How to Write Scientific Research Article? A General Guide

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How To Write a Scientific Paper –
A General Guide
ITRDC Center- University of Kufa
NabeelSalihAli
MSc. In Computer Science (Internetworking Technology)
Member at ITRDC Center, University of Kufa.
Lecturer at ECE, Faculty of Engineering, University of Kufa.

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Outlines
Introduction (Overview)
Author, Reader , & Audience perspectives?
Paper Common Types & Structure
Title, Author Listing, & Keywords
1
2
3 4
Introduction, Methodology (Materials & Methods)5

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Outlines
Results (Results & Discussion Strategy)
Discussion / Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
6
7
8 9
Supporting Information (Appendix)10

LOGO Introduction
Taskofwritingaresearchpapercouldbeahecticeffort.
Evenwithgroundbreaking, innovativeandoriginal
research,thepresentationanddocumentedformof
researchpaperisveryimportant.
Evenwithgroundbreakingresearch,unlessthepaperis
correctlywritten:atbest,thepublicationwillbe:
Delaythepublicationprocess,&atworse,never
published.
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LOGO Introduction
Sowritingofscientificpaperisanartcomeswith:
Experience
Scientificlearning.
Hence,ThePresentationwillprovideanoverviewof
‘Howtowriteawell-structuredresearchpaperfor
publication’ .
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LOGO Why do we (have to) publish?
Participatinginscientificcommunication
Creatinganddemonstratingnewknowledge
Providingnewmaterialforscientificdiscussion
Participateinacademicprogress
Documentationofscientificprocessesandtheirresults
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LOGO Background: Author’s Perspective
Motivationtopublish
–Dissemination(54% 1st choice)
–Career Prospects (20% 1st choice)
–Improved Funding (13% 1st choice)
–Ego(9% 1st choice)
–Patent Protection (4% 1st choice)
–Other(5% 1st choice)
Bryan Coles (ed.) The STM Information System in the UK, BL
Report 6123, Royal Society, BL, ALPSP, 1993
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LOGO Background: Author’sPerspective
Motivationtopublish
–Papers as indicatorsfor success in scientific evaluation
–Papers as background information for funding in
research institutions
–Papers as criteriafor project support in funding
agencies
–Cumulative PhD theses need 3-4-5 papers in peer-
reviewed journals
–Papers as media for cooperation
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LOGO How To Start?
Considerthefollowingfactors:
–YourresearchCommunity
–Paperscitedinyourmanuscript
–JournalScopeStatements
–Costofpublication:
SubmissionFees/authorfees(openaccessmodel).
Pagecharges
Reprintcost
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LOGO How To Start?
Considerthefollowingfactors:
–Publicationtime
–Journalimpactfactor
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LOGO Whentochoose?
–Asearlyaspossible
–Beforeyoustarttowriteyourmanuscript:
Formatissues
Styleissues
FiguresandTablesLimitations
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LOGO AuthorPublishingPriorities
–Qualityandspeed
–Topitemswere
Refereeingspeed
Refereeingstandard
Journalreputation
–Editor/board,physicalqualityandpublicationservices
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LOGO Author Vs. Reader Behavior
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•Authorbehaviour
–Want to publish more
–Peerreviewessential
–Other journal functions
crucial
–Widerdissemination
•Readerbehaviour
–Want integratedsystem
–Browsing is crucial
–Qualityinformation
important
–Want to read less

