Hypothesis and Variables

BPH 3rd year

1. VARIABLES, TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS Presented by : Ankita Kunwar Bph 3 rd year

2. VARIABLES A  variable  is defined as anything that has a quantity or quality that varies. i.e qualities, properties, characteristics, behaviors, attributes etc. Variable are manipulable and measurable. Type of Research Variables 1. Independent variable 2. Dependent variable

3. 1. Independent variable The independent variable is the variable whose change isn’t affected by any other variable in the experiment. Either the researcher has to change the independent variable herself ( Or ) it changes on its own; It is manipulated by the researcher to cause an effect on the dependent variable. For Example: age , time.  There’s nothing you or anything else can do to speed up or slow down time or increase or decrease age. They’re  independent  of everything else.  

4. 2.Dependent variable The dependent variable is what is being studied and measured in the experiment.  It’s what changes as a result of the changes to the independent variable by the researcher.  For Example:  how tall you are at different ages. The dependent variable (height) depends on the independent variable (age).

5. Experiment : You want to see which type of fertilizer helps plants grow fastest, so you add a different brand of fertilizer to each plant and see how tall they grow. Independent Variable:  Type of fertilizer given to the plant Dependent Variable:  Plant height

6. Hypothesis A Hypothesis  is considered as an intelligent guess or prediction, that gives directional to the researcher to answer the research question. 

7. TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS Simple Hypothesis Complex Hypothesis Empirical Hypothesis Null Hypothesis Alternative Hypothesis 6. Causal Hypothesis 7. Associative Hypothesis

8. 1. Simple Hypothesis Simple hypothesis is that one in which the researcher examines the existing relationship between two variables, one is called independent variable or cause and other is dependent variable or effect. For example, Smoking leads to Cancer.

9. 2.Complex Hypothesis A  complex hypothesis  is the one in which the researcher examines the relationship between two or more independent variables and two or more dependent variables. For example, Smoking and other drugs leads to cancer, tension chest infections etc.

10. 3.Empirical Hypothesis Empirical means it is based on evidence. An  empirical hypothesis , comes to life when a theory is being put to the test by a researcher, using observation and experiment. For example, Roses watered with liquid Vitamin B grow faster than roses watered with liquid Vitamin E. (Here, trial and error is leading to a series of findings.)

11. 4.Null hypothesis (H0) A null hypothesis is the one where the researcher states the existence of no relationship between the independent & dependent variables. It is the hypothesis that the researcher is trying to disprove. For example, FP acceptance rate is same for educated and uneducated women.

12. 5.Alternative Hypothesis (H1) An  alternative hypothesis  simply is the inverse, or opposite, of the null hypothesis. It is the hypothesis that the researcher is trying to prove. For example, FP acceptance rate is different for educated and uneducated women.

13.   Causal Hypothesis predicts a cause and effects relationship between the independent variable and dependent variable . here, Independent variable is thought to cause or determine the presence of dependent variable. For example Early postoperative ambulation will lead to prompt recovery. 6.Causal Hypothesis

14. 7. Associative hypothesis An Associative Hypothesis reflects the relationship between variables that occurs in natural setting without manipulation. Here, if there is a change in any one of the variables, changes also occurs in the other variable. For example, The lower the blood sugar level, the lesser is the risk of infection among diabetic patients. 

15. THANK YOU REFERENCES John w for research methodology Reseach methodology methods and techniques Dr kapoor ,ms pooja saigal blog.prepscholar.com