Immobilization of enzyme and its applications

IMMOBILIZATION OF ENZYME AND ITS APPLICATIONS
Need for Immobilization
Advantages of Immobilized Enzymes
Methods of immobilization
Carrier for immobilized enzyme
Applications of Immobilized Enzymes

1. IMMOBILIZATION OF ENZYME AND ITS APPLICATIONS PRESENTED BY: KESHAV KUMAR SINGH Y19266023 Department of Chemistry Dr . Harisingh Gaur Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University) Sagar, 470003  

2. Introduction Immobilization of enzyme may be defined as the confinement of an enzyme (bio-catalyst) in a distinct phase, separated from the bulk phase but allowing it to exchange with the latter. Bulk phase consist of a substrate , an effector or inhibitor. Immobilized enzyme is either physically entrapped or covalently bonded by chemical means to an inert soluble matrix or carrier. In other words , it involves restrictive localization of enzyme.

3. Need for Immobilization Accelerates the chemical reaction. Specificity and un-modified enzyme. Cost effective. Not difficult to separate. Attachment to polymer / matrix causes reuse.

4. Advantages of Immobilized Enzymes Recovered at the end of the reaction therefore can be reused. Economy of the reaction is improved. Easy separation of enzymes from the product occur. Stability of immobilized enzyme increases. Enhanced enzyme properties. Efficiency of catalytic enzyme is better in few cases. Better control of reaction can be achieved. Catalytic process can be operated continuously. Multi enzyme reaction possible. Potential in industrial and medicinal use.

5. Methods of immobilization Parameters for method selection : Overall catalytic activity. Effectiveness of catalytic utilization. Deactivation and regeneration characteristics. Cost effective. Intended application of immobilized enzyme. Toxicity of immobilized enzyme. Waste disposal of immobilization process. Physical methods: Adsorption Entrapping Membrane confinement Chemical methods: Covalent bonding Cross Linking Complexation and Chelation

6. Carrier for immobilized enzyme Ideal characteristics of the carrier: Low cost Inertness Physical strength Stability Regenerability Reduction of product inhibition Enhancement of enzyme specifity. Types of carriers: Naturally occurring: Structural proteins (ceratin, collagen) globular proteins (albumin) carbohydrates (dextran) 2) Synthetic organic : Ex. Polyvinyl, epoxide etc. 3) Inorganic : Ex. Glass, silica gel, titania etc.

7. Applications of Immobilized Enzymes Various applications include: Analytical techniques Automated analysis Biosensors Therapeutics Industries Analytical techniques: Enzyme electrodes Glucose oxidase electrode measure glucose level in blood and urine Glucose oxidase is immobilized in polyacrylamide gel and held in place around an oxygen electrode by a piece of cellulose acetate membrane.

8. 2) Automated analysis: An array of immobilized enzyme is automated analyses of large number of samples. Ex . Blood, urine Auto analyzers link a large number of immobilized enzymes and perform multiple analyses on a single sample quickly. 3) Biosensors : Biosensors are compact analytical devices incorporating a biological or biological derived sensing element either integrated within or physically associated with a physiological transducer. Uses : monitor specific components of beer, pollutants in environment, flavours in food etc.

9. 4) Therapeutic Applications: Enzyme replacement and enzyme therapies. In enzyme replacement, enzymes that are not present in body are introduced into the body to treat disease. Eg ; L- Asparaginase to treat certain leukemia. Such enzymes are administered in an immobilized and biodegradable form. 5) Industrial applications : In pharmaceutical and food industry. High fructose corn syrup – sweetening agent.

10. References : Gerhartz, W. (2003), Enzymes in Industry : Production and applications , Wiley- VCH Enzymes and its immobilization presentation by Dr. S. Khanam Internet sources : https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23934795/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4434042/ https://www.easybiologyclass.com/enzyme-cell-immobilization-techniques/ Thank you