Immune response

Immune response and factors affecting immune response

1. 18 October 2020 1VIGNAN PHARMACY COLLEGE, VADLAMUDI
Dr. Pulipati Sowjanya
Professor & Head
Dept. of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
Vignan Pharmacy College
Vadlamudi, Guntur (Dt)

2. •Thespecificreactivityinducedinahostbyanantigenic
stimulusisknownastheimmuneresponse.
•Theimmuneresponsehasamuchwiderscopeandincludes
reactionsagainstanyantigen,livingornonliving.
•Itmayleadtoconsequencesthatarebeneficial,indifferentor
injurioustothehost.
18 October 2020 2VIGNAN PHARMACY COLLEGE, VADLAMUDI

3. The Immune Response
•Innate (nonspecific)Defenses against any pathogen
•Acquired immunity Developed during an
individual's lifetime
•Humoralimmunity Involves antibodies produced
by B cells
•Cell-mediated immunity Involves T cells
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4. Specific Defenses of the Host:
The Immune Response
•Antigen (Ag) A substances that causes the body to produce
specific antibodies or sensitized T cells
•Antibody (Ab) Proteins made in response to an antigen
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VIGNAN PHARMACY COLLEGE, VADLAMUDI

5. Properties of Antigens
Antigens cause an immune response, also called immunogens
Protein or complex
carbohydrates
Antigens are larger than
10,000 Daltons
Epitopesare regions
recognized by antibodies
or T cell receptors
This protein would have
several epitopes
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6. Antigenic Determinants
Antibodies recognize and react with antigenic determinants or epitopes.
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7. 18 October 2020 7VIGNAN PHARMACY COLLEGE, VADLAMUDI

8. Antibody Structure
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9. B cells and Antibodies
B cells produce antibodies
Antibodies are complex proteins
Variable region is highly specific
for antigen
There are 5 classes of heavy chains
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10. CLASSES OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS

11. Different Immunoglobulins
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12. Stages of HumoralImmune Response
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13. PRIMARY IMMUNE RESPONSE
•Theantibodyresponsetoaninitialantigenicstimulusdiffers
qualitativelyandquantitativelyfromtheresponsetosubsequent
stimuliwiththesameantigen.
•Theformeriscalledtheprimaryresponseandthelatterthe
secondaryresponse.
•Theprimaryresponseisslow,sluggishandshort-lived,witha
longlagphaseandlowtitreofantibodiesthatdoesnotpersist
forlong.
18 October 2020 13VIGNAN PHARMACY COLLEGE, VADLAMUDI

14. SECONDARY RESPONSE
•Thesecondaryresponseisprompt,powerfulandprolonged,
withashortornegligiblelagphaseandmuchhigherlevelof
antibodiesthatlastsforlongperiods.
•Theantibodyformedintheprimaryresponseis
predominantlyIgMandinthesecondaryresponseIgG.
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15. 18 October 2020 15VIGNAN PHARMACY COLLEGE, VADLAMUDI
Primary Vs Secondary Immune Response

16. FACTORS AFFECTING ANTIBODY PRODUCTION
1.AGE:Theimmuneresponseshowsrapidimprovementafter
birthandthisresponsecontinuestoimproveatleastuptotheage
ofoneyear.
2.GENETICFACTOR:Immuneresponseisunderthecontrolof
genes.Responseindifferentindividualstosameantigenvaries
duetogeneticfactor.
Personscapableofrespondingtoaparticularantigenarecalled
responder&thosewhocannotrespondaretermednonresponder.
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17. 3.NUTRITIONALSTATUS:-
Immuneresponseissuppressedinprotein,calorie,mal
nutritionandindeficiencyofsomeessentialAminoacidsand
vitamins.
4.DOSEOFANTIGEN:-
AnAntigenisimmunogeniconlywhenadminsteredabovea
minimalcriticaldose.
Smalldosedoesnotstimulateantibodyproductionandlarge
dosemayinhibitantibodyproduction.
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18. References
1.RamReddy, Textbook of Microbiology, Volume-III (Pg. 9-25 )
2.S.B. Sullia& S.Santharam, General Microbiology, (Pg. 415,418)
3.Guyton and Hall, Textbook of Medical Physiology, (Pg. 444)
4.Harshmohan, Textbook of Pathology, ( Pg. 68)
5.S.P.Vyasand V.K.Dixith, Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, ( Pg.
456)
6.Ananthanarayan& Paniker’s, Text book of Microbiology 7
th
Edition (Pg.117-129)
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VIGNAN PHARMACY COLLEGE, VADLAMUDI18 October 2020

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