IJC 2023 The role of technology in advancing environmental sustainability.pptx

The role of technology in advancing environmental sustainability

1. The role of technology in advancing environmental sustainability: the case of energy transition International Joint Conference (IJC) 2023 UST Angelicum College, The Philippines Dr Martha Maulidia Energy Policy Researcher International Institute for Sustainable Development

2. Contents Energy transition The evolution of electricity generation industries Electricity 1.0 until 4.0 Disruptive technologies in renewable energy and energy efficiency The era of green energy and power-to-x Disruption innovation of renewable energy The role of technology in the case of energy transition References

3. ENERGY TRANSITION Energy transition is a change from one form of energy system that is currently dirty, dominated by fossil fuels, to an energy system that is secure, resilient, clean, sustainable and produces less greenhouse gas emissions, yet AFFORDABLE and INCLUSIVE. It requires a long-term structural change that encompasses not only TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE, but also social, economic, and environmental aspects and requires deeper transformational changes in social and political orders (Burke and Stephens, 2018). Transitioning into a sustainable energy system involves fundamental changes in technology, policy, markets, and institutions. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC

4. The evolution of electricity generation https://www.powermag.com/history-of-power-the-evolution-of-the-electric-generation-industry/ Electricity 1.0: early research on electricity

5. The evolution of electricity generation https://www.powermag.com/history-of-power-the-evolution-of-the-electric-generation-industry/ Electricity 2.0: mass electrification through the introduction of power plants: COAL dependence started

6. The evolution of electricity generation https://www.powermag.com/history-of-power-the-evolution-of-the-electric-generation-industry/ Gas Power – a large-scale, cleaner alternative to coal, but still made of fossil

7. The evolution of electricity generation https:// www.powermag.com /history-of-power-the-evolution-of-the-electric-generation-industry/ Electricity 3.0: the rise of solar cells and solar panels New York Times: “may mark the beginning of a new era, leading eventually to the realization of one of mankind’s most cherished dreams–the harnessing of the almost limitless energy of the sun for the uses of civilization.” Bhadla Solar Park, India, 2245 MW The cost of solar PV modules 1970-2020 (IEA, 2022) The cost of solar PV has fallen by 99.8% from 107.5 USD (2015) to 0.2 USD (2015), using monocrystalline panel with 15-20% efficiency (IEA, 2022). In the past decade, the cost of the same type of panel decreased by 83%. Cost of electricity of RE (163 GW in 2021) is lower than that of coal power plants in G20 countries (IEA, 2022).

8. The evolution of electricity generation Wind Energy Sidrap Wind Farm, Indonesia Total capacity in 2022: 906 GW (9% yoy growth) New record on annual capacity addition of 100 GW/ year in 2023 (GWEC, 2023)

9. Nørrekær wind farm, near Løgstør , Denmark Vestas 15MW turbine, Østerild test center, Denmark (V236 – 280 m or 300 m)

10. The evolution of electricity generation Electricity 4.0: convergence of digital and electric at scale Source: Ontario Energy Board Source: Motlagh , et al., 2020

11. The evolution of electricity generation Electricity 4.0: convergence of digital and electric at scale Concerns over climate change and the urge for immediate global action to address it has fueled the energy transformation that moves away from dirty fossil fuels to clean and low-carbon sources of energy. Technological advancement has enabled the transformation that led to the price of renewables (notably solar panels and battery storage systems), distributed generation (microgrids), and digitalization (e.g. smart grids). The electricity sector continues to witness disruptive technologies in the quest to balance the energy security, affordability, and sustainability.

12. Disruptive technologies in renewable energy and energy efficiency Smart grids: use of digital technologies, minimizing costs, maintaining stability and reliability of the grid Microgrids: isolated from the main grid to improve reliability and resilience from grid disturbances Blockchain transactions: mostly for peer-to-peer energy trading V2G (vehicle to grid): electric-drive vehicles provide power to electric markets Green hydrogen AI decision making Internet of Things: automate devices and increase efficiency of processes CASE (Connected, Autonomous, Shared, Electric) APEC Energy Working Group, 2022

13. The era of green energy and power-to-x What is Power-to-X ( PtX or P2X)? It is conversion technologies that convert power (from solar and wind farms) into carbon-neutral synthetic fuels such as hydrogen, synthetic natural gas, liquid fuels, or chemicals. This is crucial for sectors that are hard to decarbonize (such as heavy industries) or the energy can be stored for later use (such as for district heating). Power-to-X enables an indirect electrification.

14. The era of green energy and power-to-x This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY Green methanol or e-methanol (produced using Renewable Energy)

15. e-Methanol as a starting point into large-scale CO2-neutral shipping The largest solar park in North Europe: 300 MW Kassø Solar Park (European Energy)

16. e-Methanol as a starting point into large-scale CO2-neutral shipping E-Methanol Plant producing 32,000 metric tonnes of carbon neutral fuels per year Half of the total output, 16,000 metric tonnes per annum, will be delivered to A.P. Moller-Maersk, a global shippin g company, for its first carbon-neutral containership.

