Hybrid seed prodroduction~Maize.pptx

seed production technology in maize
anand agriculture university

1. 1

2. HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY ~ MAIZE

3. Submitting To_ Dr.J.I.Nanavati Sir 3 Assistant Professor S .M.C.P.A, AAU ,Anand Demonstrating by _ Raj Anirudrasinh H. Patat Mayank P. Dabhi Meet K. Solanki Devang M. Patel Jay S. Reg.no-4011120028-R.no:24 Reg.no-4011120020-R.no:17 Reg.no-4011120006-R.no:04 Reg.no-4011120035-R.no:28 Reg.no-4011120022-R.no:19 :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Date of submission :- 03-05-2023.

4. CONTENTS 4 Detasseling Types of hybrids Source of CMS in HSP of maize Soil Requirement Season of sowing Seed parameters Seed planting ratio Staggered plantation Agronomical cultural practices Isolation distance Field standards Field inspection Harvesting Post-harvest management Seed certification Xenia & Metaxenia Hybrid Varieties Seed standard Research station :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Introduction Evolution Economic Importance Classification Morphological features Life cycle Advantage of Hybrid maize Prerequisites for Hybrid seed production in maize Characteristics of good parents Source of seed Registration of plot

5. MAIZE : Botanical Name - Zea Mays L. Family - Poaceae Chromosome no. - 2n=20 Centre or origin - Central America ( Mexico) Mode of pollination - Cross Pollination Out Crossing % - 95% Introduction 5 Queen Of Cereals

6. It has two close relatives : Gama grass Tripsacum ; (2n =36;72) & 2. Teosinte ; (2n =20) Teosinte is the closest relative of maize and crosses readily with it. Wild Progenitors 6

7. 7 Morphological characters Of Teosinte & Maize :: Teosinte Maize

8. Economic Importance Starch - 72% Proteins - 10% Oil - 4.8% Fibre - 8.5% Sugar - 3.0% Ash – 1.7% Cooking Soap making companies In pharmaceutical industries as diluents Cosmetics To make alcohol Stem used for paper manufacturing Green fodder for animals 85% as Human feed (Maize flour, popcorn, etc.) 8 Nutritional composition Oil Starch Seeds For edible use Maize is the 3 rd most important cerea l crop in India after rice and wheat. Gujarat accounts for 80% production in total of 9% of country’s production.

9. a) Dent corn ( Zea mays var identata sturt ):- - most common type grown in USA. - Dent formation on the top of the kernel having yellow or white colour . b) Flint corn  ( Zea mays var indurate sturt ):- - Widely grown and cultivated in India. - K ernel is rounded on the top with multitude of colours . c)   Popcorn  ( Zea mays var verta sturt ):- - Size of kernels is small but the endosperm is hard. - When they are heated, the pressure build up within the kernel suddenly results in an explosion and the grain is turn out. Grains are used for human consumption Classification of Maize Types 9

10. d) Flour corn  ( Zea mays var anylacea sturt ):- - Soft endosperm. - Kernels are soft and though all coloured corns are grown but white & blue are the most common. e) Sweet corn   ( Zea mays var Saceharata sturt ) :- - S ugar and starch makes the major component of the endosperm t hat results in sweetish taste. - Cobs are picked up green for canning and table purpose . f) Pod corn   ( Zea mays var tunicate kulesh ) :- - Each kernel is enclosed in pod . g) Waxy corn   ( Zea mays var ceratina Kulesh ):- - E ndosperm of the kernel when cut or broken gives a waxy appearance . - Amylopectin present instead of amylose. 10

11. Morphological Features 11 Maize is a C 4 Annual Plant :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Maize is monoecious plant . Male inflorescence called tassel . Female inflorescence known as silk . Generally protandrous (Tassels mature before silk) Each floret contains three anthers and each plant produces about 3-5 million pollen grains .

