IEI 8-3-24 Powering earth with sustainable energy .pptx

Powering earth with sustainable energy

1. A.SIVATHANU PILLAI FOUNDER, BRAHMOS AEROSPACE FMR HON’ DISTINGUISHED PROFESSOR, ISRO FMR DISTINGUISHED SCIENTIST & CHIEF CONTROLLER R&D, DRDO PRESIDENT, PROJECT MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATES-INDIA, IPMA ADJUNCT FACULTY , IITM. 8 Mar 2024 Powering Earth with Sustainable Energy

2. ECONOMIC AND SOCIETAL TRANSITION - Science, Technology and Society Technological Innovations can effect the most fundamental changes in the ground rules of economic competitiveness and environment, resulting sustainable development to the society. Application SCIENCE Entrepreneurship TECHNOLOGY Competitiveness Better Environment SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT DISCOVERIES INVENTIONS KNOWLEDGE SOLUTIONS INNOVATIONS TECH UTILISATION

3. CO 2 CONCENTRATION 3 HUMANS GENERATE 51 BILLION TONS OF CO 2 EVERY YEAR . REDUCE CO2 EMISSION One tree absorbs 22 kg of CO 2 per year and gives 20 kg of O 2 for living. We need to protect forests and plant 40 billion trees to save Earth . 1900 2100

4. IMPACT OF CO 2 PPM INCREASE Increase Earth's average temperature Influence the patterns and amounts of precipitation Reduce ice and snow cover , as well as permafrost Raise sea level Increase the acidity of the oceans Increase the frequency, intensity, and/or duration of extreme events Shift ecosystem characteristics Increase threats to human health ------------------------------------------------- These changes will impact our food supply, water resources, infrastructure, ecosystems, and even our own health. 4 Observed and projected changes in global average temperature under four emissions pathways. The vertical bars at right show likely ranges in temperature by the end of the century, while the lines show projections averaged across a range of climate models. Changes are relative to the 1986-2005 average. Source:  IPCC, 2013 Global Mean Temperature Increase

5. Ozone depletion, Global Warming, Sea-water rise 5 Coastal cities will be floating in 2100-Mumbai, Chennai, New York SO, WE NEED TO ACT FAST IN MUTIBLE SECTORS FOR NET ZERO CARBON

6. APPLICATIONS OF GREEN TECHNOLOGY IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Food Production - Green technology for Agriculture- Precision Farming Climate Engineering - Reduction of CO2 in air (Carbon Sequestration) - Cooling of Earth Clean Energy Generation - Bio-Fuel Synthetic Natural Gas ( Methane ) Power through Municipal Solid Waste Solar, wind, Ocean energy, Green H2 Clean Environment Plastic tar road E-waste management Green Computing Liquid waste management & Bioremediation of floating oil Green buildings Herbs for Health

7. Clean Energy Generation 7

8. Panchamrit – India’s National Statement @ COP26 500 GW non-fossil installed energy capacity by 2030 50% energy requirements from RE by 2030 Reduce total projected carbon emissions by 1 GT from now till 2030 Reduce carbon intensity of GDP by 45% by 2030, over 2005 levels Achieve net zero emissions by 2070 Total emissions (current) 2.6 Gt CO2 eq Power 33% Light transportation 5% Agriculture 18% Industry 24% Heavy transportation 9% Others 15% India’s ambitious climate action plan 4 2020 2050 India’s stand at COP-26, 03 Feb 2022, PIB

9. BIOGAS PLANT New Indore Bio-CNG Plant If bio-CNG is produced from all biomass – agricultural residue, livestock dung, municipal solid waste and wastewater – we can replace about 50% of our current total diesel usage in the transport sector. This could also reduce India’s dependence on foreign oil imports. B iogas potential from agricultural residue and livestock dung is around 75 billion cu. m a year – which is around 80,000 tonnes of Bio-CNG per day, CBG Plant at Sangrur, Punjab

10. Complete Road map for Decarbonaisation

11. Zero-Emission Power Plant

12. Electric Vehicles 12 Li-Ion battery operated bus TESLA Model S Chassis Model S drive motor Electric Trucks Charging stations Battery pack

13. Electric vehicle Batteries Li-ion 13 Li-ion Polymer battery Recycling of Lithium Li-ion battery –ARCI Fire Proof Solid state battery The liquid electrolyte can become volatile and catch fire, in Li-ion. Hence solid-state battery SODIUM-ION Battery development in progress at ARCI/DST ISRO, NSTL developed Li-ion batteries are in use.

