IGCSE ICT - ICT Applications - Ajiro Tech - Part 2

These slides explores communication modeling in financial and civil engineering, flood water and traffic management, and weather forecasting. It also covers computer-controlled systems and school management systems, highlighting their applications and importance in various domains of modern technology and administration.
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1. WEEK 2to 3
ICT APPLICATIONS –CHAPTER 6
IT IS IMPORTANT YOU WRITE NOTES INTO
YOUR ICT NOTEBOOK
YOUR TEXTBOOK IS ALSO VERY IMPORTANT.
Page on the Textbook: 110 Part 2

2. ❖Booking Systems
❖Banking Systems
❖Computers in Medicine
❖Expert Systems
Chapter 6
:
ICT Applications
Ajiro Ndi
Table of Contents

3. Ajiro Tech – Best IGCSE ICT YouTube Channel
ICT Applications
Chapter 6
:
ICT Applications
5 Booking Systems
Example Uses:
▪the travel industry
▪for concerts (theatre and music events)
▪for cinema tickets
▪when booking sporting events
Advantages: Disadvantages
•They prevent double-booking
•The customer gets immediate
feedback on the availability of
seats and whether or not their
booking has been successful..
•The customer can make
bookings at any time of the day.
•It is usually easier to browse the
seating plans (particularly on
flights) to choose the best seats
available at the price.
•The setting up and maintenance
of online booking systems is
expensive.
• All customers using this service
need access to a computer or
mobile phone and a reliable
internet connection.
•It is often more difficult to cancel
the booking and get your money
back using online systems.
•If the websites are not well
designed, it can be difficult to make
exactly the booking you want or
can lead you to make mistakes.
Online booking systems rely on the ability to update files
immediately, thus preventing double-booking, which could happen
if the system response time was slow. Online booking systems are
used in:
Input: User will select the
requirements of the
booking. E.g. date of flights,
Airports, Location etc.
Processing : involves
checking if bookings
are possible
(availability)
Outputs:
booking confirmations
/rejections
alternatives/Payment

4. Ajiro Tech – Best IGCSE ICT YouTube Channel
ICT Applications
Chapter 6
:
ICT Applications
6 Banking Applications
Business
Bank
Account
-£4500
EFT instruction to pay Employees
£4500
Employee 1
+ £1500
Employee 2
+ £1500
Employee 3
+ £1500
Advantages: Disadvantages
•It is a very secure payment method.
•It is a very quick payment method.
•It is less expensive than, for example,
using cheques.
•The customer has the right to dispute an
EFT payment for up to 60 days
•Once an amount has been transferred the
bank cannot reverse a transaction
(requires a full dispute investigation).
•The customer needs to have funds
available immediately (unlike when using a
cheque).
•It cannot guarantee the recipient (someone
with a fake ID could collect the money).
Electronic Fund Transfer (EFT) is a system that allows money transfer instructions to be sent directly to
a bank’s computer system. No actual money is transferred; the whole system relies on electronic
transfer of money between accounts
Another example of EFT in use is when a
credit/debit card is used to pay for a purchase in a
store, the payment is made using a system called
electronic fund transfer at point-of-sale (EFTPOS)
Ajiro Ndi

5. Ajiro Tech – Best IGCSE ICT YouTube Channel
ICT Applications
Chapter 6
:
ICT Applications
6 Banking Applications
Processing credit/debit card Transactions
Card HolderMerchant
Card holder is paying by
Card.
Card will be place in
chip and pin
reader. Pin will be
entered to proceed
with transaction.
Using details on the
card the Merchant’s
bank contacts the
card holders bank
to check for
sufficient funds to
complete the
transaction.
Customer’s Bank (Card Holder’s Issuing Bank)
Merchants' Bank (Acquiring)
Funds are transferred
Checking
Funds Funds are not
available
Transaction
Declined.
Ajiro Ndi

6. Ajiro Tech – Best IGCSE ICT YouTube Channel
ICT Applications
Chapter 6
:
ICT Applications
6 Banking Applications
Automatic teller machines (ATMs) allow the customer to: withdraw cash, deposit cash, deposit
cheques, check the balance of their account, see a mini bank statement, pay a bill, do a money transfer.
Customer may be asked to select a language.
The customer types in the PIN.
The PIN number is
compared with the PIN
stored in the chip. If
Pin is the same then
the customer can
Proceed.
If not customer will be
requested to re enter
the Pin.
Cash
Withdrawal
Cash Deposit
Check Balance
Print
Statement
Phone Topup
If Pin is correct then the customer will
select a service.
If customer selects the Cash Withdrawal then
they are requested to select an amount to
withdraw.
The customer’s
account is checked
to see if it has
sufficient funds.
The amount is also
checked against the
card limit or daily
withdrawal limit.
If there are sufficient funds and the amount is
within the card limit the required notes are
issued.
Customer is requested if they would like a
receipt.
The card is then returned to the customer.
Ajiro Ndi

7. Ajiro Tech – Best IGCSE ICT YouTube Channel
ICT Applications
Chapter 6
:
ICT Applications
6 Banking Applications
Internet Banking Advantages Disadvantages
Online
Banking
Customers can now access their bank
accounts online on secure websites using
authentication techniques. Some banks
have also developed online banking
applications to allow customers to
access their accounts via mobile phones
and tablets.
Customers can use the on-line banking
system to:
•Check their balance and print statements
•Manage direct debits
•Transfer money internally and externally
to other accounts using EFT.
•Apply for loans or credit cards.
•Can be accessed
from various
platforms and used
24/7 including
whilst on the move.
•Save time and costs-
No Travelling or
money spent on
travelling or parking.
•Statements can
be downloaded
from a given time
period.
•Several layers
of
authentication.
•Internet
connection
required.
•Less personable for
those who would
prefer direct
communication with
a bank
representative
.
•Your account
could be hacked
or passwords
stolen from key
logging software.
Phone
Bankin
g
Phone banking is very similar to online
banking in that customers can complete
similar tasks.
Customers will have to enter in their account
details to authenticate them to the system.
Then they will have to select from various
options by the specified numbers keys.
•Can talk directly to
a representative
from the bank.
•Ask additional
queries which are
not available online.
•Call costs
•May be put on
hold for a long
time.
•Call times (9am-
5pm) are not
flexible.