12. Wind borne nature of pollen and protandry leads to leads to cross pollination but , there may also be reported 5% self pollination. Anthesis : Pollen shedding begins 1-3 days before silk emerge from the cob. Fertilization : Within 12-18 hours after silk emergence. Pollen viability Silk receptive : 8-10 days . Tassel anthesis: 6.00 am to 8.00 am <— Pollination occurs.. Duration of Flowering : 2-14 days . 12 Male flowers releasing pollen & pollination will occur through wind

13. Tassel : 13 Husk : : Cob : Silk Maize seed :

14. 14 -6 -2 0 10 40-42 55-56 Days Life Cycle

15. 15 65-100 Days

16. Hybrid 16 Hybrids are the first-generation crosses between genetically unrelated or dissimilar parents which may be purelines , inbreds, varieties or population. Crossing Male parent Fem ale parent F1 Hybrid

17. Highly acceptable – farmers > Higher yield . C4 plant – better adaptation – climate change. Tolerant – biotic and abiotic stress ; water stress (due to better root system). Decrease need of irrigation water. Germination – Quick and High in percentage. Faster growth. Advantages of Hybrid Maize 17

18. Parents : Good compatible, uniform and productive. Site of selection : - Fertile and Quality land. - Assured Irrigation facilities. - Avoid site where preceding crop was maize. Proper isolation distance. Knowledge of recommended package of practices. Technically experienced manpower. Stress free climatic condition. Prerequisites for hybrid seed production in Maize 18

19. Characteristics of good seed parent 19 Female parent Male parent Productive Strong Low cob placement Shorter anthesis Nutrient responsive Erect leaves Resistant/tolerant to biotic and abiotic stress Strong root system Lax tassel, long main branch with few secondary branches Long duration of pollen shedding Taller than female parent Attractive grain color Strong resistant to lodging with better root system High yield potential Resistant/tolerant to biotic and abiotic stresses

20. (Used as parents seed) P roper class of seed need to be obtained from approved source according to stages of seed multiplication. In case of foundation seed, breeder seed with yellow coloured tag is to be used for sowing while for certified seed production, foundation seed with white tag is to be used. Major source : State department of Agri. , National Seed Corporation, State Seed Corporation, Private sectors (under technical control of qualified Plant breeders). Genetic purity (Foundation seed) : 99.5 %. Source of seed 20

21. Parental seed 21

22. Application —> Prescribed form as “ Form A ” District Seed Certification Officer Also – Agreement bond on stamp paper of Rs.100/- duly notarised. Registration fee —> Certified stage (Hybrids) : Rs.160/- per acre seed plot area Registration of plot 22

23. Manual emasculation by DETASSELING . Removal of Male Inflorescence from the monoecious plant Time of Detasseling : Before the shedding of pollen (shedding of pollen takes 1-2 days after emergence) Crossing Technique 23 Detasseling is a Manual creation of male sterility

24. Method of Detasseling 24 Manually by Hand Manually by Machine Detasseling is a Manual creation of male sterility

25. 25 Detasseling is a Manual creation of male sterility Detasseling by Hand : Hold the stem from the boot leaf stage and pull it out in a single pull. Grasp entire tassel : to remove all pollen parts. Do not remove leaves : Reduce yield and quality of seeds

26. : Precautions to be adopted during Detasseling Detasseled field 26 No part should be left on the plant as it causes Contamination. Should be uniform in one direction. Should be done daily in morning . Do not break top leaves : 1 leaf course : 1.5% yield reduction. 2 leaf course : 5.9% yield reduction. 3 leaf course : 14 % yield reduction. After pulling out the tassel drop it there itself and bury in the soil . Do not practice, improper, immature, & incomplete detasseling.

27. Types of Hybrids 27 Conventional Hybrids Non-Conventional Hybrids Types of hybrid No of parents Single cross 2 Double cross 4 Three way cross 3 Types of hybrid No of parents Top cross 2 Double top cross 3 Varietal cross 2 varieties (V  × V)

28. Crosses between two unrelated inbred lines. Single-cross hybrids 28

29. Crosses between two certified single crosses. Double-cross hybrids 29 DOUBLE-CROSS HYBRID Single-cross Hybrid Single-cross Hybrid

30. Crosses between inbred as a male and a certified single cross hybrid. Three way-cross hybrids 30 THREE WAY – CROSS HYBRID Single-cross Hybrid (Female parent) Inbred line (Male parent)

31. Top cross hybrids 31 (Inbred line) A X B (OPV) TOP CROSS HYBRID Crosses between inbred line and certified open pollinated variety.

