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1. IDENTIFYING AND STATING THE PROBLEM

2. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM ( According to Calderon and Gonzales ) A problem is “any significant, perplexing, and challenging situation, real or artificial, the solution of which requires reflexive thinking”. In research, it is known as the Research Topic.

3. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM ( According to Calderon and Gonzales ) An intellectual stimulus calling for an answer in the form of scientific inquiry. Scientific inquiry – is a form of problem-solving and questioning that helps people come to a greater understanding of observable phenomena.

4. Before starting a journey of finding the unknown, you need to know first what it is that you want to find out, where and how you are going to find the answers to your questions, and what specific qualities are you looking for

5. SOURCES OF RESEACH TOPICS OR PROBLEMS Prevailing theories or philosophy Observations, intuitions or combinations of both Different subjects taken and from them identify a problem that interests a student-researcher most. Fields of interest or specialization or event from related fields.

6. SOURCES OF RESEACH TOPICS OR PROBLEMS Existing problems in the classroom/school/campus/university which one may want to solve are good sources or research problems Existing needs of the community or society Repetition or extension of investigations already conducted or maybe a branch of studies underway (Angeles, 1966, p.86)

7. SOURCES OF RESEACH TOPICS OR PROBLEMS Related studies and literatures Advice of authorities or experts from funding agencies Offshoots of friendly conversations Incidental from interesting topics of professors during the course meeting/session.

8. SOURCES OF RESEARCH TOPICS Mass media communication - press (newspapers, ads, TV, radio, films, etc.) Books, Internet, Peer-reviewed journals, government publications. General periodicals such as Readers' Digest, Panorama Magazine, etc. Previous reading assignments in your other subjects. Work experience - clues to a researchable topic from full-time or part-time jobs, OJT experience, fieldwork, etc.

9. CRITERIA IN CHOOSING A RESEARCH PROBLEM It should be something new or different from what has already been written about. It must be original It should be significant to the field of study or discipline It must necessarily arouse intellectual curiosity It should be of researcher’s interest and researcher must be with the topic

10. CRITERIA IN CHOOSING A RESEARCH PROBLEM It should be a modest one for a beginner to be carried on within a limited period of time It should be clear, not ambiguous It should be specific, not general It should consider the availability of data involved in the study and the methods and techniques to be employed in gathering them.

11. CRITERIA IN CHOOSING A RESEARCH PROBLEM It should consider the availability of effective instruments for gathering the data and their treatment (   interviews, questionnaires, online surveys, and checklists. ) It should consider the financial capacity of the researcher to support the project It should consider the time factor involved in the undertaking. It should consider the training and personal qualifications of the researcher

12. The researcher has to settle first the problem of selecting the problem to research on. The following may be considered as basis for selecting the problem: Technical and Personal. Technical Personal Significant to chosen field/advancement of science or specialization Originality Arouse intellectual curiosity Relevance to degree Availability of data Availability of instruments Interest Training Expertise Financial capacity Time factor involved in the project

13. RESEARCH TOPIC TO BE AVOIDED Controversial topics - causing disagreement or discussion. These are topics that depend greatly on the writer's opinion, which may tend to be biased or prejudicial. Facts cannot support topics like this. For example Abortion, Political scandals. Highly technical subjects – For a beginner, researching on topics that require an advanced study, technical knowledge, and vast experience is a very difficult task. Ex: Artificial Intelligence; Problems with computer crime

14. RESEARCH TOPIC TO BE AVOIDED Hard-to-investigate subjects - A subject is hard to investigate if there are no available reading materials about it a nd if such materials are not up-to-date. Too broad subjects - A topic is too broad to be manageable when a review of the literature reveals too many different, and oftentimes conflicting or only remotely related, ideas about how to investigate the research problem. EX: “Healthcare in the Philippines”

15. RESEARCH TOPIC TO BE AVOIDED Too narrow subjects - A topic that is too narrow usually has many concepts, or focuses on a specific geographic area or group. This type of search will find few, if any, results. Ex: burnout of neonatal nurses aged 30-40 in Chicago. Vague subjects - Choosing topics like these will prevent you from having a clear focus on your paper. For instance, titles beginning with indefinite adjectives such as several, many, some, etc., as in "Some Remarkable Traits of a Filipino" or "Several People's Comments on PH Law," are vague enough to decrease the readers' interests and curiosity.

16. GUIDELINES IN THE FORMULATION OF A RESEACH TITLE Title must contain the following elements: The subject matter or research problem (WHAT?) The setting of the study (WHERE?) The respondents or participants involved in the study (WHO?); and The time or period of the study during which the data are to be collected. (WHEN?)