LOGO The reader’s perspective
•Authoritativehighqualityarticles
•Easeofaccess
•Rapiddelivery
•Convenientformat
•Linkingofinformation
•Lowornocost
•Up-to-dateinformation
•Comprehensible,easytoread
•Shortandcompactinformation
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LOGO Differences: Authors and Readers
–Authorsarejournalfocused
–Readersarearticlefocused
–Publishmore/readlessdichotomy
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LOGO Audience:
Papersarewrittento:
–Editors:generalists,interestedingoodstorieswithhigh
scientificimpactfittingtheirjournal'stopics,scan
papersquickly
–Reviewers:experts,butnotnecessarilyinyourabsolute
specialty;voluntary;shortoftime
–Readers:specialtydependingonthejournal,generally
notexpertsinyourspecificfield
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LOGO Audience:
Alwaysremember:
–Thosepeopledecidingontheacceptanceofyourpaper
(Editors,Reviewers)aregenerallyverybusyandhave
toreadalotofpapersinlittletime!
–Therefore,keepthingswellorganizedandeasyto
understand(KISSrule:KeepitShortandSimple)
–Theywilllikeyourpapermuchbetteriftheycan
understanditquickly!
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LOGO Key Elements of Publishing
–EthicalIssues
–Styleandlanguage
–Structureofpaper
–Componentsofpaper
–Articlesubmission/ journalselection
–Publisher’sprocess/peerreview
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LOGO Ethical Issues
–DisclosureofConflictofInterest
–Acknowledgmentoffundingsources
–Imagemanipulationguidelines
–Onlinesubmission-supplementalinformation
(datasets,videos)
–ForHealthSciences
•SubmissionofaClinicalTrialstoaCentral
•Registry
•InstitutionalReviewBoardapproval
•See:BlackwellScience-BestPracticeGuidelineson
PublishingEthics
•http://www.blackwellpublishing. com/Publicationethics/
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LOGO Style and Language
–Refertothejournal’sauthorguidefornotesonstyle
(seePublishingSkillsWeb-Bibliographyforexamples)
•Someauthorswritetheirpaperwithaspecificjournalinmind
•Otherswritethepaperandthenadaptittofitthestyleofa
journaltheysubsequentlychoose
–Objectiveistoreportyourfindingsandconclusions
clearlyandconciselyaspossible
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LOGO Style and Language
–IfEnglishisnotyourfirstlanguage,findanativeEnglish
speaker(ifpossible)toreviewthecontentandlanguage
ofthepaperbeforesubmittingit
–Regardlessofprimarylanguage,findacolleague/
editortoreviewthecontentandlanguageofthepaper
See:UniformRequirementsforManuscriptsSubmittedto
BiomedicalJournals:WritingandEditingforBiomedical
Publicationhttp://www.icmje.org/
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LOGO Types of papers
–Researchpapers
–Reviewpapers(state-of-the-art)
–Casestudypapers(shortnote)
–Discussionpapers(e.g.ideasorviewpoints)
–Shortnotepapers/shortcommunication
–Bookreviews
–Letterstotheeditor
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LOGO Getting prepared
–Identificationofthefocaltopic
–Definitionofarticletype
–Appointmentoftheauthors
–Developyourpublicationplan
–Definetheobjectives(dothisveryclearly)
–Askthreequestionswhichthepapershouldanswer
–Definetheworkingtitle
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LOGO Structure of a paper
Scientificwritingfollowsarigidstructure–aformat
developedoverhundredsofyearsconsequently,apaper
canbereadatseverallevels:
–Somepeoplejustwillrefertothetitle
–Othersmayreadonlythetitleandabstract
–Otherswillreadthepaperforadeeperunderstanding
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LOGO Structure of a paper
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TheCommon Structurefor
TheResearch(Scientific)
ArticleorPaperthathasbeen
ConductedtoDisplaythe
ResultsoftheResearch.

LOGO Structure of a paper
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LOGOStructure of a paper
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LOGOComponents of a Paper
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LOGO Authors Listing
–ONLY include those who have madean intellectual
contributionto the research.
–OR those who will publiclydefendthe dataand
conclusions, and who have approvedthe final version
order of the names of the authors can vary from discipline
to discipline
•In some fields, the correspondingauthor’sname appears first
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LOGO Authorship: order
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FirstAuthor Co-Authors
Corresponding
Author

LOGO Co-Authors
Student(s) /Researcher(s)
Supervisor(s)
Collaborator(s)
–Allbyagreement
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LOGO Title Types?
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Type Brief Description
Declarative
include what papers say (their main
conclusions), not just what they cover
Descriptive
only describes the subject of the paper and does
notreveal the main outcome or conclusion
Question
indicate the subject of the paper in the form of a
questionthat appeal to the curiosity of readers