14. Application of Energy storage technologies SMES - Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage CAES-Compressed Air Energy Storage

15. Hydrogen Energy 15

16. India’s National Green Hydrogen Mission Mission Strategy and Budget Outlay Creating demand (5 MMTPA in refining, fertilizer, exports) Total budget outlay of INR 19744 Cr PLI for electrolyzers and GH2 (SIGHT* - INR 17490 Cr) Pilots (INR 1466 Cr) R&D (INR 400 Cr – SHIP**) Other mission activities (INR 388 Cr) Infrastructure Hydrogen hubs Regulations, codes and standards Indigenous manufacturing Policy support f) g) HRD Public awareness **Strategic Interventions for Green Hydrogen Transition *Stratigic Hydrogen Innovation Partnership Green Electricity Access Waiver of inter-state transmission charges for 25 years for GH2, GNH3 projects commissioned before 30/06/2025 RE through Open Access for GH2 production (evacuation of RE through transmission lines and new sub-stations created under Green Energy Corridor Scheme; 10,000 Cr Phase-1)

17. H2 for India Clean Energy Generation

18. NANO TECHNOLOGY FOR INCREASED EFFICIENCY Solar cell utilizing Nano rods giving efficiency ~ 52% in lab. The interaction of the CNT with polymer allows charge separation of the excitons (electron-hole pair) in the polymer and efficient electron transport to the electrode through the aligned nanotubes Operating Principle Sample cell (detachable) Byproduct collector (detachable) Anode Electrolyte Air Cathode Power Generating Fuel Cell using hydrogen stored MWNTs AIR + POWER, WATER & HEAT HYDROGEN – THE FUEL OF THE FUTURE FUEL CELL SOLAR ENERGY Hydrogen Manufacture e.g. Electrolysis Compression Transport Refueling Stations Automobiles H 2

19. GLOBAL ENERGY & WATER MISSIONS by Solar Power Satellites SPACE INFRASTRUCTURE BUILD-UP HYPER PLANE - SPACE ASSEMBLY, MAINTENANCE & REPAIRS BUILDING SPACE SOLAR POWER STATIONS IN EQUATORIAL EARTH ORBIT 1 GW ~24 HRS SUNLIGHT SEAWATER DESALINATION USING SPACE SOLAR POWER NEED FOR TECHNOLOGIES FOR LOWCOST ACCESS TO SPACE OVERCOME SHORTAGE OF POWER, HYDROGEN & DRINKING WATER Transfer to floating island as Microwave

20. ENERGY FROM OCEAN Tidal Wave Thermal Current Potential Kinetic The world’s oceans… Cover more than 71% of the earth Largest and best solar collector on the planet Absorb energy equivalent to 250 billion barrels of oil each day Uranium sea water extraction makes nuclear power completely RENEWABLE. 4 billion tons of uranium in sea water would fuel 1000 of 1000 MW nuclear plants for 100,000 years. It gets continuously replenished. It is endless as Solar and Wind.

21. OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION - Energy Island Concept Hexagonal Energy Island Floating, hexagonal Energy Island that will harness energy from OTEC, as well as from winds, sea currents, waves, and the sun. Uses the temperature difference between surface & deep-sea water to generate electricity Could deliver up to 250MW of clean power, [ Eqvt . to 1/8 TH of a large nuclear power plant, or 1/4 th of an average fossil fuel power plant] Uses warm surface water to vaporize a fluid with a low boiling point, typically ammonia or propane & pumps cooler water from depths of upto 1000m below the surface to re-condense the fluid ENERGY H2 CYLINDERS STORAGE IN SEA Source: ecoGizmo

22. SPACE ENTERPRISE Helium3 : The Future LAUNCH PAD ON THE MOON LUNAR FACTORY Resources from Moon, other Planets and Asteroids

23. Path To Energy Security Expand RE Portfolio – Particularly Utility Scale Solar Solar Power Technology to increase efficiency Decarbonization, carbon capture, Green coal solutions Large Scale Grid Integration of Renewable Energy Develop Energy Storage Solutions for enhanced reliability Geopolitical Risks vs. Native Fuels Invest in green hydrogen Tap Ocean Thermal Energy and Ura nium Futuristic – Long-term Solutions Helium 3 from the Moon as fuel for future Nuclear Fusion Power Plants Solar Power Satellites