8. Ajiro Tech – Best IGCSE ICT YouTube Channel
ICT Applications
Chapter 6
:
ICT Applications
7 Computers in Medicine
Type Use of
Technology
Advantages Disadvantages
Information
systems in
medicine
•Keeping patient
records in a database
so correct diagnosis
can be given
according to patients
medical history.
•Monitoring patients
(vital signs) using
measure and control
systems
•The use of expert
systems to diagnose
an illness.
•Computers can take
more accurate an more
frequent readings of
patients.
•Computers can
respond quicker to any
changes in patients
condition.
•Staff are available
to complete other
tasks.
•Data can be stored
in central place.
•Saving physical space
which would be
required to stored
paper records.
•Equipment could
be expensive.
•Training would
be required.
•Regular
maintenance of
the system would
be required.
•Systems could
stop responding.
3D printers
•Surgical and Diagnostic
Aids
•Prosthetics
•Tissue engineering
•Artificial blood vessels
•Customised medicines
•Printing is relatively
cheap.
•Printing can be
faster compared to
manufacturing
parts.
•Technology is
still in the earl
stages of
development.
•Limited selection
of materials

9. Ajiro Tech – Best IGCSE ICT YouTube Channel
ICTApplications
Chapter 6
:
ICT Applications
8ExpertSystems
Expert systems are to provideexpert opinions without the need for the expert by using a
system allowing the user to query the knowledge base to find solutions to theirproblems.
User
Interface
Inference
Engine
Knowledgebase
User
User interface
▪This is the method by which the expert
system interacts with a user.
▪It allows interaction through dialogue
boxes, command prompts or other input
methods.
For examplethe user may be
promptedto enter their symptoms
for a medicalissue.
Explanation system
▪This informs the user of the reasoning behind the expert system’s conclusions and recommended actions.
▪The expert system will supply a conclusion and any suggested actions to take; the important thing is it will also give the
percentage probability of the accuracy of its conclusions
for example, the following statement could be made: ‘Based on the information given to me, the probability of finding oil bearing
rocks in location 123AD21G is about 21%’
RulesBase
Examples include: prospecting for oil
and minerals, diagnostics (finding faults
in a car engine, finding faults on a
circuit board, etc.), medical diagnosis,
strategy games (e.g. chess), tax and
financial planning, route scheduling for
delivery vehicles, identification of
plants, animals and chemical
compounds.
Explanation
system

10. Ajiro Tech – Best IGCSE ICT YouTube Channel
ICTApplications
Chapter 6
:
ICT Applications
8ExpertSystems
Expert systems are to provideexpert opinions without the need for the expert by using a
system allowing the user to query the knowledge base to find solutions to theirproblems.
User
Interface
Inference
Engine
Knowledgebase
User
Rules base
▪The rules base is a set of inference rules.
▪Inference rules are used by the inference
engine to draw conclusions (the methods
used closely follow human reasoning).
Knowledge base
▪The knowledge base is a repository of
facts.
▪It stores all the knowledge about an
area of expertise obtained from a
number of expert resources.
Inference Engine
▪This is the main processing element of the
expert system.
▪The inference engine acts like a search engine
examining the knowledge base for
information/data that matches the queries.
RulesBase
Explanation
system

11. Ajiro Tech – Best IGCSE ICT YouTube Channel
ICTApplications
Chapter 6
:
ICT Applications
8ExpertSystems
Setting upan ExpertSystem
Examples
1.Information needs to be gathered from human experts or from written sources such as
textbooks, research papers or the internet.
2.Information gathered is used to populate the knowledge base, which needs to be first created.
3.A rules base needs to be created; this is made up of a series of inference rules so that the
inference engine can draw conclusions.
4.The inference engine itself needs to be set up; it is a complex system since it is the
main processing element, making reasoned conclusions from data in the knowledge
base.
5.The user interface needs to be developed to allow the user and the expert system to
communicate.
6.Once the system is set up, it needs to be fully tested; this is done by running the
system with known outcomes so that results can be compared and any changes to the
expert system made
Car Diagnostic ExpertSystem
Carenginewillconnectedtothediagnosticexpertsystem.
Theexpertsystemwillautomaticallytestcertainfunctions
andprovidefeedbackforrepair.

12. Ajiro Tech – Best IGCSE ICT YouTube Channel
ICTApplications
Chapter 6
:
ICT Applications
8ExpertSystems
Advantages of expert systems
▪They offer a high level of expertise.
▪They offer high accuracy.
▪ The results are consistent.
▪ They can store vast amounts of ideas and facts.
▪ They can make traceable logical solutions and diagnostics.
▪ It is possible for an expert system to have multiple types of expertise.
▪ They offer a very fast response time (much quicker than a human expert).
▪ They provide unbiased reporting and analysis of the facts.
▪ They indicate the probability of any suggested solution being correct.
▪Users of the expert system need considerable training in its use to ensure the
system is being used correctly.
▪The set-up and maintenance costs are very high.
▪ They tend to give very ‘cold’ responses which may not be appropriate in
certain medical situations.
▪They are only as good as the information/facts entered into the system.
▪Users sometimes make the very dangerous assumption that they are
infallible.
Disadvantages of expert systems
Ajiro Ndi