LOGO How to prepare the title ?
–CaptureAttention!
–Avoid“question” (?)titles
–Selecttherightkeywords.
–Limitthenumberofwords(~13words).
–Nofullstop.
–Avoid“Novel”
–BeSpecific!.
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LOGO Title
–Describesthepaper’scontentclearlyandprecisely
includingkeywords
–Istheadvertisementforthearticle?
–Donotuseabbreviationsandjargon
–Searchengines/indexingdatabasesdependonthe
accuracyofthetitle-sincetheyusethekeywordsto
identifyrelevantarticles
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LOGO Title
Titleshouldbe…..
–Short
–Informative
–Explainingthesubjectofthestudy
–Maycontainpapertype(e.g.review)
–Shouldbeunderstandableinisolation
–Shouldbespecific(nottoogeneral)
–Shouldnotincludeabbreviations
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LOGO Title
AvoidAbbreviations…
Abbreviationsconfusedreaderiftheyarenotexpertsin
thesubjectofyourmanuscript.
Examples:
DOE:DepartmentofEnvironment
DOE:DepartmentofEnergy
DOE:----- DesignofExperiment
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LOGO Title
Avoidunnecessarywaste” words…..
–"A studyof ...“
–"Investigationsof ...“
–"Observationson ...“
–“Novel…..”
–“New…. ”
–“Researchon….”
–“ A comprehensiveexperimental investigations on”…
–“A studieson……”
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LOGO Title
Examples
Anapproachtoconstructtheweatheringprofileina
hillygraniticterrainbasedonelectricalimaging.
Combiningremotesensing- simulationmodelingand
geneticalgorithmoptimizationtoexplorewater
managementoptionsinirrigatedagriculture.
.
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LOGO Title
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Title Revised Title
Women's involvement in
small- scale aquaculture in
Northeast Thailand.
62 Characters
Women’ s involvement in
small- scale aquaculture.
42 Characters
Evidence and a
Computational Explanation of
Cultural Differences in Facial
Expression Recognition.
86 Characters
Cultural Differences in Facial
Expression.
37 Characters

LOGO Abstract Kinds
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Descriptive Informative Critical
Short -usually less than 100
words.
–Includes:
• purpose of the work
(objectives)
• method used
• scope of the work
–Doesn’ t include:
• results, conclusions and
recommendations
Reader will probably have to
read the document to
see if it is relevant.
Fairly short -from 200 words
to a page or more.
–Includes:
• purpose of the work
(objectives)
• method used
• scope of the work
• results
• conclusions and
recommendations
Communicates the content of
the document, so the
reader mayn’ t need to read
the document.
Similar to a
review –but
shorter

LOGO Abstract
–Brieflysummarize(often150words)-theproblem,
objective,themethod, theresults,andtheconclusions
sothat
•Thereadercandecidewhetherornottoreadthewholearticle
–Together,thetitleandtheabstractshouldstandontheir
own
–Manyauthorswritetheabstractlastsothatitaccurately
reflectsthecontentofthepaper
See: TheStructuredAbstract:AnEssentialToolforResearch
http://research.mlanet.org/structured_abstract.html
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LOGO Abstract
WhattheabstractShouldSay?
StandsonitsownwithoutneedtoreadMS
Followtheorderofthemaintext(IMRAD)
Containsthesamekeywords&termsasthetitle,the
introduction.
Followthecorrectstyleandformat.
Stayswithintheallowedwordcount(150word).
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LOGO Four-part Abstract Model:
–PROBLEMSTATEMENT:Givetheprimaryresearch
question,objective,and/ormotivation.
–Methodology:Provideabasicindicationofhowthe
dataweregathered.
–MAINFINDINGS: Showonlythoseresultswhich
relatedirectlytotheresearchobjectivesand
conclusions.
–CONCLUSION:Choose themostimportant
implication,application,orsuggestionrelatedtothe
problemstatementandmainfindings.
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LOGO How to Write The Abstract ?
Objectives Objectives Objectives Objectives Objectives
Objectives ObjectivesObjectivesObjectivesObjectives
MethodologyMethodologyMethodologyMethodology
MethodologyMethodologyMethodologyMethodology
MethodologyMethodologyMethodologyMethodology
ResultsResultsResultsResultsResultsResultsResults
ResultsResultsResultsResultsResultsResultsResults
ResultsResultsResultsResultsResultsResultsResults
ResultsResultsResultsResultsResultsResultsResults
ResultsResultsResultsResultsResultsResultsResults
ResultsResultsResultsResultsResultsResults
Conclusion Conclusion Conclusion Conclusion
Conclusion Conclusion Conclusion Conclusion
Conclusion
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15%
20%
50%
15%

