Illustrate the pharmacological 21 Aug.pdf

Classify the drug according to:
Groups (action) and provide relevant examples.
Legal framework (schedules)
Nursing actions as related to side effects and contra indications.

1. Illustrate the pharmacological
classification system of drugs
and the
safekeeping thereof

2. Objectives
•Classify the drug according to:
–Groups (action) and provide relevant
examples.
–Legal framework (schedules)
–Nursing actions as related to side
effects and contra indications.

3. Understanding drug classification and safekeeping is crucial for several
reasons, including ensuring effective treatment, maintaining patient
safety, preventing misuse and abuse, and complying with legal
regulations.
•1. Effective Treatment
–Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment
Planning
–Avoiding Drug Interactions
•2. Patient Safety
–Minimizing Adverse Effects
•3. Preventing Misuse and Abuse
–Controlled Substances Management:.
–Education and Awareness

4. Understanding drug classification and safekeeping is crucial for several
reasons, including ensuring effective treatment, maintaining patient
safety, preventing misuse and abuse, and complying with legal
regulations.
•4. Legal and Regulatory Compliance
–Adherence to Laws and Regulations:
–Preventing Legal Issues
•5. Pharmacy Management
–Inventory Control
–Expiration and Recalls.

5. Understanding drug classification and safekeeping is crucial for several
reasons, including ensuring effective treatment, maintaining patient
safety, preventing misuse and abuse, and complying with legal
regulations.
•6. Research and Development
–Drug Development.
–Clinical Trials
•7. Safekeeping of Drugs
–Proper Storage Conditions
–Preventing Contamination
–Security Measures

6. Highlight the critical role nurses play in medication
management.
•1. Medication Administration
–Accurate Dosing
–Route of Administration
–Patient Education
•2. Patient Assessment and Monitoring
–Baseline Assessment
–Ongoing Monitoring

7. Highlight the critical role nurses play in medication
management.
•3. Medication Reconciliation
–Comprehensive Review
–Continuity of Care
•4. Patient Advocacy
–Ensuring Safety
–Individualized Care

8. Highlight the critical role nurses play in medication
management.
•5. Collaboration and Communication
–Interdisciplinary Collaboration
–Clear Communication
•6. Documentation
–Accurate Records
–Reporting Adverse Events

9. Highlight the critical role nurses play in medication
management.
•7. Education and Training
–Patient Education
–Continuous Professional Development.
•8. Risk Management and Error Prevention
–Medication Safety Practices
–Error Reporting

10. Drug Classification Systems
•Therapeutic classification as
grouping drugs based on their
therapeutic use (e.g.,
antihypertensives).
•Pharmacological classification,
which is based on the mechanism of
action (e.g., beta-blockers).
•Chemical classification, which is
based on the drug's chemical structure.

11. Benzodiazepine Structure
•Benzodiazepine Structure: Benzodiazepines have
a core chemical structure consisting of a benzene
ring (a six-membered carbon ring with alternating
double bonds) fused to a seven-membered
diazepinering (a ring containing two nitrogen
atoms).

12. Purpose of Therapeutic
ClassificationTherapeutic
Classification
•Examples: Analgesics, Antidepressants,
Antihypertensives
•Improving Patient Care
•Treatment Optimization: By categorizing drugs
according to their therapeutic use, healthcare
providers can more easily select the most
appropriate medication for a particular condition.
•Streamlined Decision-Making: Therapeutic
classification simplifies the decision-making process
by providing a clear framework for understanding
the primary uses of various medications.

13. Purpose of Therapeutic
ClassificationTherapeutic
Classification
•Enhancing Communication
•Standardized Language: It provides a common
language for healthcare professionals, facilitating
clear and consistent communication regarding
patient treatment plans.
•Interdisciplinary Coordination: Enhances
coordination among different members of the
healthcare team by ensuring everyone understands
the therapeutic goals and the medications used to
achieve them.

14. Purpose of Therapeutic
ClassificationTherapeutic
Classification
•Education and Training
•Structured Learning: Helps in the education and
training of healthcare providers by organizing
information about drugs in a systematic and
understandable way.
•Patient Education: Assists in explaining treatment
plans to patients by relating medications to their
therapeutic goals, improving patient understanding
and adherence.

15. Use in Clinical Settings
•Prescription and Treatment Planning
•Pharmacy Management
•Patient Monitoring and Safety
•Clinical Research and Guidelines Development
•Regulatory and Formulary Management

16. Use in Clinical Settings
•Examples of Therapeutic Classes and Their Uses
•Analgesics
–Purpose: Pain relief
–Examples: Paracetamol (acetaminophen), ibuprofen, morphine
•Antibiotics
–Purpose: Treat bacterial infections
–Examples: Amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin, azithromycin
•Antihypertensives
–Purpose: Lower blood pressure
–Examples: Lisinopril, amlodipine, losartan
•Antidiabetics
–Purpose: Manage diabetes
–Examples: Metformin, insulin, glipizide
•Antidepressants
–Purpose: Treat depression
–Examples: Sertraline, fluoxetine, venlafaxine

17. Discuss how drugs are grouped
based on the condition they treat
•1. Analgesics
•Condition Treated: Pain
•Examples:
–Paracetamol (Acetaminophen): Used for mild
to moderate pain and fever reduction.
–Ibuprofen: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory
drug (NSAID) used for pain, inflammation, and
fever.
–Morphine: An opioid used for severe pain,
especially post-surgical or cancer pain.
•Therapeutic Use: Analgesics are used to alleviate
various types of pain, ranging from headaches and
muscle aches to severe postoperative and chronic
pain.

