IEEE International Conference Presentation

IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE -
Paper Title "Real-Time Implementation of Phasor Measurement Unit Using NI CompactRIO".
Code Available on: https://github.com/anmold-07/Synchrophasor-Estimation

1. ICAETGT-2017 Paper ID: ICAETGT-034 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE Advances In Electrical Technology For Green Energy Real-Time Implementation of Phasor Measurement Unit Using NI CompactRIO Presented by, Mr. Anmol Dwivedi , Department of EEE, NIT Tiruchirappalli Co-Authors : K.T. Sai Akhil , N. Sai Suprabhath , B. Mallikarjuna , Dr. M. Jaya Bharata Reddy, Dr. D.K. Mohanta

2. Introduction Functional Block Diagram of a PMU Synchrophasor Estimation algorithms using DFT Estimation of Local Frequency and Rate of Change of Frequency (ROCOF) Hardware Setup & Results Conclusion References PRESENTATION OUTLINE

3. INTRODUCTION Conventional power system monitoring consist of RTU-SCADA system. RELATIVELY SLOW Periodically scans information from numerous devices which last from 2 to 10 seconds. Data retrieved no longer represent the system state accurately under dynamic conditions. ASYNCHRONOUS Does not provide accurate angle difference information from two nodes on the network. Asynchronous and slow nature of the SCADA system does not provide power system information at subsecond time frames to the state estimator. CONVENTIONAL APPROACH

4. RELATIVELY FAST Phasor measurement units (PMUs) sample voltage and current at high sampling frequencies. SYNCHRONOUS Synchrophasors provide phasor measurements of voltages and currents on a common time reference and accurately time-stamp each sample. This technology provide high-speed and coherent real-time information of the power system that is not available from Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems SYNCHROPHASOR TECHNOLOGY INTRODUCTION

5. FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A PMU Anti-aliasing filter attenuates the unwanted high-frequency components below a certain value in power systems signals. The Analogue to Digital conversion is carried out in conjunction with the time synchronization module (GPS receiver). The Phasor Microprocessor performs the needful computations using DFT algorithms and PLL control circuit to time stamp these estimates.

6. Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) Recursive Algorithm Non-Recursive Algorithm These are the Classical algorithms used for the estimation of current and voltage phasors For an electrical signal given by , can also be represented by if sampled a sampling frequency of , where - Frequency of signal - Amplitude of signal - Phase angle - Sampling angle - Number of samples per cycle The Discrete F ourier Transform (DFT) for the signal y n is represented by :

7. Non-Recursive Algorithm Sampling frequency of 600 Hz 1 st Estimate - 2 nd Estimate - 3 rd Estimate - Non-Recursive algorithm will give a constant phasor magnitude and an increase in angle for every new window where, 30˚  

8. Window 1 Window 2 It is clear that sample number 1 to 11 are common to both windows If we can arrange to keep the multipliers common to both the windows we can save considerable computations

9. Recursive Algorithm y y 1 y 2 y 3 y 4 y 5 y 6 y 7 y 8 y 9 y 10 y 11 y 12

10. R eal Imaginary Unit circle                                                   Recursive Algorithm Window-1 Window-2 Window-3 1 st Estimate 2 nd Estimate - 3 r d Estimate - Recursive algorithm will give a constant phasor magnitude and constant angle θ for every new window.    

11. Estimation of Local Frequency and Rate of Change of Frequency (ROCOF) Estimation of change in frequency: Estimation of frequency: Estimation of Rate of Change of frequency: Where are consecutive phase angles estimates obtained from recursive algorithm

12. Hardware Setup S etup used for synchrophasor estimation c omprises of : 3- 𝜙, 400km Extra High Voltage (EHV) transmission line laboratory prototype model 3-𝜙 power supply of 50Hz, 30V (line voltage ) maintained at source bus 3- 𝜙 resistive load maintained at load bus NI compactRIO-9063 (Phasor Measurement Unit) 2 Bus System