LOGO Abstract
WhattheabstractFeatures?
–DoesnotcontaininformationabsentinMS.
–Limittheuseofabbreviations.
–Desnotincludereferences.
–Shouldbeasingleparagraph.
–Beconcise,precisetothepoint”,andefficientinusing
thewords!.
–Writeitaftercompletingthemaintext.
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LOGO Qualities of a good informative abstract
•Concise
–Usually less than 250 words
•Structured
–The abstract has an introduction- body-conclusion structure.
•In engineering, this is sometimes seen as a situation-
problem-solution- evaluation paradigm.
•Reports the paper’s structure
–Reports the purpose/objectives, method, findings,
conclusions of the paper.
•Connected
––Provides logical connections between the parts of the
abstract.
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LOGO Qualities of a good informative abstract
•Adds nothing new
–Summarizes the paper -doesn’t add any new material or
analysis.
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LOGO Don’t
•There are a number of very common errors
made in writing descriptiveand informative
abstracts:
•Repeat the title
–Don’t repeat the title of the paper as it is already in the title
(and the more you repeat the title, the more boring it gets and
the more space it wastes).
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LOGO Don’t
Don’t …
•refer to things outside the abstract
–The title and abstract should function as a self- contained
unit -egthey might be used in an indexing and
abstracting service like Compendexor Science Citation
Index.
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LOGO Don’t
Don’t …
•Use obscureabbreviationsand acronyms
–You may define abbreviations and acronymsin your text
but the reader will have to read your paper to find out
what your abstract is about.
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LOGO Abstract Examples:
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LOGO Keywords
Keywordsenablethemanuscripttobe
moreidentifiedandcited
Considerthenumberofkeywordsallowed.
KeywordsarestoredinaSearchindex
Normally4-6keywords.
Avoidwordswithabroadmeaning.
Somejournalsgivealisttochoosefrom.
Theyarethelabelsofyourmanuscript
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LOGO Keywords Examples:
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They are the labels of your manuscript.

LOGO Introduction
Clearlystatethe:
Problembeinginvestigated
Backgroundthatexplainstheproblem
Reasonsforconductingtheresearch
Summarizerelevantresearchtoprovidecontext
Statehowyourworkdiffersfrompublishedwork
Identifythequestionsyouareanswering
Explainwhatotherfindings,ifany,youarechallenging
orextending
Brieflydescribetheexperiment,hypothesis(es),
researchquestion(s);generalexperimentaldesignor
method.
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LOGO Introduction
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Background(Known
Info)
------------------------
Knowledge Gap
(unknown Info)
_________________
Research
Objectives