18. Discuss how drugs are grouped
based on the condition they treat
•2. Antibiotics
•Condition Treated: Bacterial Infections
•Examples:
–Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic used for
infections such as pneumonia, bronchitis, and ear, nose, and
throat infections.
–Ciprofloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibiotic used for urinary
tract infections (UTIs), gastrointestinal infections, and certain
types of bacterial diarrhea.
–Azithromycin: A macrolide antibiotic used for respiratory
infections, skin infections, and sexually transmitted infections
(STIs).
•Therapeutic Use: Antibiotics are essential for treating bacterial
infections, preventing the spread of infection, and reducing the risk of
complications.

19. Discuss how drugs are grouped
based on the condition they treat
•3. Antihypertensives
•Condition Treated: Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)
•Examples:
–Lisinopril: An ACE inhibitor used to relax blood
vessels and lower blood pressure.
–Amlodipine: A calcium channel blocker that relaxes
blood vessels and improves blood flow.
–Losartan: An angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB)
used to lower blood pressure and protect the
kidneys in people with diabetes.
•Therapeutic Use: Antihypertensiveshelp manage high
blood pressure, reducing the risk of stroke, heart attack,
and kidney damage.

20. Discuss how drugs are grouped
based on the condition they treat
•4. Antidiabetics
•Condition Treated: Diabetes Mellitus
•Examples:
–Metformin: An oral medication that lowers blood sugar by
reducing glucose production in the liver and improving
insulin sensitivity.
–Insulin: A hormone administered via injection or pump to
regulate blood sugar levels in people with Type 1 or advanced
Type 2 diabetes.
–Glipizide: A sulfonylurea that stimulates the pancreas to
produce more insulin.
•Therapeutic Use: Antidiabetics are used to manage blood glucose
levels in diabetic patients, preventing complications such as
neuropathy, nephropathy, and cardiovascular diseases.

21. Discuss how drugs are grouped
based on the condition they treat
•5. Antidepressants
•Condition Treated: Depression and Other Mood Disorders
•Examples:
–Sertraline: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) used
for depression, anxiety disorders, and PTSD.
–Fluoxetine: Another SSRI used for depression, OCD, and
bulimia nervosa.
–Venlafaxine: A serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor
(SNRI) used for depression and anxiety disorders.
•Therapeutic Use: Antidepressants help correct chemical imbalances in
the brain that contribute to mood disorders, improving symptoms such
as low mood, anxiety, and irritability.

22. Discuss how drugs are grouped
based on the condition they treat
•6. Antihistamines
•Condition Treated: Allergic Reactions
•Examples:
–Diphenhydramine: A first-generation antihistamine
used for allergy symptoms, insomnia, and motion
sickness.
–Loratadine: A second-generation antihistamine used
for allergic rhinitis and chronic urticaria.
–Cetirizine: Another second-generation antihistamine
for allergy relief without causing significant
drowsiness.
•Therapeutic Use: Antihistamines block the effects of
histamine, reducing symptoms of allergic reactions such as
sneezing, itching, and hives.

23. Discuss how drugs are grouped
based on the condition they treat
•7. Antipsychotics
•Condition Treated: Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders
•Examples:
–Risperidone: Used to treat schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and
irritability associated with autism.
–Olanzapine: Used for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder,
helping to manage symptoms such as delusions and
hallucinations.
–Aripiprazole: Used for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and as
an adjunct for major depressive disorder.
•Therapeutic Use: Antipsychotics help manage symptoms of psychotic
disorders, stabilizing mood and improving cognitive function.

24. Discuss how drugs are grouped
based on the condition they treat
•8. Anticoagulants
•Condition Treated: Blood Clotting Disorders
•Examples:
–Warfarin: An oral anticoagulant used to prevent and treat blood
clots, reducing the risk of stroke and heart attack.
–Heparin: An injectable anticoagulant used for immediate
anticoagulation needs in hospital settings.
–Rivaroxaban: A direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) used to
prevent and treat deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary
embolism (PE).
•Therapeutic Use: Anticoagulants prevent the formation of harmful
blood clots, reducing the risk of strokes, heart attacks, and other serious
conditions.

25. Pharmacological Classification
•1. Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
•Mechanism of Action: NSAIDs inhibit the enzyme
cyclooxygenase (COX), which is involved in the synthesis
of prostaglandins, molecules that promote inflammation,
pain, and fever.
•Examples:
–Ibuprofen: Blocks COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes,
reducing inflammation and pain.
–Naproxen: Also inhibits COX enzymes to relieve
pain and inflammation.
•How They Work: By inhibiting COX enzymes, NSAIDs
reduce the production of prostaglandins, thereby alleviating
pain, swelling, and fever associated with inflammatory
conditions like arthritis and muscle injuries.