24. Thank You

25. TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS IN INDIA- Missions AGNI PARAM 500 GFLOP NEW SPACE MISSIONS SLV-3 ARYABHATA PRITHVI IRS ASLV ALH PSLV INSAT HYPERPLANE RAX MBT P ETA FLOPS BRAHMOS LCA (TEJAS) AMCA GSLV PRECISION FARMING NUCLEAR POWER GEN. Present: 7380 MW Target: 22380 MW Present: 300 MT Target: 400 MT 100 GFLOP One bn + Connections (Fixed & Wireless) 0.1 G FLOP SUPER COMPUTER 500 MW FAST BREEDER HYDROGEN REACTOR 2010 2020-25 2000 1990 1980 1970 QUANTUM COMPUTING Pharma Hub (Mkt. Size $40 bn) S/W STRENGTH & SUPER COMPUTERS GREEN REVOLUTION WHITE REVOLUTION MAPS WIND ENERGY SOLAR POWER Target: 100,000 MW IT & ITES Rev. $290 Bn Hypersonic Cruise Missile Defence: $35 bn Arihant GSLV MK III SHAKTI Micro processor

26. GLOBAL LEADERSHIP CIVILIZATIONAL HERITAGE T ECHNOLOGY GENERA TORS Creative Leaders and You( th ) Can Transform INDIA a Global Leader Green INDIA

27. Fusion in the Universe Fusion powers the Sun and stars. In a fusion reaction, two light atomic nuclei combine, form a heavier nucleus and release energy. The Big Challenge: to reproduce in a fusion machine (Tokamak*) a similar reaction on Earth. D E= D mc 2 A tiny loss of mass A huge liberation of energy * Tokamak: a Russian acronym for «  Toroidal Chamber , Magnetic Coils  ».

28. Fusion on Earth A plasma of Deuterium + Tritium (hydrogen isotopes) is heated to more than 150 million °C. The hot plasma is shaped and confined by strong magnetic fields. Helium nuclei sustain burning plasma. Neutrons transfer their energy to the Blanket. In a fusion power plant, conventional steam generator, turbine and alternator will transform the heat into electricity. 1 gram of fusion fuels = 8 tons of oil 0.7 MeV

29. FUSION ENERGY- ITER (500MW) 7 Nations consortium to master Fusion Technology To demonstrate the scientific and technological feasibility of fusion power for peaceful purposes To produce a burning plasma. Q>10 Output (fusion power): 500 MW Input (heating power): 50 MW

30. Toroidal Field coils (18) Poloidal field coils (6) Cryostat Thermal shield Vacuum vessel Blanket modules Feeders (31) Divertor Central solenoid (6) Correction coils (18) Who manufactures what? The ITER Members share all intellectual property In-wall shielding

31. Applications of Hydrogen

32. A Typical Green H 2 Plant 32

33. Kick-starting GH2 Growth Karnataka Rs 2.9 lakh Crore in GH2 & derivatives GH2 manufacturing cluster Odisha GH2 and G-NH3 Bunkering & export hub Gujarat 6000 sq km land for GH2 projects Tamil Nadu Rs 52,474 Crore for GH2 project 5 GW solar, 1.5 GW electrolyzer, 1.1 MMTPA G-NH3 PLI scheme * 10,000 Cr for electrolyzers and GH2 *Includes Maharashtra DRDO/ NMRL HYDROGEN based A IP for submarines Fuel cell bus Biomass gasifier

