Impact of civil engineering and Types of revolution in world

This presentation is based on the global impact of civil engineering and different types of revolution in the world.

1. Civil Engineering; Societal and Global Impact Dr. Mohd Khalid Assistant Professor, Civil Engg . MACET, PATNA Dr. Mohd Khalid 1

2. INTRODUCTION TO civil engineering The oldest branch of engineering is next to Military Engineering. All engineering work is grouped together except military work, electrical work, and mechanical work. Civil engineering is the field that involves the design, construction, and maintenance of infrastructure. It enables the creation of infrastructure necessary for economic development and the well-being of people. Infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and airports facilitate trade and commerce, allowing businesses to thrive and economies to grow. Civil engineering also plays a critical role in public safety. The design of structures such as buildings and bridges must be structurally sound to prevent accidents and ensure the safety of the people who use them. Infrastructure such as levees and flood walls protect communities from natural disasters such as floods and hurricanes. Furthermore, civil engineering provides numerous job opportunities for people with a passion for design and problem-solving. Dr. Mohd Khalid 2

3. Branches of Civil Engineering Dr. Mohd Khalid 3

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7. PRE-INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION DAYS The pre-industrial revolution period refers to the time before the widespread adoption of industrial processes and machinery that began in the late 18th century, This era is characterized by agrarian economies, limited technology, and social structures that were vastly different from those that emerged after the Industrial Revolution. Most people lived in rural areas and relied on farming as their primary source of livelihood. Farming was done using basic hand tools like plows, sickles, and hoes. Crop yields were low due to the absence of modern agricultural practices and technologies. Most tasks were performed by hand or with the help of simple machines. There were few machines, and those that existed, like waterwheels and windmills, were powered by natural sources. Travel and transportation of goods were slow and expensive. Roads were often in poor condition, and most goods were transported by horse-drawn carts or by rivers and canals. Dr. Mohd Khalid 7

8. PRE-INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Dr. Mohd Khalid 8

9. Ancient water-wheels Dr. Mohd Khalid 9

10. AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION An agricultural revolution definition outlines specific periods in human civilization when farming techniques drastically improved the mass cultivation of crops within a relatively short period. This leads to greater production of food and the transformation of societies and economies. Three agricultural revolutions have taken place in human history The First Agricultural Revolution, also known as the Neolithic Revolution , began around 10,000 BC . Humans shifted from being hunter-gatherers to being subsistence farmers and herders. The Second Agricultural Revolution, or the British Agricultural Revolution , began during the 18th century . Major changes to farming techniques included selectively breeding livestock, systematic crop rotation, and the development of chemical fertilizers. The Third Agricultural Revolution, or the Green Revolution , took place during the 1950s and 60s . Improvements in technologies for growing plants allowed for much greater crop yields, helping to increase the world population. Dr. Mohd Khalid 10

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12. Sprinkler irrigation Dr. Mohd Khalid 12

13. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUATION The Industrial Revolution, in modern history, was the process of change from an agrarian and handicraft economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacturing. This process began in Britain in the 18th century and from there spread to other parts of the world. Although used earlier by French writers, the term Industrial Revolution was first popularized by the English economic historian Arnold Toynbee (1852–83) to describe Britain’s economic development from 1760 to 1840. There are two industrial revolutions. The first Industrial Revolution The second Industrial Revolution Dr. Mohd Khalid 13

14. The first Industrial Revolution The First Industrial Revolution took place from the late 18th century to the mid-19th century, roughly between 1760 and 1830 was largely confined to Britain. Technological Advancements: Introduction of mechanized production methods, shifting from hand production to machines. Development of the steam engine (James Watt's improvements in the 1760s), which powered factories, trains, and ships. Innovations in textile manufacturing, such as the spinning jenny (James Hargreaves, 1764), the water frame (Richard Arkwright, 1769), and the power loom (Edmund Cartwright, 1785). Advancements in iron production using the blast furnace and puddling process for refining iron. The development of the locomotive and railroad networks , greatly improved transportation and communication. Dr. Mohd Khalid 14

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16. Economic Impact: Shift from agrarian economies to industrialized ones , with the growth of factories and mass production. Expansion of industries such as textiles, iron, coal mining, and railroads. The emergence of capitalist economies, with increased investment in infrastructure and technology. Growth of global trade, driven by the need for raw materials and new markets for manufactured goods. Social Changes: Urbanization, as people moved from rural areas to cities for factory work. Development of a new working class and the rise of factory labor. Changes in social structure, with a growing divide between the industrial capitalists and the working class. Dr. Mohd Khalid 16

17. Steam engine and spinning jenny Dr. Mohd Khalid 17

18. Power loom Dr. Mohd Khalid 18

19. SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION The Second Industrial Revolution occurred from the late 19th century to the early 20th century, roughly between 1870 and 1914, before World War I . Technological Advancements: Introduction of electricity and the development of the electric motor , which transformed industries and urban life. Advances in chemical manufacturing, particularly in producing dyes, fertilizers, and explosives. Innovations in steel productio n and the expansion of the railroad network. Key Inventions: The telephone (Alexander Graham Bell, 1876) The light bulb (Thomas Edison, 1879) The internal combustion engine, led to the development of automobiles and airplanes. The telegraph and later radio communication, revolutionized long-distance communication. Dr. Mohd Khalid 19

20. Economic Impact: Significant growth in industries such as steel, chemicals, electricity, and petroleum. Rise of large corporations and monopolies (e.g., Standard Oil, U.S. Steel). The emergence of global trade networks and increased international economic competition. Social Changes: Urbanization accelerated as people moved to cities for factory jobs. Growth of the middle class and changes in consumer culture, with increased availability of goods. Labour movements and unions gained strength as workers sought better conditions and rights. Dr. Mohd Khalid 20

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22. IT REVOLUTION The IT (Information Technology) Revolution refers to the rapid advancement and widespread adoption of information and communication technologies (ICT) since the mid-20th century. with significant acceleration in the 1970s and 1980s due to the development of personal computers, and further in the 1990s with the rise of the internet . Continues into the 21st century with advancements in artificial intelligence, cloud computing, and mobile technologies Economic Impact: Digital Economy : Creation of new industries (e.g., software, e-commerce, digital marketing) and business models (e.g., gig economy, remote work). Increased Productivity : Automation and improved data processing capabilities have significantly increased productivity across various sectors. Globalization: Enhanced communication and connectivity have enabled global trade, outsourcing, and collaboration. Dr. Mohd Khalid 22

23. Social Impact: Communication: Revolutionized how people communicate with the advent of email, social media, and instant messaging. Access to Information: Vastly improved access to information and educational resources via the Internet. Lifestyle Changes: Shift towards digital lifestyles, including online shopping, remote working, and virtual entertainment. Impact on Employment: New Job Roles: Emergence of IT-related jobs (e.g., software developers, data analysts, cybersecurity experts). Job Displacement: Automation and digitization have led to the displacement of certain traditional jobs, particularly in manufacturing and administrative roles. Skills Demand: Increased demand for digital literacy and technical skills. Dr. Mohd Khalid 23

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