26. Pharmacological Classification
•2. Beta-Blockers
•Mechanism of Action: Beta-blockers block beta-adrenergic receptors
in the heart and other tissues, inhibiting the action of adrenaline
(epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine).
•Examples:
–Metoprolol: Selectively blocks beta-1 adrenergic receptors,
primarily affecting the heart.
–Propranolol: Non-selectively blocks both beta-1 and beta-2
adrenergic receptors, affecting the heart, lungs, and other
tissues.
•How They Work: Beta-blockers reduce heart rate and myocardial
contractility, thereby lowering blood pressure and reducing the
workload of the heart. They are used to treat hypertension, angina, and
certain arrhythmias.

27. Pharmacological Classification
•3. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)
•Mechanism of Action: SSRIs block the reuptake of
serotonin, a neurotransmitter involved in regulating mood,
emotions, and sleep, by inhibiting the serotonin
transporter (SERT) protein.
•Examples:
–Fluoxetine: Blocks the reuptake of serotonin,
increasing its concentration in the synaptic cleft.
–Sertraline: Similar mechanism, enhancing
serotonin signaling in the brain.
•How They Work: By increasing serotonin levels in the
brain, SSRIs alleviate symptoms of depression, anxiety
disorders, and certain other psychiatric conditions. They
help improve mood and emotional stability.

28. Pharmacological Classification
•4. Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs)
•Mechanism of Action: PPIs inhibit the enzyme H+/K+
ATPase in the gastric parietal cells, blocking the
secretion of gastric acid into the stomach.
•Examples:
–Omeprazole: Irreversibly inhibits H+/K+ ATPase,
reducing acid production.
–Esomeprazole: Similar mechanism but with a
longer duration of action.
•How They Work: PPIs suppress gastric acid secretion,
making them effective in treating conditions such as
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcers,
and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.

29. Pharmacological Classification
•5. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors
•Mechanism of Action: ACE inhibitors block the activity of the
enzyme ACE, which converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II.
Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor that also stimulates
aldosterone release.
•Examples:
–Enalapril: Inhibits ACE, reducing the production of
angiotensin II.
–Lisinopril: Similar mechanism, lowering blood pressure and
reducing cardiac workload.
•How They Work: By blocking ACE, these medications dilate blood
vessels, lower blood pressure, improve cardiac function, and reduce
the workload on the heart. They are used in hypertension, heart
failure, and post-myocardial infarction management.

31. Pharmacological Classification
•6. Statins
•Mechanism of Action: Statins inhibit HMG-CoA
reductase, an enzyme involved in cholesterol
synthesis in the liver.
•Examples:
–Atorvastatin: Inhibits HMG-CoA reductase,
lowering LDL cholesterol levels.
–Simvastatin: Similar mechanism, reducing
cholesterol production.
•How They Work: By lowering LDL (bad) cholesterol
levels in the blood, statins help prevent
cardiovascular diseases such as heart attacks and
strokes. They also have anti-inflammatory and
plaque-stabilizing effects.

32. Chemical Classification
•Importance of Chemical Structure in Drug
Classification
–Identifying Similar Drugs
–Predicting Biological Activity
–Safety and Toxicity
–Drug Interactions

33. Ensuring Patient Safety and
Effective Treatment
•Tailored Therapy Selection: Classification facilitates the selection of
the most appropriate therapy based on the patient’s condition, taking
into account factors such as efficacy, safety profile, and potential
interactions with other medications.
•Avoiding Adverse Events: Proper classification helps healthcare
providers proactively identify and minimize the risk of adverse drug
events (ADEs) by selecting drugs with less potential for interactions
or side effects.
•Improving Adherence: By understanding drug classifications and
their expected outcomes, healthcare providers can educate patients
about the importance of adherence to prescribed therapies and
potential consequences of non-compliance.
•Optimizing Treatment Outcomes: Classification guides treatment
strategies that optimize therapeutic outcomes while minimizing risks,
enhancing patient satisfaction, and improving overall quality of care.

34. Clinical Examples
•Anticoagulants: Drugs like warfarin and rivaroxaban,
classified as anticoagulants, require careful monitoring due
to their potential for interactions with other medications
(e.g., NSAIDs, antiplatelet agents) and varying bleeding
risks.
•Antidepressants: SSRIs and SNRIs, grouped within the
antidepressant class, share common side effects such as
nausea, insomnia, and sexual dysfunction, while also
carrying risks of serotonin syndrome when combined with
other serotonergic medications.
•Antidiabetic Medications: Drugs like metformin
(biguanides) and insulin (peptide hormone) are classified
based on their mechanisms of action in managing blood
glucose levels. Proper classification helps in adjusting
treatment regimens to achieve glycemic control without
hypoglycemia or other adverse effects.