Hypertension & anti hypertensive drugs

hypertension types of hypertension drugs classification drugs used in hypertension

1. BHARAT TECHNOLOGY ULUBERIA,HOWRAH SEMINAR ON HYPERTENSION AND ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUGS PRESENTED: DEBAM CHAKRABARTY 20801914029 B.PHARAM Regestration : 142080210029

2. Symptoms of hypertension. What is hypertension? WHAT IS BLOOD PRESSURE? BLOOD PRESSURE LEVELS SYMTOMS OF HYPERTESION What is anti hypertensive drug or agent Classification of antihypertensive drug example side effect of antihypertensive drug CONTENTS

3. Continue… Structure of antihypertensive drug Mechanism action of antihypertensive drug Synthesis of antihypertensive drug Treatment of antihypertensive drug SOME ANOTHER WAY TO TREAT ANTIHYPERTENSION COMMON MARKETED ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUG LATEST UPDATE OF ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUGS

4. Hypertension (HTN or HT), also known as high blood pressure (HBP), is a long term medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated. Hypertension is defined as having a blood pressure higher than 140 over 90 mmHg, with a consensus across medical guidelines. What is hypertension?

5. Blood pressure is the force exerted by the blood against the walls of blood vessels, and the magnitude of this force depends on the cardiac output and the resistance of the blood vessels. Blood pressure is written as two numbers, such as 118/72. The first number is the systolic pressure. This is the pressure in the arteries when the heart beats and fills them with blood. The second number is the diastolic pressure. This is the pressure in the arteries when the heart rests between beats What is blood pressure ?

6. Blood Pressure Category Systolic (mmHg) Diastolic (mmHg) Normal Prehypertension Less than 120 120-139 And Or Less than 80 80-89 High Stage 1 hypertension Stage2 hypertension 140-159 160 or higher Or Or 90-99 100 or higher Hypertensive crisis 180 110 Blood pressure levels

7. High blood pressure itself is usually asymptomatic , meaning that patients do not experience any direct symptoms of the condition. This is why hypertension is often referred to as "the silent killer," as it can quietly causes damage to the cardiovascular system. Symptoms of hypertension.

8. Antihypertensives are a class of drugs that are used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure). Antihypertensive therapy seeks to prevent the complications of high blood pressure, such as stroke and myocardial infarction . What is antihypertensive drugs or agents?

9. pr 1)PERIPHERAL ANTIADRENERGIC DRUGS : Prazosin 2) CENTRALLY ACTING AGENTS : Clonidine 3 ) DIRECT VASODIALATOR : diazoxide 4) β _ ADRENERGIC BLOCKERS : AtenoloL 5) GANGLIONIC BLOCKING AGENTS : mecamylamine Classification of antihypertensive agents and examples

10. 6) CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS : Nefidipine 7) ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME (ACE) INHIBITORS: Captopril 8)ANGIOTENSIN ∏ antagonists : Losartan 9) MISCELLANEOUS : Thiazide diuretics CONTINUE……..

11. SOME ANHYPERTENSIVE DRUGS STRUCTURE LOSARTAN CLONIDINE MECAMYLAMINE

12. CONTINUE… NIFEDIPINE

13. MECHANISM OF ACTION OF ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUGS 1)Peripheral antiadrenergic drugs: These drugs lower blood pressure by blocking α 1_adrenoceptors that subserve vasoconstrictor function. 2)Centrally acting agents : The mechanism of these drugs is caused by stimulation of α 2_adrenoceptors in the inhihitory structure of the brain. 3)Direct vasodialators : It reduce blood pressure by direct relaxation of smooth muscle of the arterioles,possibly as a result of calcium channel activation of smooth musculature in arterioles

14. CONTINUE.. 4) Ganglionic blocking agents : These drugs block sympathetic ganglia, interrupting adre nergic control of arterioles,and result in vasodialation,improved peripheral blood flow in some vascular beds,and a fail in blood pressure 5) β _Adrenergic blockers : These drugs block the β _receptor of the heart ,slow the heart ,reduce the force of contrustion,and reduce the cardiac output

15. CONTINUE…. 6 ) Calcium channel blockers : calcium channel blockers drugs block voltage dependent calcium cannels ,especially the calcium channel in cardiac and smooth muscle. 7) Angiotensin converting enzyme(ACE) inhibitor : Angiotensinogen→renin→angiotensin ɪ( decapeptide,biologically inactive)→angiotensin∏( octapeptide )→ vasoconstruction→Na + retention→hypertension

16. CONTINUE… 8)Angiotensin∏ Antgonists : These compounds compete with angiotensin∏ at the receptor site and block the contractile effect of angiotensin ∏ in all vascular smooth muscles. 9)Miscellaneous drugs : Thiazide and high ceiling diuretics lower blood pressure of pressure with essential hypertension.

17. Synthesis of Antihypertensive drugs Terazosin synthesis 1) Clonidine synthesis 2) 2,6 Dichloro aniline T erazosin Clonidine

18. CONTINUE… 3) 4) Captopril synthesis Diazoxide synthesis Methacrylic acid 2,4_Dichloronitrobenzene

19. 5) Nifedipine synthesis CONTINUE… 2_nito benzaldehyde nifedipine

20. ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITOR Persistence dry cough Hypotension Hyperkalemia Skin rashes Teratogeniciy CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS Flushing Dizziness Headache Hypotension Peripheral edema ANGIOTENSIN ∏ ANTAGONIST Hypotension Hyperkalemia Angioedema Headache β _ADRENERGIC BLOCKERS Hypotension Bradycardia Fatigue Insomnia Sexual dysfunction COMMON ADVERSE EFFECT OF ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS

21. PERIPHERAL ANTIADRENERGIC AGENTS Dizziness Drowsiness Dry mouth Frequent urination Hack of energy Light-headedness Nasal congestion Nausea Weaknes s CENTRALLY ACTING AGENTS Sedation Dryness of mouth Headache Postural hypotension Fluid retention Impotence DIRECT VASODIALATOR Headache Dizziness Flushing Palpitation Nausea Hypotension Salt and water retention CONTINUE……..

22. Physical exercise Weight loss Salt restriction Avoid smoking Reducing alcohol consumption Relaxation techniques Potassium rich diets Red meat should be avoid SOME ANOTHER WAYS TO TREAT HYPERTENSION

23. COMMON MARKETED ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRURS

24. > Monatepil , a dual alpha –receptor and calcium channel blocker ,has potent antihypertensive effect ,lowers serum cholesterol and also has anti atherosclerotic effect . > Dual ACE and endopeptidase inhibitor ,such as Alatripol ,has a “ broad spectrum ’’antihypertensive effect and may be effective in majority of hypertensive patients. Many other are under clinical testing and not yet approved …! LATEST UPDATE OF ANTIHYPRTENSIVE DRUGS

25. REFERENCE MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY, SECOND EDITION,( D.Sriram , P.Yogeeswari ) (page no 328_350) GOOGLE and WEKIPEDIA

26. Thank You