Humanisation Antibody Therapy By Ilias Ahmed.pptx

Humanisation antibody therapy represents a significant leap in biotechnology that aims to improve the safety and efficacy of monoclonal antibodies. By modifying antibodies derived from animals to more closely resemble human antibodies, this technique enhances their compatibility with the human immune system. This advance has important implications for the treatment of various diseases, including cancer and autoimmune disorders.

1. Presented By Ilias Ahmed M.Pharm 1st sem Topic: Humanisation Antibody Therapy

2. CONTENTS 1. Introduction 3.Humanisation Techniques 2. Structure of Antibodies 4.Benefits of Humanised Antibodies 5.Clinical Applications of Humanised Antibodies 6.Challenges in Humanisation Antibody Therapy 7.Future Perspectives in Antibody Therapy 7.Conclusion

3. Humanisation Antibody Therapy Humanisation antibody therapy represents a significant leap in biotechnology that aims to improve the safety and efficacy of monoclonal antibodies. By modifying antibodies derived from animals to more closely resemble human antibodies, this technique enhances their compatibility with the human immune system. This advance has important implications for the treatment of various diseases, including cancer and autoimmune disorders.

4. Introduction to Antibody Therapy What are Antibodies? Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system to identify and neutralize pathogens. They have variable regions for specificity. Monoclonal Antibodies Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are engineered to target specific antigens, crucial in treating diseases like cancer. The Need for Humanisation Humanisation reduces the immunogenicity of mouse-derived mAbs, enhancing efficacy and safety.

5. Structure of Antibodies Each light chain consists of one variable domain (V) and one constant domain (C 1 ). The heavy chains consist of a variable domain (V H ) and three constant domains (CH 1 , CH 2 , and CH 3 ). Each heavy chain has about twice the number of amino acids and molecular weight (50,000) as each light chain (25,000), resulting in a total immunoglobulin monomer molecular weight of approximately 150,000. Structurally, an antibody is partitioned into two antigen-binding fragments (Fab) containing one V L , V H , C L , and CH 1 domain each, and the crystallizable fragment (Fc), forming the trunk of the Y shape. In between them is a hinge region of the heavy chains, whose flexibility allows antibodies to bind to pairs of epitopes in antigens at various distances, forming complexes (dimers, trimers, etc.) and binding effector molecules more easily.

6. Humanisation Techniques The CDR Grafting Method Transfers CDRs from mouse to human antibody, preserving specificity. 1 2 3 Human IgG Frameworks Utilizes human IgG framework with mouse CDRs for enhanced effectiveness in human systems. Phage Display Technology Generates humanized antibodies by displaying fragments on bacteriophages for screening.

7. Benefits of Humanised Antibodies Humanised antibodies provide significant advantages in therapeutic treatments by reducing immunogenicity, enhancing efficacy and permitting broader applications. These properties make them vital in improving patient care and addressing diverse medical conditions. Reduced Immunogenicity Humanised antibodies are less likely to provoke an immune response, aiding in sustained therapeutic effectiveness over time. Enhanced Efficacy These therapies engage the immune system more effectively, improving treatment outcomes in conditions like cancer. Broader Applications Designed for various therapeutic uses, including oncology, autoimmune and infectious diseases.

8. Clinical Applications of Humanised Antibodies 1 Oncology Treatments Humanised antibodies, like Rituximab, target specific tumor-associated antigens to inhibit tumor growth and enhance immune response. Autoimmune Diseases Adalimumab targets TNF-α, modulating immune responses and providing significant relief for patients. 2 Infectious Diseases Monoclonal antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 have shown efficacy in treating COVID-19 and reducing severe cases. 3

9. Challenges in Humanisation Antibody Therapy Cost of Development Humanisation is resource-intensive, limiting access in lower-income settings. Therapeutic Resistance Some therapies face resistance as tumors or pathogens evolve, necessitating ongoing research. 1 2 Safety and Efficacy Monitoring Long-term effects must be monitored post-approval to ensure patient safety. 3

10. Future Perspectives in Antibody Therapy Advancements in Engineering Focus on improving antibody formats such as bispecific antibodies targeting multiple antigens. Combination Therapies Integrating humanised antibody therapies with other treatments to enhance efficacy. Global Accessibility Efforts to make antibody therapies accessible in developing countries via affordable production.

11. Conclusion Humanisation antibody therapy represents a significant milestone in therapeutic technology, providing effective and safer treatments for a variety of diseases. The ongoing research, coupled with advancements in engineering and approaches to combination therapies, illustrates the future potential of these therapies. As the field of antibody therapy continues to evolve, it promises to bring forth solutions that enhance patient care and treatment efficacy on a global scale. Significant Milestone Humanisation antibody therapy marks an important step in therapeutic development. Effective Treatments These therapies provide safer and more effective treatments for a range of diseases. Future Potential Ongoing research and engineering advancements suggest a promising future for antibody therapies.

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