13. NI c-RIO 9063 is a user-programmable FPGA to implement high-speed control and custom timing and triggering directly in hardware It is a 667 MHz Dual-Core CPU, 256 MB DRAM, 512 MB Storage, 4-Slot Compact-RIO Controller The cRIO‑9063 is an embedded controller ideal for advanced control and monitoring applications NI compact-RIO 9063 Specifications: LabVIEW FPGA

14. NI- 9225 is a 3-Channel C Series Voltage Input Module which can measure upto 300 V rms at a maximum sampling frequency of 50 kS /s/ ch Analogue Input module The wide measurement range is well suited for high-voltage measurement applications NI 9225 Voltage Module Specifications:

15. NI- 9227 is a 4-channel Current Input Module which can measure upto 5 Amperes at a maximum sampling frequency 50 kS /s/ ch It was designed to provide high-accuracy measurements to meet the demands of data acquisition and control applications It includes built-in anti-aliasing filters NI 9227 Current Module Specifications:

16. NI‑9467 provides accurate time synchronization for Compact-RIO systems with the help of FPGA Timekeeper Module can be used for accurate data timestamping , system clock setting, gating data acquisition based on the arrival of the PPS, and synchronizing global waveform acquisition data using the FPGA. NI 9467 GPS Module Specifications:

17. Hardware Setup (Block Diagram)

18. Hardware Results

19. Hardware Results

20. Conclusion This paper presents real time implementations of PMUs using NI-c-RIO in the LabVIEW software platform. The result shows the phasor information of the load and source bus which are estimated using the recursive and Non-Recursive DFT algorithm in real-time. The hardware results portray the effective real-time monitoring of power system network using PMUs and a local PDC.

21. [1] A . Monti, C. Muscas and F. Ponci , “Phasor Measurement Units and Wide Area Monitoring Systems,” Elsevier, 2016 . [2] A.G . Phadke . and J. S. Thorp, “Synchronized Phasor Measurements and Their Applications,” Springer, 2008 . [3 ] A. Derviskadic , P. Romano, M. Pignati and M. Paolone , & quot;Architecture and Experimental Validation of a Low- Latency Phasor Data Concentrator,& quot ; in IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, Vol.PP , No.99, pp.1-1 . [4 ] P. Castello, C. Muscas , P. Attilio Pegoraro and S. Sulis , & quot;Adaptive management of synchrophasor latency for an active phasor data concentrator,& quot ; 2017 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC), Turin, pp. 1-6, 22-25 May 2017 . [5] R . Pourramezan , Y. Seyedi , H. Karimi , G. Zhu and M. Mont- Briant , & quot;Design of an Advanced Phasor Data Concentrator for Monitoring of Distributed Energy Resources in Smart Microgrids ,& quot ; IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Vol.PP , No.99, pp.1-1 . [6] S . Mondal , C. Murthy, D. S. Roy and D. K. Mohanta , & quot;Simulation of Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) using labview ,& quot ; 2014 14th International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering, Krakow, pp. 164- 168, 10-12 May 2014 . References

22. [7] S. Karn , A. Malkhandi and T. Ghose , & quot;Laboratory prototype of a phasor measurement unit using FPGA based controller,& quot ; 2016 International Conference on Electrical, Electronics, and Optimization Techniques (ICEEOT), Chennai, pp. 2029-2034, 3-5 March 2016. [ 8] D . Dotta , J. H. Chow, L. Vanfretti , M. S. Almas and M. N. Agostini , & quot;A MATLAB-based PMU simulator,& quot ; 2013 IEEE Power & amp ; Energy Society General Meeting, Vancouver, BC, pp. 1-5, 21-25 July 2013 . [9] R . A. Guardado and J. L. Guardado , & quot;A PMU Model for Wide-Area Protection in ATP/EMTP,& quot ; IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 31, No. 4, pp. 1953-1960, Aug. 2016 . [10] A . G. Phadke and B. Kasztenny , & quot;Synchronized Phasor and Frequency Measurement Under Transient Conditions,& quot ; IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 89-95, Jan. 2009 . [11] A . G. Phadke , J. S. Thorp and M. G. Adamiak , & quot;A New Measurement Technique for Tracking Voltage Phasors, Local System Frequency, and Rate of Change of Frequency,& quot ; IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-102, No. 5, pp. 1025-1038, May 1983 References