies are prepared by taking 1 part of previous one and 99 parts of sugar of milk. DURATION - Whole process takes 60 minutes divided in 20 minutes which is further divided in to 10 minutes and then 6,3,1 minutes respectively.

26. PROCESS OF TRITURATION – CLASS VII (ACCORDING TO H.P.I.) DECIMAL SCALE PRINCIPLE – 1 part of drug substance is triturated with 9 parts of sugar of milk. All subsequent potencies are prepared by taking 1 part of previous one and 9 parts of sugar of milk. DURATION – Whole process takes 60 minutes divided in 20 minutes which is further divided in to 10 minutes and then 6 and 4 minutes respectively. CENTESIMAL SCALE PRINCIPLE - 1 part of drug substance is triturated with 99 parts of sugar of milk. All subsequent potencies are prepared by taking 1 part of previous one and 99 parts of sugar of milk. DURATION - Whole process takes 60 minutes divided in 20 minutes which is further divided in to 10 minutes and then 6 and 4 minutes respectively.

27. PROCESS OF TRITURATION CLASS VIII DRUG VEHICLE RATIO – DECIMAL SCALE – 1: 9 (By Dr. Hahnemann) CENTESIMAL SCALE – 1:99 (By Dr. Hahnemann) NOTE : The vehicles should not be divided in to 3 parts because the vehicle quantity will be less for preventing sticking of oily medicinal substance in surface of mortar.

28. PROCESS OF TRITURATION CLASS IX DRUG VEHICLE RATIO – DECIMAL SCALE – 2: 9 (By Dr. Hahnemann) CENTESIMAL SCALE – 2:99 (By Dr. Hahnemann) NOTE : 2 parts of drug substances is taken because there is always some loss of evaporation during trituration because of fresh drug substances are used.

29. FACTORS AFFECTING SIZE REDUCTION Hardness Toughness Abrasiveness Stickiness Slipperiness

30. MERITS OF TRITURATION Drug substance can be definitely divided. In soluble substances in liquid vehicles becomes soluble after trituration. The medicinal property is aroused. Qualitative power is increased by reducing quantity. Surface tension is increased enormously, absorption, colloidal properties, catalytic effects is also increased.

31. DEMERITS OF TRITURATION Very long process. Labour spent is much. Sugar of milk has aldehyde properties, some drug substances are reduced. Sugar of milk is hard and gritty, it does not cause communion of substances harder then itself.

32. CONVERSION OF TRITURATION IN TO LIQUID POTENCY Potency to be used – 3C in centesimal scale. 6X in decimal scale. Trituration below this potency is not possible because there are not soluble in alcohol or in purified water. First liquid potency – In centesimal scale – 4C. In decimal scale – 8X.

33. CONVERSION OF 3C TRITURATION IN TO LIQUID POTENCY 50 drops of Distilled water + 1 grain of 3C trituration (READILY DISSOLVED) + 50 Dispensing alcohol + 10 downward strokes of succussion = 4C Potency

34. CONVERSION OF 3C TRITURATION IN TO LIQUID POTENCY FOR 5C POTENCY = 1 drop of 4C potency + 99 drops of dispensing alcohol + 10 stokes of succussion = 5C potency NOTE – Further potencies are prepared by 1:99 of drug vehicle ratio.

35. IMPORTANCE OF 3C TRITURATION More powerful action. More perfect medicines. Trituration of fresh plant material. Retaining all natural constituents. Shelf life guaranteed. 3C – standard method for 50 Millesimial scale.

36. CONVERSION OF 6X TRITURATION IN LIQUID POTENCY (JUMPING POTENCY) 1 grain of 6X potency + 50 drops of purified water (READILY DISSOLVED) + 50 drops of dispensing alcohol + 10 downward stokes of succussion = 8X potency NOTE – Further potencies will be prepared by 1:9 drug vehicle ratio.

37. JUMPING POTENCY According to decimal scale 7X potency cannot be prepared because if we take 9 parts of alcohol and 1 grain of 6X potency, then it wont be dissolved. It is also known as FLUXION POTENCY. For it to get dissolve – 50 parts of purified water + 50 parts alcohol = 100 = 10 X 10

38. SUCCUSSION

39. INTRODUCTION TERMINOLOGY – Comes from a Latin word – SUCCUSSUM, SUCCUTERE which means ‘SHAKING UP.’ SUBSTANCES TAKEN FOR SUCCUSSION – Medicinal substances that are soluble in alcohol or distilled water. Substances belonging to Classes I – IV (tinctures) and class V and VI (solution) of Old Method.

40. SUCCUSSION - DEFINITION ACCORDING TO HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACOPEIA OF INDIA It is a process of potentisation by which preparation of medicine takes place by the use of a liquid vehicle like alcohol or water, by shaking in a definite method. Vehicle used – Alcohol – Class I – IV Distilled water – Class V Dispensing alcohol – Class VI

41. SUCCUSSION - DEFINITION ACCORDING TO DR. MANDAL (A TEXTBOOK OF HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACY) It is a process of potentisation of medicinal substances which are soluble in liquid vehicle (particularly in alcohol) by downward friction.