32. Crosses between certified single cross and a certified open pollinated variety. Double top cross hybrids 32 DOUBLE TOP CROSS HYBRID Single-cross Hybrid (Female parent) OPV (Male parent)

33. Sources of the Cytoplasmic Male Sterility in hybrid maize production 33 1. CMS-T ( Texas Cytoplasm ) : Suppresses the production of viable pollen grains. : First described in the line Golden June in Texas. 2. CMS-S : S-cytoplasm of maize was developed in USDA ( Jones ,1957). : Semi stable to male sterility. So, CMS-S gene is not much effective to adaptable for hybrid maize production. 3. CMS-C : One of the three major types of cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) in maize. : Highly adaptable for hybrid maize production because of more stable and resistance to disease.

34. Loamy sand to clay loam. Having good organic matter content. High water holding capacity. Neutral pH. -- are considered good for high productivity. Soil Requirements 34

35. Maize can be grown in all seasons - Kharif (monsoon), post monsoon, Rabi (winter) and spring. Optimum time : For kharif - Last week of June to first fortnight of July. [to avoid flowering during heavy rains] For Rabi - First week of November. [to avoid low temperature during flowering] Season of sowing 35

36. Depending on seed size of male and female seed : -Female : 7-10 kg/ha. -Male : 3-4 kg/ha. Seed Rate 36 Seed treatment (Pre-sowing) Disease/Pest Fungicide/Pesticide Rate of application (g/kg seed) Turcicum leaf blight, Maydis leaf blight Bavistin + Captan in 1:1 ratio 2.0 Seed borne pathogens Bavistin (Carbendazim) 2.0 Shootfly Chlorpyriphos Imidacloprid 4.0 ml 4.0 Seeds are treated with Azospirillum @50gm/kg of seed to fix atmospheric N .

37. Generallly , Raised bed planting (ridge and furrow) – best method of planting. - Hand sowing or by seed drill. Seed sowing method 37 Spacing Female : 60 cm 20 cm to 75 cm 30 cm depending on the area. Male : 45 cm 30 cm. - this spacing helps in easy movement in field for roguing , detasseling etc.

38. Actual ratio that is planted depends on a number of factors : - Pollen production of the male. - Height of the male tassel relative to the female silk. - Size of the female plant. Planting ratio for diff. types of hybrids : a) Single cross : 4:2 Other ratios : 1:2:1:2:1 b) Double cross : 6:2 1:3:1:3:1 M:F:M:F… c) 3 way cross : 6:2 1:4:1:4:1 Border rows : a. Inbreds & single cross - 4 rows b. others - 3 rows Seed Planting ratio 38

39. 39 Planting Ratio: 1 : 3 : 1 1 : 4 : 1: 4 :1

40. To bring MALE : FEMALE Synchrony . Normally both the parents flowered at same time but in some hybrids 7 days staggering is required for synchronization of flowering. It (synchrony) can also be attained by : - Irrigation along with fertilizer application. - Application of FYM in either male or female to induce earliness and vigour . - Manipulation in the plan distance by spaced and narrow planting. Staggered Plantation 40

41. N:P:K (kg/ha) : 200:100:100 - Basal : 100:100:50 - 1 st top dressing : 50:0:0 (20 th days – vegetative phase). - 2 nd top dressing : 50:0:50 (boot leaf stage at 45 days). Foliar : DAP 2% at 50% flowering. In Zn deficient soil : ZnSo 4 @25 kg/ha. Nutrient management 41