34. REMOTE SENSING INSAT SATELLITES CHANDRAYAN & MARS MISSIONS NEW MISSIONS TO VENUS, STUDY OF SUN HUMAN SPACE SELF-RELIANCE IN SPACE TECHNOLOGY Sounding Rockets SLV-3 First Sat. Launch Vehicle GSLV ASLV PSLV , INSAT-2E INSAT-2C,D INSAT-2A,B INSAT-1 IRS-1A/1B RS-D1 IRS-P2 IRS-P3 IRS-1C/1D IRS-P4 IRS-P6 MEGHA TROPIQUES IRS-P5 CARTOSAT-2A CARTOSAT-2B OCEANSAT RISAT-1 IMS-2A GSAT-3 GSAT-4 GSAT-7 GSAT-2 DTH INSAT-4B INSAT-3E INSAT-3D INSAT-3C INSAT-3B INSAT-3A Self-Reliance in launch vehicles & satellites Space Tech. applns . for national development Satellite Recovery capability for re-entry mission Cost effective launch vehicle service Capability to launch multiple satellites Global competitive space power Prof. Dhawan Institution Builder, Mission driven Programs, System approach, Strong Leadership, Nobility, Organisation CULTURE. INDUSTRY CONNECT Dr. Sarabhai Space is the potential resource for the development of India Bhaskara

35. SATELLITE ORBITS Geo Orbit Polar Orbit Leo Orbit PSLV GSLV Geo Orbit

36. GREEN COVER & RESOURCES MONITORING WATER Potential Drinking Water Zones Command Area Management Reservoir Sedimentation OCEAN Potential Fishing Zone (PFZ) Coastal Zone Mapping DISASTER SUPPORT Flood Damage Assessment Drought Monitoring Land Slide Hazard Zonation FOREST, ENVIRONMENT, BIO Forest Cover & Type Mapping Forest Fire and Risk Mapping Biodiversity Characterisation Environmental Impact Studies AGRICULTURE & SOIL Crop Acreage & Production Estimation Soil & Land Degradation Mapping Watershed Development Horticulture Mission for North-East LAND Land use/Land Cover Mapping Wasteland Mapping Urban Sprawl Studies Large Scale Mapping WEATHER & CLIMATE Extended Range Monsoon Forecasting Ocean State Forecasting Regional Climate Model

37. PRECISION AGRICULTURE TECHNOLOGIES Satellite Imagery Aerial Photography Electrical Conductivity (EC) In-field Infrared Chlorophyll Meters Crop Height Monitoring Remote and In-field Sensing Remote Sensing Suitability and Accuracy Sensors on Equipment Internal Light Source Real-time In-field Sensors vs. Remote Sensors Rate Determination: NDVI (Normalised Difference Vegetation Indicator) value Compare NDVI to Optimum Area Growing Degree Days Potential Yield Activate Rate Controller Robots for harvesting Sensor Field Operation . Google Earth NAIP – 1 meter Satellite – 15-30 m Zone Maps

38. SATSURE- success story of a start-up

39. OneWeb Launch on ISRO LVM-3 for Internet satellite constellation . Huge market for Small Satellites (100-200 kg class) 36 + 36 satellites each 150 kg in 1200 km polar orbit INDIA’S SPACE GLOBAL COMPETITIVENESS PSLV WITH 104 SATELLITES SSLV-02 36 satellites stacked on-board LVM-3

40. Skyroot Aerospace Successfully Launches India’s First Ever Private Rocket  - Vikram-S   A single stage suborbital space launch (Nov 18, 2022)  Pixxel , Kawa Space Skyroot , Vesta, Satellize Dhruva Space, Astrome , India has about 80,000 startups ; around 8,900 – 9,300 of these are technology-led startups. 108 Unicons . There are 2-3 tech startups born every day. Agnikul Cosmos, SATSURE INNOVATIVE SPACE START-UPS 3-D Printed rocket engine Agnikul Cosmos Team Indus, Bellatrix Aerospace CubeSat by Satellize

41. HUMAN SPACE PROGRAM-INDIA 42

42. Mechanization, steam power, weaving loom Cyber Physical Systems Automation, computers and electronics BUILDING BLOCKS OF INDUSTRY 4.0 For Efficiency & Productivity INDUSTRY 5.0 Systems + Sustainable Human centric and resilient Industry. *Cost optimization * Greener Solutions *Personalization &Creativity

43. Galaxy Galaxy Galaxy Universe 3 rd GEN. REUSABLE LAUNCH VEHICLES SPACE COLONY 2030 The next 100 years of Aerospace Missions UNMANNED COMBAT AIR VEHICLE HYPERPLANE 2050 SOLAR POWER SATELLITE SPACE TOURISM INTER PLANETORY TRAVEL, NEW EARTH MOON/ MARS INDUSTRY Galaxy (Milky Way) EXPLORE LIVING ORGANISMS AND ESTABLISH HABITAT IN PLANETS IN OTHER SOLAR SYSTEMS Other Solar System MINING IN PLANETS/ ASTEROIDS BLENDED WING BODY 2100