42. SUCCUSSION - MECHANICS DECIMAL SCALE PRINCIPLE – I part drug substance/previous potency + 9 parts of alcohol/distilled water + 10 downward strokes of uniform strength. CENTESIMAL SCALE PRINCIPLE – 1 part drug substance/previous potency + 99 parts of alcohol/distilled water + 10 downward strokes of uniform strength.

43. POTENCY

44. POTENCY TERMINOLOGY – It is derived from word POTENCIA which means power in the sense of ability, capacity. DEFINITION (ACCORDING TO DR. MANDAL AND DR. GOEL) – Potency denotes power which is derived by the grades of medicinal power as developed by process of dynamisation are called Homoeopathic Potencies in different grades. POTENCY = Dilution + Energy.

45. POTENCY - REPRESTATION DECIMAL SCALE Denoted by ‘X’ or ‘D’ suffixed to the numerical i.e. 1X or 1D. EXAMPLE – Cinchona 6X – It means it is potentised 6 times in decimal scale. CENTESIMAL SCALE Denoted by ‘C’ or ‘CH’ suffixed to the numerical i.e. 1C or 1CH. EXAMPLE – Cinchona 6C – It means it is potentised 6 times in centesimal scale.

46. HIGH FLUXION POTENCY Liquid attenuations by hand process can be made up to 1M. But for making higher potencies like 10M, 50M, CM, MM etc, requires much alcohol, labour and time. To combat this problem many homoeopaths have invented machines. Such higher potencies which are prepared with the help of machines are known as HIGH FLUXION POTENCY.

47. STRAIGHT POTENCY AS PER BURT OF LONDON – 7X liquid potency can be prepared from its previous 6X trituration. METHOD – 1 part 6X trituration + 9 parts of purified water + 10 downward strokes = 7X liquid potency.

48. Q POTENCY Q potency is the term used to designate 50M potency.

49. BACK POTENCY DEFINITON – Two or three potencies prior to the frequently used potencies are called Back Potency. EXAMPLE – For 30C potency, back potencies are – 29C, 28C, 27C. UTILITY – It has great advantage for the manufacturer to prepare large quantities of medicines.

50. MODERN POTENTISATION TECHNIQUE

51. MODERN POTENTISATION TECHNIQUE Dr. Gross, Dr. Schreter, General Korsakoff of Russia were the real founders of theory of high potency which later on found an industrious and zealous protagonist in Stapf.

52. GENERAL KORSAKOFF OF RUSSIA He developed a notion that one single medicated globule when placed among many non-medicated globules communicate its medicinal power to the non-medicated globules. He claimed that all these globules are been medically activated and that there medicinal strength was almost equal to that of original globule.

53. JENICHEN OF WISMAR Caspar Juilus Jenichen advocated that the degree of strength developed through potentisation was directly proportional to number of strokes given. He suggested that every 10 strokes given would increase the dynamic strength of medicine by one degree.

54. CARROLL DUNHAM By means of strong oaken receptacles, bolted firmly to the stampers, 120 vials were succussed at a time with 125 succussion given at a time. The Dunham potencies were given to Smith’s Pharmacy in New York City, several doctors inherited potencies marked as 200D.

55. BERNHARDT FINCKE His original potencies were made by hand in Korsakovian manner. He was granted a patent for a new potentizing process that of FLUXION. The important concept in this method is that the walls of glass vial have absorbed the medicinal substances. Potentisation is not achieved by dilution but rather attenuation. Two variants of Fincke Apparatus – First uses a measured amount of diluents. Connects the regulator directly to a tap and measures amount of water that has emptied the vial.

56. BERNHARDT FINCKE FLUXION PROCESS – A one dram vial filled with a hand made 30C potency is subjected to continuous water flow, using a log glass tube called REGULATOR, the water flows from the bottom of the vial, displacing water above it. When one dram of water has flowed through the vial the potency was considered to have raised by one degree .

57. THOMAS SKINNER Skinner’s potencies were prepared by a process of discontinuous fluxion in contrast to the continuous fluxion of Swan and Fincke. In 1878, Skinner developed ‘SKINNER FLUSION CENTESIMAL ATTENUATOR.’ This device was designed to mount above a small sink in office or home. The motive power was water pressure. The potencies were labeled as ‘F.C.’ i.e. FLUXION CENTESIMAL to differentiate from Hahnemann’s Centesimal.

58. THOMAS SKINNER

59. SAMUEL SWAN He used fractional part of potencies and attenuated from them. He suggested that if 1 drop of mother tincture were used to make 1M potency, then 1/10 th of a drop of 1M would be used to make 10M. This method had more to do with the dilution of final potency, rather than the serial dilution of each potency along the way.

60. MULTIPLE/SINGLE VIAL POTENCIES METHOD OF POTENTISATION ACCORDING TO GERMAN HOMOEOPATHIC PHARMACOPOEIA – Requires a new vial for every stage of potentisation which is original method of Dr. Hahnemann. It is known as HAHNEMANN’s MULTIPLE VIAL METHOD.

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