42. Avoid overflow during 1 st irrigation. In general, the irrigation should be applied in furrows up to 2/3rd height of the ridges/beds. Irrigation – once in 15-20 days. Critical stages : - Premordial initiation stage - Milking stage - Vegetative stage - Maturation stage - Flowering stage If irrigation is withheld in these stages – poor seed set & reduced seed size. Irrigation Management 42

43. Pre-emergence application : Application of Atrazine – control growth of Major Weeds : weeds upto 20-25 days. Hand weeding : After 17-18 DAS (days after sowing). Post-emergence application : - Under heavy weed infestation ; Paraquat can be used as protected spray. Weed Management 43 ::::::::: Cyanodon dactylon : : Chloris barbata Parthenium hysterophorus :

44. Remove unwanted and off plants . Should be done periodically based on : - Position of cob - Colour of silk - Arrangements of seeds in cob, leaves etc. Shedding tassels are to be removed in roguing . It refers to the tassels in female parents rows. During inspection the shedding tassels are taken into count for acceptance or rejection of production plot. Roguing 44

45. Earthing up and form new ridges so that the plants come directly on the top of the ridges. It should be done before tasseling stage to save crop from lodging . Earthing up 45

46. Insect-Pest Management 46  Fall Armyworm ,   Spodoptera frugiperda Management: Spotted Stem borer , Chilo partellus Shoot fly , Atherigona soccata Major Pests : Install pheromone traps (FAW lure) @ 4/acre. Spray NSKE or Azadiractin 1500 ppm @1 lit/acre. Chemical : -   Emamectin benzoate5% SG (80g/acre) @ 0.4g/ litre is recommended. Deep summer ploughing. Two releases of  Trichogramma chilonis (Egg Parasitoids) 8 cards/ha. Chemical : - Spray Rogor 0.3% - 1 lit/per ha. on 20 th day. Removal and destruction of dead hearts. Seed treatment : Imidacloprid 600FS @6ml/kg seed. Chemical : - Monocrotophos 0.03%.

47. Disease Management 47   Maydis leaf blight (MLB),   Biopolaris maydis Management: Curvularia leaf spot, Curvularia lunata Downy Mildew , Pernosclespora sorghi Major Disease : Destroy infected crop residue from the field. Foliar spray of Mancozeb @ 2.5 g/ L of water after about 30-35 days after sowing . Seed Treatment with 20 g Trichoderma chalk formulation + Mancozeb 63% or Thiram 40 F.S. @ 6 g/kg seed. Foliar spray : - Carbendazim 12%+ Mancozeb 62% or Zineb 75% @ 2 g/lit of solution. Treat seeds with Metalaxyl + Mancozeb (WS) @ 3.0 g/kg seeds. Chemical : - Mancozeb @1 kg/ha. Common Management : Destruction of crop debris. Use of resistant/tolerant hybrids

48. Isolation Distance 48 Foundation stage (m) Certified stage (m) Same kernal colour 400 200 Field of single cross/ inbreads not confiring to varietal purity 400 200 Single cross with same parent confiring to varietal purity 5 5 Single cross with other male parent not confiring to varietal purity 400 200

49. Field standard (%) 49 Field standard Foundation stage Certified stage Off types 0.2 0.5 Shedding tassel 0.5 1.0 Inseparable other crop - - Objectional weed - - Designated diseases - -

50. Number of inspection : Four : One – before flowering : Three – during flowering Inspection by : Seed certification officers . Field inspection 50

51. Cob sheath turn straw yellow colour . Harvest when the moisture content falls to 20-25 %. Harvesting 51 Symptoms of Maturation : Male lines are harvested first then female lines are harvested to avoid mixture. Female line : Hybrid seed Male line : Grain. Seed yield : 2.5 - 3.6 t/ha

52. Post-Harvest Management 52 Remove ill filled, diseased cobs and cobs Shelled either mechanically or manually at 15-18 % moisture content. Mechanically : Cob sheller. Manually : Rbbing with stones Seeds are dried to 12% moisture content. Grade the seeds using 18/64” (7.28 mm) sieve. De-husking Cob Sorting Shelling Drying Grading The husks are removed manually.