17. Disruptive innovation renewable energy Disruptive innovation model (Christensen, Raynor, McDonald, 2015) Low-end/ new market: big utilities did not invest in RE until 2016. FIT was introduced in 2000: ROI stable for 20 years. Decentralized generation opened a new market (solar rooftop): lower capital. Entering mass-market with new key features : decentralized and zero carbon emissions. Reduce revenue of competing products : reduce electricity price and reduce load hours of conventional power plants. https:// www.enerquire.com /blog/disruptive-innovations-in-the-energy-sector-definition-application

18. Disruptive innovation renewable energy Development of renewables in Germany 1990-2015 ( Brunekreeft , Buchmann & Meyer, 2016) Characteristics: attractive Return on Investment (supported by feed-in-tariffs), decentralized, reduce carbon emissions Renewables entered the market and gained significant market share after 15 years, when quality, efficiency and reliability had improved over time. Supported by environmental regulation and incentive schemes https:// www.enerquire.com /blog/disruptive-innovations-in-the-energy-sector-definition-application

19. The role of technology in the case of energy transition Technological innovation significantly contributes to the effort of climate change mitigation: driver of transformation, increasing efficiency (Wang and Li, 2020) Techn ological advancement reduces carbon emissions, improves efficiency in a cost-effective way. Technological innovation minimizes environmental degradation while improving economies (Mughal et al., 2020). Modern green technology innovation significantly improved carbon emissions efficiency – as evidenced in Luxembourg, Norway and Switzerland (Dong, et al., 2022) Technological innovation is measured using proxies including R&D spending, efficiency, patent development, foreign direct investment, and total factor productivity (TFP) (Khan H et al., 2022; Shabir, 2022).

20. The role of technology in the case of energy transition However, technology is not the only factor at play. The role of institutions is as important in achieving sustainability (Hassan et al., 2020). Reform of institutions is essential to achieve climate targets (Shabir et al., 2023). Policy reform is needed to address differences in impacts of technology on different regions. Policy should focus on providing support schemes for new energy green industry, providing incentives for green technology research and development, and strengthening the supply system to cater for market demand (Gao et al., 2022). Environmental regulation is crucial to achieve green transformation through green technology innovation and industrial structure upgrading (Du et al., 2021).

21. references APEC Energy Working Group (2022), Accommodating disruptive technology into RE & EE policies for energy security, APEC Secretariat Singapore, https://reglobal.org/disruptive-clean-energy-technologies-for-apecs-energy-security/ Bloomberg New Energy Finance ( n.a. ), Evolution of wind turbine height and output Burke, M., Stephens, J. (2018), Political power and renewable energy futures: A critical review. Energy Research & Social Science, Volume 35, Pages 78-93, ISSN 2214-6296 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2017.10.018 Brunekreeft , G., Buchmann, M. and Meyer, R. (2016) The Rise of Third Parties and the Fall of Incumbents Driven by Large-Scale Integration of Renewable Energies: The Case of Germany. Energy Journal, 37. https://ideas.repec.org/a/aen/journl/ej37-si2-brunekreeft.html Christensen, Raynor, McDonald (2015 ), What is disruptive innovation?, Harvard Business Review, https://hbr.org/2015/12/what-is-disruptive-innovation Kerui Du, Yuanyuan Cheng, Xin Yao (2021), Environmental regulation, green technology innovation, and industrial structure upgrading: The road to the green transformation of Chinese cities, Energy Economics, Volume 98, 2021, 105247, ISSN 0140-9883 , https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2021.105247 IEA (2022), World Energy Investment 2022, IEA, Paris https:// www.iea.org /reports/world-energy-investment-2022, License: CC BY 4.0 Gao, P., Wang, Y., Zou, Y., Su , X., Che, X., Yang, X. (2022), Green technology innovation and carbon emissions nexus in China: Does industrial structure upgrading matter?, Frontiers in Psychology, Volume 13 - 2022 |  https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.951172 Hasan, M. M., and Du, F. (2023). Nexus between green financial development, green technological innovation and environmental regulation in China.  Renew. Energy  204, 218–228. doi:10.1016/J.RENENE.2022.12.095 Hutchinson, M., Zhao, F. (2023), Global Wind Energy Council Global Wind Report 2023, GWEC, Brussels. https://gwec.net/globalwindreport2023/ Hossein Motlagh , N., Mohammadrezaei , M., Hunt, J., & Zakeri , B. (2020). Internet of Things (IoT) and the Energy Sector.  Energies ,  13 (2), 494. MDPI AG. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13020494

22. references Hasan, M. M., and Du, F. (2023). Nexus between green financial development, green technological innovation and environmental regulation in China.  Renew. Energy  204, 218–228. doi:10.1016/J.RENENE.2022.12.095 Hutchinson, M., Zhao, F. (2023), Global Wind Energy Council Global Wind Report 2023, GWEC, Brussels. https://gwec.net/globalwindreport2023/ Hossein Motlagh , N., Mohammadrezaei , M., Hunt, J., & Zakeri , B. (2020). Internet of Things (IoT) and the Energy Sector.  Energies ,  13 (2), 494. MDPI AG. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13020494 Li, G., Zhang, R., Feng, S., and Wang, Y. (2022). Digital finance and sustainable development: Evidence from environmental inequality in China.  Bus. Strat. Environ . doi : 10.1002/bse.3105.  Nafeesa Mughal, Asma Arif , Vipin Jain, Supat Chupradit , Malik Shahzad Shabbir, Carlos Samuel Ramos-Meza, Rinat Zhanbayev (2022), The role of technological innovation in environmental pollution, energy consumption and sustainable economic growth: Evidence from South Asian economies, Energy Strategy Reviews, Volume 39, 2022, 100745, ISSN 2211-467X, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2021.100745 Ontario Energy Board, https://engagewithus.oeb.ca/energy-transition Shabir, M. (2022). Does financial inclusion promote environmental sustainability: Analyzing the role of technological innovation and economic globalization.  J. Knowl . Econ. , 1–28. doi:10.1007/s13132-022-01035-5 https://www.powermag.com/history-of-power-the-evolution-of-the-electric-generation-industry/ https://www.enerquire.com/blog/disruptive-innovations-in-the-energy-sector-definition-application

23. Thank you [email protected] [email protected]