LOGO Introduction
Thingstoavoid:
Lengthyintroduction
Makeanypromises
Mixingtheintroductionwithresults,discussion,and
conclusionsection.
“novel”,“firsttime”,“firstever”,“neverreported” ,….
Citedoutdatereferences.
Citingmanyreferencesforoneauthor.
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LOGO Introduction Structure
1.Introductory Paragraph
•Start with an attention- getting broad statement that
establishes a general topic for the article.
•Narrow the topic in successive sentences that outline
the state of the art and introduce a gapin knowledge.
•End the introductory paragraph with a general
statementof the problem and optional supporting
/specifying statements.
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LOGO Introduction Structure
2. Middle paragraphs
•Usually the literaturereview,
•The literature review identifies the seminal historical
contributions, outlines the state of knowledge, and
justifiesthe novelty of the article ’s contribution.
•Start with a broad background/contextualview then
narrowit down to your fieldof study.
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LOGO Introduction Structure
3. Last Paragraph
•End the introduction by outlining for the reader the
specific contributionof the article and
•Tell the reader the overall organization of the article
and what he will find in the following sections.
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LOGO Introduction Structure
Introduction –concisely convince readers you
know why your work is useful.
Answer these questions:
What is the problem?
Are there any existing solutions?
What are the best solutions?
What are the main limitations?
What do you hope to achieve?
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LOGO Introduction Structure
Introduction should include information
about:.
The background
The motivation
The state-of-the-art
The respective gapsin knowledge
Definitions(if necessary)
Objectivesand questions
Structureof the paper
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LOGO Introduction Examples
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LOGO Methods
Provide the reader enough details so they can
understand and replicate your research
Explain how you studied the problem, identifythe
proceduresyou followed, and order these
chronologically where possible
Explain new methodology in detail; otherwise name
the method and cite the previously published work
Include the frequencyof observations, what typesof
datawere recorded, etc.
Be precisein describing measurementsand include
errorsof measurementor researchdesign limits
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LOGO Methods & Methods
Include the exacttechnical specification& quantities&
sourceor methodof preparation.
Possible to listthe physicalpropertiesof the reagent
used
Procedure: new , novel adapted [ ref]
Samplingmethod
Survey
Software
Modeling/ Calculation
Repeatability of experiments
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LOGO Methods & Methods
Divide this section into Materials & Methods,
Characterization, Measurementsand Dataanalysis.
Writing the methodology lies at the core of the paper ,
and fulfills one of the basic principles underlying the
scientific method.
Needs an accurate description of the equipment and
techniquesused to gather data.
Allows readersto evaluatethe resultsand judgethe
validity of your conclusions .
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LOGO Methods & Methods
•There are variations according to the type of
research, the methodology can be divided into a few
sections:
• Materialsand equipmentdescription.
• Experiment setup.
• Input variables.
• Sampling, measurementsand datacollections.
• Calculationsthat were performed on the data.
• Statisticalor analyticalor modelingtechniquesused.
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LOGO Methods & Methods
COMMON METHODOLOGY TECHNIQUES:
•Experimental.
•Analytical.
•Modelling.
•Common AnalyticalApproaches.
•Theory; machiningtheory.
•StatisticalModelling.
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LOGO Methods & Methods
COMMON METHODOLOGY TECHNIQUES:
•Design of Experiment.
–Responsesurfacemethodology.
–Taguchitechniques for DoE.
•Artificial intelligence approach.
–Artificial neuralnetworks (ANN).
–Neuro- fuzzy systems.
•Modelling and analysis.
–FiniteElement Methods.
–FiniteDifference.
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LOGO Methods & Methods
•Use flowchartsif possible.
•Do not describe previouslypublished proceduresbut use
references and supplementarymaterialsto indicate
these.
•Do not include resultsin methods.
•This section is the most thoroughlyinspectionsection by
reviewers.
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LOGO METHODS EXAMPLES
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LOGO Results
Objectively presentyour findings, and explainwhat was found
Show that your new results are contributing to the body of
scientific knowledge
Follow a logical sequence based on the tablesand figures
presenting the findings to answerthe questionor hypothesis
Figuresshould have a brief description (a legend), providing
the reader sufficient information to know how the datawere
produced.
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LOGO Results
Don’t repeat; e.g., use tablesor graphs, not both. If data is in
a table, don’ t repeat it in the text.
Use the textto direct the reader to these, and to link to the
discussion section, e.g., highlighting correlations and key
findings.
Negativeresults, and how you handle them, often lead to an
interesting discussionsection.
Use an appendixfor larger amounts of raw data and/or
calculations.
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LOGO Results
Make sure that all figuresand tables, enumerated, have title
and referredto on the text.
Principle: Resultsshould be clear, convincing, and generaland
should be freefrom interpretations or opinions.
Tablesare preferred when it is useful for understanding of the
resultsto provide a large dataset. Other figures, such as charts
or photographs, can also be included if they are necessary or
helpful for clarityof the discussion .
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LOGO Results& Discussion Strategy
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Present
Text
Tables
Describe
Discuss
Why?
Compare

LOGO Results& Discussion Strategy
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Chemical
Engineering
Civil Engineering
Electrical & Electronic Eng.
Mechanical Eng.
Environment Eng.
Pie Chart

LOGO Anatomy of a Figure
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Title
11
16
20
25
29
41
45
53
65
67
33
35
32
28
33
35
31
27
32
34
93
80
98
95 96
86 85 84
78
86
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Heart Pluse
No. of Patients
Heart Pulse and Temp
Age Temp Actual HP Y-Axis
X-Axis
Axis
Labels
Legend
Symbol
Results of HP and Temp for 10 Persons with Different (Age, Gender and Status).
Caption
Major Tick

LOGO Bar Graph
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Y-Axis
X-Axis
Axis Labels
Legend
Bar
Space
Zero -
Scale