53. At 8% moisture content – Captan or Thiram 75% WP @ 70 gm/100kg with 0.5 litre of water. Treated seeds can be stored for 1 year in cloth bag. Seed Treatment (post-harvest): 53 Storage : Gunny bags : Short term storage. HDPE or polylined gunny bag : Long term storage. Moisture containers : To store for more than 1 year. (Storage at low temperature) Godown : Kept clean as the possibility of secondary infestation with Trifolium (red flour weevil) is much in these crop.

54. Phases of seed certification Receipt and scrutiny of application Verification of seed source Field inspection Post harvest supervision of seed crops Seed sampling and testing Labelling, tagging, sealing and grant of certificate Seed Certification 54 Certified seed : Certified seed is the most commonly encountered certified seed and is the large-volume class sold to farmers for producing a commercial crop of the variety. It is the progeny of Foundation seed stock. Under certain circumstances the progeny of Certified seed can be recertified as long as the genetic identity, varietal purity and other standards are maintained.

55. Xenia is effect of pollen on seeds and fruit of the fertilized plant . eg : on seed colour . M ost familiar examples of xenia is the different colours that can be produced in  Maize by assortment of alleles via individual pollen grains. Metaxenia is the effect on the maternal tissues of fruit. Xenia and Metaxenia 55

56. 1 st varieties – Released – 1961 - when 4 hybrids; : Ganga 1 : Ganga 101 : Ranjeet : Deccan were released for cultivation. 1 st single cross hybrid : “Paras”(JH 1121) – 1995 – By PAU. (Technique given by : East and G.H.Shull – 1910) Maize hybrids 56 Double cross hybrids (Technique given by : D.F Jones - 1920) F M Father of Maize

57. Based on maturity duration : Full season maturity : 105-110 days. Ganga-5, Ganga-9, Deccan 103. Medium maturity : 95-100 days. Composites varieties. Early maturity : 89-90 days. Very Early maturity : 75-80 days. Diara , Diara-3, D765. Varieties classification 57 Based on use/purpose : Forage maize : African Tall, Jawahar, Moti composite, Ganga-5. Popcorn : Gujarat Anand Popcorn Hybrid 21. Sweet corn : Gujarat Anand Sweetcorn Hybrid 11, Madhuri.

58. Latest Variety Released : Baby Corn GAYMH-1 (IGI-1101 IGI-1103) Year of release : 2020 Name of centre : Main Maize Research station,Godhra . Hybrid Varieties Released by Anand Agricuture University,Anand 58 VARIETY NAME YEAR Gujarat Anand Sweet Corn Hybrid-11 ( Madhuram ) 2019 Gujarat Anand Pop Corn Hybrid-21 ( Mahashweta ) 2019 Gujarat Anand Yellow Maize Hybrid-3 2018 Gujarat Anand Yellow Maize Hybrid 1 2013 Gujarat Anand White Maize Hybrid 2 2012 HQPM-1 2011 Gujarat Maize 6 2002 Narmada Moti 2002 Gujarat Maize 4 2000 Gujarat Maize 3 1999 Gujarat Maize 2 1995

59. Synthetic and composite variety-difference 59 Synthetic variety Composite variety No. Of inbred lines are (less 6-8) No of lines are more (even upto 20) GCA (general combining ability) of parental lines is tested No testing for GCA Performance can be predicted Cannot be predicted Seed replacement after 4-5 years After 3-4 years

60. Seed Standard 60 Parameters Foundation stage Certified stage Physical Purity (%) (min) 98 98 Inert matter (%) (max) 2 2 Other crop seed (max) 5 kg-1 10 kg-1 ODV seeds (max) 5 kg-1 10 kg-1 Germination % 80 90 Moisture content (%) (max) Moisture pervious 12 12 B. Moisture vapour proof 8 8

61. CIMMYT : International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Mexico USA. India : Indian Institute of Maize Research (IIMR), New Delhi. Gujarat : Main Maize Research station , Godhara , AAU. Research Station 61

62. Thank You