44. PMA India Promoting Competence based Project Management Exclusive Member Association of the IPMA IPMA is recognized worldwide as a leading authority on Competent Project, Program & Portfolio Management IPMA, International Project Management Association is a global federation of 72 member nations

45. PMA India Promoting Competence based Project Management IPMA’s 4 Level Certification (4LC) – the Only Competence based Certification system 4 Certification Levels with value-added assessment formats based on Role and Experience Over 100 industries & institutions have certified 7500+ Professionals across multiple batches in India.

46. Overview of 29 PM Competence Elements in ICB-4 Strategy Governance, structures and processes Compliance, standards and regulation Power and interest Culture and values Self-reflection and self-management Personal integrity and reliability Personal communication Relations and engagement Leadership Teamwork Conflict and crisis Resourcefulness Negotiation Result orientation Design Requirements and objectives Scope Time Organization and information Quality Finance Resources Procurement Plan and control Risk and opportunity Stakeholders Change and transformation Select and balance

47. Competitiveness Knowledge Power Innovative Technology Developed India Powered By National Economic Development Powered By Powered By Powered By Return on Investment Revenues Volume & Repeat Sales Resource Investment Powered By Powered By Powered By Product Quality & Value Employee Productivity Employee Loyalty Customer Loyalty Powered By Powered By Powered By Management Stewardship & Competence Creative Leadership Working Environment Powered By Powered By Employee Satisfaction Powered By Powered By Powered By Powered By The Nation & Creative Leadership Creative leadership means exercising the vision to change the traditional role From the commander to the coach, From manager to mentor, From director to delegator and From one who demands respect to one who facilitates self-respect. Competitiveness Knowledge Power Developed India National Economic Development Return on Investment Revenues Resource Investment Employee Productivity Employee Loyalty Customer Loyalty Working Environment Competitiveness Knowledge Power Nation’s Prosperity National Economic Development Return on Investment Revenues Research Investment

48. Sir CV Raman   What is needed today? We need a spirit of victory, a spirit that will carry us to our rightful place under the sun, a spirit which will recognize that we, as inheritors of a proud civilisation , are entitled to a rightful place on this planet. 49

49. Tiangong-1 Chinese space station crash South Pacific Haystack radar observatory nasa DEBRIS MONITORING DEBRIS REMOVAL Space claw-ESA NET SAT TO REMOVE

50. MEN AND WOMEN ARE BUSY IN ACCELERATING DEATH OF LIFE ON EARTH

51. NASA’s Asteroid-Hunting Space Telescope Using ground-based telescopes, over 26,000 near-Earth asteroids have already been discovered. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has cautioned about six asteroids, including two which are as big as the Eiffel Tower. A total of six asteroids zoomed past Earth on January 6, 2022 .

52. 65 million years before Human will be eliminated if it happens again

53. Asteroid ITOKAWA 55 25143 Itokawa is a near-Earth object potentially hazardous asteroid. It was discovered by the LINEAR program in 1998 and later named after Japanese rocket engineer Hideo Itokawa. Mass: 35 million tons Spectral type: S-type Asteroid Radius: 156.5 m, Length 535 m Mean diameter: 313 m; 330 m; 350 m Rotation period: 12.132 h blue-EARTH Orbital period: 555 days green- ITOKAWA red- MARS Japan shoots for a piece of an asteroid

54. ASTEROID REDIRECTION 56 Rendering of the Asteroid Redirect Vehicle departing the asteroid after capturing a boulder from its surface. Deployment of a container large enough to capture a free-flying asteroid up to 8 m in diameter. ASTEROID REDIRECT MISSION USING SOLAR ELECTRIC PROPULSION SYSTEM

55. Fundamental importance of Energy storage

56. Storage Technologies

57. DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS FOR ENERGY Light with high enough energy excites electrons in dye molecules Excited electrons infused into semi-conducting TiO 2 , transported out of cell Positive “holes” left in dye molecules Separation of excited electrons and “holes” create a voltage. Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells RELATIVELY INEXPENSIVE Made in non-vacuum setting at room temp. Relatively simple manufacturing process NEED LITTLE THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY ( TLC) Thin, lightweight, flexible SHORT RETURN ON INVESTMENT Takes approx 3 months to produce energy savings equivalent to cost of production ADVANTAGES