LOGO Component of a Table
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Horizontal
Rules
Horizontal
Rules
Footnote
Table No.
Title
Body of
Table
Column
Headings
Standard
HP
Measured
HP
TempGenderAge*No
60-1009337Male11 years1
60-1008037Female16 years2
100-1509836Male20 years3
95-1629537Female25 years4
95-1629637Male29 years5
90-1538637Female41years6
90-1538537Female45years7
83-1408437Male53years8
78-1327837Female65 years9
78-1328737Female67years10
Table 1
Results of the Healthcare Monitoring System
Age range (18-64 Years)

LOGO Results Examples
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LOGO Discussion / Conclusion
Describe what your resultsmeanin context of what was
already known about the subject .
Indicate how the results relate to expectations and to the
literature previously cited.
Explain how the research has moved the body of scientific
knowledgeforward.
Do not extend your conclusionsbeyond what is directly
supported by your results -avoid undue speculation
Outlinethe next steps for furtherstudy
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LOGO Discussion / Conclusion
Principles, relationshipsand generalizationsthat can be
interpretedby the results
Reportabout unexpectedresults or problemsoccurring due
to the state-of-the-art
Criticalassessmentof the study designand methods,
limitationsin analysis or validity
Relationshipwith other resultsfrom the literature
Theoreticalimplicationsof the results
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LOGO Discussion / Conclusion
Buildon the links you left in the results section.
Positionyour findingsinto the context of previous research;
do they concur or contradict or add something new.
Reflecton the research design in the light of the outcomes:
What might you have done differently.
What modificationsand improvementswould you suggest to another
researcher.
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LOGO Discussion / Conclusion
Discussion –What the Results Mean
DO..
• Explainhow the resultsrelate to the study’s aimsand
hypotheses.
Mention howthe findingsrelate to those of other studies.
Give all possibleinterpretationsof yourfindings.
Acknowledge limitationsof the study.
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LOGO Discussion / Conclusion
Discussion –What the Results Mean
DO NOT…
Make “grand statements” that are not supported by the data.
Introduce new results or terms.
Ignore work that disagrees with yours –confront it and
convince the reader you are correct –this is KEY.
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LOGO Conclusion & Future Works
IMPORTANT: how the work advances the field? Do not
rewritethe abstract.
Principle: The summary and conclusions section tells the
reader what has already been read and draws the important
conclusions, keep it short and make it as specificas possible.
Answerthe research questionhere.
Provide a short synopsis of the resultsand discussion,
summing up the paper
.
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LOGO Conclusion Examples
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LOGO Acknowledgements
Optionalsection
Keep it short
Acknowledge significant support (technicaland financial
support, data, information, reviewers,..)
If you acknowledge persons, write what for
Do not use titles
Often: standard text necessary to acknowledge funding
agencies
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LOGO ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS EXAMPLES
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LOGO References
Whenever you draw upon previously published work, you
must acknowledge the source
Any information not from your experiment and not ‘common
knowledge’ should be recognizedby a citation
How referencesare presented varies considerably -refer to
notes for authors for the specific journal
Avoid referencesthat are difficult to find
Avoid listing related references that were not important to the
study
www.uokufa.edu.iq

LOGO References
Reviewersand experiencedresearchersoften lookat the
references first to see if the right ones are there.
Followthe styleof the journal to which you are submitting
and be consistent.
Ensure every referenceis citedin the text.
Ensure every citationin the text is referenced.
Guideto Citation Style Guides
http://bailiwick.lib.uiowa.edu/journalism/cite.html.
www.uokufa.edu.iq

LOGO References
Avoidexcessive self-citations.
Avoidexcessive citationsof publications from the same
region.
The styles vary for different journals. (Use ENDNOTE,
RefWorks, Mendeley).
www.uokufa.edu.iq

LOGO References
Good reference lists support credibility, validity,
communication
All references should have been readby you!
Only list references which are used in the paper! Check this
in the end!
Avoid grey literature (no quality control)
www.uokufa.edu.iq

LOGO References Examples
www.uokufa.edu.iq

LOGO SUPPORTING INFORMATION
www.uokufa.edu.iq
Appendix
Additionalinformation
Data
Tables
Model codes
questionnaires
Optional
Often only available on-line.

LOGO APPENDICES EXAMPLES
www.uokufa.edu.iq

LOGO
www.uokufa.edu.iq
ITRDC Center- University of Kufa

How to Write Scientific Research Article? A General Guide

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