17. GUIDELINES IN THE FORMULATION OF A RESEACH TITLE The title must be broad enough to include all aspects of the study but should be brief and concise as possible The use of terms as “Analysis of”, “A Study of”, “An Investigation of” and the like should be avoided all these are understood to have been done in research. If the title contains more than one line, it should be written in inverted pyramid

18. GUIDELINES IN THE FORMULATION OF A RESEACH TITLE When typed or encoded in the title page, all words in the title should be in capital letters If possible, the title should not be longer than 15 words Avoid a long, detailed title that gives too much information To shorten the title, delete the terms “assessment” or “evaluation” if these are already emphasized in the text.

19. CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD TITLE A title should give readers information about the contents of the research and is preferable to one that is vague or general Title do not need to be stuffy or dull but they should generally give readers some idea at the outset of what the research paper will contain. Choose a title that is a phrase rather than a complete sentence

20. CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD TITLE Select a straightforward title over other kinds Use no punctuation at the end of a title Do not underline the title of research or enclose it in quotation marks, instead, use a word processing program or printer that permits italics . Use them in place of underlining.

21. SOME TITLE OF RESEARCHES APPROVED IN VARIOUS DISCIPLINES/PROGRAMS Higher Order Thinking Skills in Reading of Freshmen in University of Northern Philippines, Academic Year 2015-2016 Pinay Single Mom: Paghanga o Pagkutya ? A Multi-Case Study on the Lives and Experiences of the Solo Parents in Zamboanga City Awareness on Traffic Rules and Regulations of Tricycle Operators and Drivers Association in Brgy . Culiat , Quezon City, Calendar Year 2015

22. SOME TITLE OF RESEARCHES APPROVED IN VARIOUS DISCIPLINES/PROGRAMS Health Practices of Bachelor of Secondary Education Major in Music, Arts, Physical Education and Health (MAPEH) at University of Rizal System Pililla and Angono Academic Year 2015-2016 Abakada O Aba! Kita… : A Multi-Case Study on Child Labor in the Selected Towns of the Province of Laguna

23. CHARACTERISTICS OF A RESEARCH TOPIC S pecific – why, who, what where when M easurable – help the researchers stay on track, reach its target date, and the objective of the study A ttainable – realistic and attainable R elevant – within the scope of specialization and under the relevant priority areas of the field T ime-bound – grounding goals within the time frame, giving them a target date

24. SAMPLE COMBINATION AND SAMPLE TITLES Catch Phrase: Topic + Subject ( what ) ( who ) Age Does Matter: A Phenomenological Study of Longevity among Geriatrics in Lucena City Variable + Variable + Who ( independent ) ( dependent ) School Culture and Morale Development of College Students

25. SAMPLE COMBINATION AND SAMPLE TITLES Theory + Application/Test ( what ) ( how ) Testing the Limits of Structuration Theory in Accounting Research Topic + Subtitle / Focus Title ( what ) ( specific ) Clay Therapy: An Alternative Approach to Emotional Reduction Therapy

26. SAMPLE COMBINATION AND SAMPLE TITLES Broad and Specific Topic Broad : Low Self-esteem Specific : Low Self-Esteem in Adolescents: Root Causes, Manifestations, and Intervention Broad : Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Specific : HIV: Causes, Prevention, Treatment and Care

27. CHAPTER I: THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

28. Chapter I should contain a discussion of each of the following topics: Background of the Study Statement of the Problem Hypothesis ( ses ) Scope and Delimitation of the Study Significance of the Study Definition of Terms

29. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY This part of research includes information which would focus attention on the importance and validity of the problem. It is the general orientation to the problem area. This is the present state of knowledge regarding the problem.

30. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY According to Bordo , et al. Presentation of the Problem – describe the existence of an unsatisfactory condition or a problem that needs a solution. Historical background of the problem – give the historical background of the problem, if applicable Geographical conditions of the study locale – if applicable, describe the geographical location of the study. Rationale of the study – give the reason/s why the study should be conducted

31. It includes information which would focus attention on the importance and validity of the problem. It is the general orientation to the problem area. A brief rationale to justify the problem must be provided This is the present state of knowledge regarding the problem.

32. Answer these questions: What facets of the problems are known and what needs further investigation? What approaches have been used previously in research of the problem?

33. The Background includes: Discussion of the problem in general and the specific situations as observed and experienced by the researcher Concepts and ideas related to the problem Discussion of the existing or present conditions and what is aimed to be in the future or the gap to be filled in by the researcher.

34. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Also called “purpose statement and research questions” is a statement of the purpose of the study and a series of questions that will help in reaching the topic.

35. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM This is the basic difficulty, the issue, the area of concern, the circumstances which exist, then how they ought to be. The researcher should give the background which led to this circumstances that exist. Briefly describe the condition or situation that exists in which is perceived as something less than the ideal; or what it should have be, and how you see it to be.

36. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Answer the following questions: What are the reasons for this circumstance? Is it answerable or possible to be solved or changed? What are the specific problems that the study aims to answer? Has two elements: The objective; and Research questions

37. OBJECTIVE OR PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The objective or purpose of the study is the first part of the problem where the researcher states the objective. This is a statement of a long term objective expected to be achieved by the study. This is derived by the identification and crystallization of the research problem and as reflected in the title. Example: “This research aimed to determine…. “ “The main objective of this study is to…”

38. RESEARCH QUESTIONS OR INVESTIGATIVE PROBLEMS These are the specific questions which are to be answered in the study. The answers to the research questions should lead to the solution of the research problem. Is the objective or purpose of the study observable, measurable or verifiable? Focus on a clear goal objective. State the precise goal. The problem is limited enough in making a definite conclusion possible.

39. RESEARCH QUESTIONS OR INVESTIGATIVE PROBLEMS The major statement or question may be followed by minor statements or questions. The introductory statement must be the purpose/aim or the objective of the study. Example: Specifically, the study aims to determine the causes of low performance of selected programs in the board examinations. Further, it seek to answer the following problems:

40. RESEARCH QUESTIONS OR INVESTIGATIVE PROBLEMS If the goal is specifically to test a given hypothesis then state so. In many cases, the objective will be a more general statement than that of a hypothesis. Example: The primary objective of this study is to test the hypothesis that there is a relationship between workplace condition and teaching performance of faculty members.

41. RESEARCH QUESTIONS OR INVESTIGATIVE PROBLEMS Investigative questions are the specific topical questions that one must resolve to achieve research objective or test the research hypothesis.

42. Guidelines in Writing the Statement of the Problem (According to Calderon & Gonzales) The general statement of the problem (purpose statement) and the specific research questions should be formulated first before conducting the research It is customary to state the specific research questions in the interrogative form; hence, specific questions are also called “sub-problems”.

43. This research aims to develop an evaluation model of a web-based tool used in test administration for Grade 11 and 12 students. Specifically, it aims to answer the following questions: What are the commonly used web-based tools used in test administration? How are these web-based test tool evaluated? How could evaluation model be assigned for web-based test administration? ( Leanillo , 2016)

44. This research aims to determine the ------. Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions: What is the demographic profile of the participants in terms of: ; ; ; and ? What -- What are --:

45. HYPOTHESIS A research hypothesis is a statement of expectation or prediction that will be tested by research EXAMPLE: THERE IS NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE IN THE LEVEL OF WELLNESS OF THE PARTICIPANTS ALONG THE DIFFERENT DIMENSIONS OF WELLNESS.

46. SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY This section is a description of what is included in the study and what is not included. The population under study and the locale of the study should be described. The locale of a study can be written by providing information about the specific region or area where the research was conducted. This includes details such as the country, city, or specific location where the data collection or analysis took place.

47. SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY The scope describes the coverage of the study. It specifies what is covered in terms of concept, number of subjects or the population included in the study, as well as the timeline when the study was conducted. Delimit by citing factors or variables that are not to be included and the boundary in terms of time frame, number of subjects, participants or respondents who are excluded. Specify that which you will not deal within the study.

48. SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY PARAMETERS OF THE RESEARCH: WHAT – the topic of the investigation and the variables included WHERE – the venue or the setting of the research WHEN – the time frame by which the study was conducted WHY – the general objectives of the research WHO – the subject of the study, the population and sampling HOW – the methodology of the research which may include the research design, methodology, and the research instrument

49. This research specifically focuses on Developmental Psychology. The participants in this study is …… This study is limited to the physical, emotional, psychological, social, spiritual and intellectual wellness of the participants. Wellness in terms of financial and environmental aspects are also relevant in this study but were not included because they do not fit to the profile of the participants and they are not included in the questionnaire that was used. EXAMPLE

50. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY This is the list of the people or institutions who will benefit from the study and how they will benefit from the study. Example: This section presents the reasons and importance of the conduct of the study. Likewise, the significance of this study to groups of people and fields of science will also be discussed.

51. Tips in writing Significance of the Study Refer to the statement of the problem Write from generic to specific EXAMPLE This section presents the reasons and importance of the conduct of the study. Likewise, the significance of this study to groups of people and fields of science will also be discussed. This study will be beneficial to ……

52. DEFINITION OF TERMS Definition of terms in a research paper refers to the clarification and explanation of key concepts, terms, and terminology used in the study. It helps readers understand the specific meanings and context of these terms within the research. Definition of terms works just like a glossary but have a different twist. It is placed on the last part of Chapter 1 to tell the meaning of the terms used throughout the said chapter. 

53. KINDS OF DEFINITION OF TERMS CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION - Refers to a constitutive definition - it is called as the academic or universal meeting attributed to a word. OPERATIONAL DEFINITION - Refers to a functional definition - It is done by stating the way on how the concept or terms is used or measured in the investigation.

54. IN WRITING DEFINITION OF TERMS IN YOUR STUDY: Identify the words or terms that are important in your research paper Give the conceptual definition of the terms first, followed by the operational definition The terms should be arranged alphabetically