58. GREEN HYDROGEN 60

59. Hydrogen Fuel Cells

60. Deployment of bioenergy with carbon capture and storage

61. Battery 2030+

62. Li-Ion Battery Recycling Pre Treatment

63. Li-Ion Battery recycling process

64. Solid electrolyte interphase: A necessary evil Multiple battery chemistries, single device! Future of Li-Ion Battery Technology

65. Key Considerations for Energy Generation Reduce Carbon Emissions Diversify the Energy Mix- solar, wind, hydrogen, ocean energy, hydro, nuclear Invest in Futuristic Energy Sources/ Technologies, such as efficient solar, SPS, green H2,Helium 3

66. Water Electrolysers for Green Hydrogen

67. Green Technology for Modern Society

68. Hydrogen Green Energy Carrier

69. Area of Decarbonaisation Incremental Innovation Breakthrough Innovation

70. 5000 BC 2000 BC 1000 1500 1800 1900 1940 1960 1980 1990 2000 2020 2100 19 th Century 20 th Century 21 st Century Stone Age Bronze Age Iron Age Chemical Age Plastics Age Space Age Info & Knowledge Age S Nanotechnology Age Biotechnology Age Nuclear Age Natural Sources & Craftsmanship Synthesis, Engineering, combinatorial, simulation Strategies INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION INDUSTRY 4.0 RENAISSANCE 5000 BC 2000 BC 1000 1500 1800 1900 1940 1960 1980 1990 2000 2020 2100 TECHNOLOGY EVOLUTION SOCIETY INDUSTRY AGRI INFO KNOWLEDGE Improved quality of Arts & Entertainment Improved Material Quality of Life Increased Knowledge Base Beyond Knowledge Society ORIGIN OF CIVILISATION COMPUTERS, LASER, GENETIC ENGG., INTERNET POWER INDUSTRY AIRCRAFT SCIENTIFIC INNOVATIONS EMERGENCE OF AI, ROBOTICS & INTELLIGENT BIO-MATERIALS & SENSORS, CYBERWARE TECHNOLOGY ADVANCEMENTS THROUGH AGES .HYPERSONICS .CYBER PHYSICAL SYSTEMS .MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, HMI .SPACE RESOURCE EXPLOITATION .TRANSHUMAN . NETZERO CARBON ( AI , Convergent Technologies) Tipu’s Rocket (1792) * WORLD WAR I * WORLD WAR II * COLD WAR Bronze Statue Iron Pillar at Delhi (912 BC) Panchloha Statue of Nataraja ( 8 th Century AD) Nuclear DNA MW CNT EARLY INNOVATIONS - SCIENCE FROM WEST SCIENCE IN INDIA Brain on Chip

71. DIMENSIONS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT WHAT IS TO BE SUSTAINED: WHAT IS TO BE DEVELOPED: Climate, clean air, drinking water, hygiene , green energy , herbs / native medicine & biodiversity Education, employment, health, housing, security, stabilized population, sustained GDP growth, Higher prosperity index INDICATORS

72. Hydrogen Chain

73. Around 96% of all hydrogen production common feedstock is fossil fuels, with natural gas Steam methane reforming (SMR) : Cheapest and most standard way to produce hydrogen through a thermal process Various Hydrogen Production and Color Coding

74. India’s Evolving Energy Transition Indian economy is expected to grow to 5- 6 trillion USD by 2030 Energy demand will double from the present 9.4 x 10 to the power 12 to 20.8 x10 ttp 12 by 2050 As of today, India imports 350 million tons of carbon in the form of fossil energy 2.6 GT CO2 is emitted from this carbon energy, making India world’s 3 rd largest GHG emitter Imperative to fuel economic growth with end-to-end energy security and clean energy India has 110 BnT of proven coal reserves , and 450 MMT of agro residues To achieve energy security with low carbon footprint, India must : Reduce carbon demand through improving energy efficiency in all energy consuming processes Move from thermal power plants to coal gasification Increase clean power production from biomass, renewables, solar, wind, nuclear, hydroelectricity Explore energy storage options in the form of batteries, hydrogen, pumped hydro, gravity