Impact of climate change on fruit quality.pptx

Climate change significantly threatens global fruit production, with profound implications for fruit quality. Elevated temperatures can lead to accelerated ripening, resulting in smaller, misshapen fruits with altered texture and color. Irregular rainfall and drought stress can further exacerbate these effects, reducing juiciness and causing imbalances in sugar and acid content, thereby affecting flavor profiles. To mitigate these impacts, a range of adaptive strategies are essential. Efficient water management, including drip irrigation and rainwater harvesting, is crucial for maintaining soil moisture levels. Selecting climate-resilient fruit varieties and improving orchard management practices, such as pruning and canopy management, can enhance resilience.

1. Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE Doctoral Seminar Session: 2023-24 Seminar Incharge : Dr. S.K. Pandey Presented By: Jyoti Sengar (Professor & Head) Ph.D. 2 nd year Horticulture (Fruit Science) Roll no. : 220133003

2. Potential Impact of Climate Change on Fruit Quality

3. https://swachhindia.ndtv.com/climate-change-un-panels-five-possible-temperature-rise-scenarios-explained-63192/ SYMPTOMS Global warming Melting ice Sea level rise Heavier rain Climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns. 

4. Source: Four Twenty Seven and The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/25/learning/whats-going-on-in-this-graph-global-climate-risks.html

5. Fruit Quality Fruit quality is a multi-faceted concept that encompasses various attributes which determine the acceptability, marketability, and overall value of fruits to consumers, growers, and retailers.

6. Fruit Quality Physical attributes (Shape, size, weight, color, texture) Nutritional attributes (Nutrient content, Sugar content, acidity) sensory attributes (Flavor, aroma) Post harvest attributes (Shelf life, resistance to decay, storage requirements) Safety and health attributes (Absence of contaminants, microbial safety) Functional attributes (Ease of processing, seediness)

7. Economic Significance Market Value Trade and Export Consumer Preferences Taste and Flavor Appearance Texture and Firmness Nutritional Value Health Benefits Impact on Processing Industry Raw Material Quality Efficiency in Processing Environmental Sustainability Reduced Waste Adaptation to Climate Change Importance of Fruit Quality in Agriculture and Consumer Markets

8. Based on the annual report from NOAA’s Global Monitoring Lab , global average atmospheric carbon dioxide was 419.3 parts per million in 2023,This is an increase of 50% since the start of the Industrial Revolution, up from 280 ppm during the 10,000 years prior to the mid-18th century. Souce : NOAA Atmospheric Co2 rise with the time Source : center for climate and energy solutions

9. Biomass of the plant Elevated CO2 concentration Higher temperature Significant increases in total polyphenol, flavonoid, anthocyanin and antioxidants. Increased photosynthesis under elevated Co2 conditions Increased temperature affects the antioxidant content, sugar content, nutrient content, texture, and color in several fruits with a trend of reducing vitamin content in some fruit crops (Mattos et al., 2014; McKeown et al., 2006). Altered nutritional quality

10. Elevated co2  increases in reducing sugars, and therefore sweetness index , were reported alongside reductions in organic acids (Wang et al., 2004) . These increases in sugar-acid ratio is highly favourable for a more pleasant perception of strawberry flavour by the consumer ( Drewnowski et al., 2012). In Satsuma mandarin oranges, total soluble solid and sugar contents in juice are higher in fruits developed under 23°C than those under 30°C during the latter half of the fruit developmental period. High CO2 growing conditions significantly enhanced the fruit content of ethyl hexanoate, ethyl butanoate, methyl hexanoate etc. which provides an aroma to the strawberries (Wang et al., 2004) . 5% increase in average individual berry weight of raspberry at 436 ppm Co2 concentration ( Mochizuki et al., 2010) . 16.6% increase in fruit weight of Asian pear at 700 ppm Co2 concentration (Han et al., 2012) .  Strawberry Raspberry Asian Pear Satsuma mandarin

11. Sugar Content Cell wall composition No. of cells Cell turgor properties Apple Fruits grown in direct sunlight Apple Fruits grown in shade Fruit firmness is also affected by high temperature conditions during growth. Changes in cell wall composition, cell number, and cell turgor properties were postulated as being associated with the observed phenomenon (Lal et al., 2018).

12. Case Study Control (Con)- Normal atmospheric temperature ( 23°C during July to November and 10.5°C during December to February) Con + 4 °C during day (D4) Con + 8 °C during the day (D8) Con + 4 °C during the night (N4) Conc + 4 °C during the day and night (DN4) Treatments

13. Days after full bloom Discussion: Soluble sugars are known to increase resistance to abiotic stresses. the fructose/glucose ratio were lower under the D8 treatment than under the other treatments. sugar content would decrease if high temperatures increased the rate of metabolism and sugar use. Conclusion: High temperature affects the sugar content levels in the siranuhi mandarin fruits by increasing the rate of metabolism and sugar use. Effects of excessively high temperatures on the free sugar contents of the fruit of Shiranuhi mandarin trees grown in a plastic-film greenhouse

14. Degradation of pigments low temperatures generally enhance peel color development in fruits, while high temperatures inhibit it, affecting the synthesis and accumulation of pigments like anthocyanins and carotenoids ( Koshita et al., 2015). Shinomiya et al., 2015 Effect of Temperature on Fruit color Chemical Structure of Anthocyanin pigment

15. Case Study

16. Three air delivery systems enabled one group of five ‘Royal Gala’ fruit to be heated on each of six trees. This enabled specific and selective modification of the temperature of the fruit on a tree with minimal disturbance to the fruit light environment and to surrounding unheated fruit on the same tree, which were used as unheated controls.  Materials and methods: Mature trees (10–12 years) of ‘Mondial Gala’ (a red sport of ‘Gala’) (from spain ) and young trees (3 years) of ‘Royal Gala’ (another red sport of ‘Gala’) (New Zealand) were chosen for the study. Heating was applied continuously over two 7d periods (14–22 January and 11–18 February 2009), starting approximately 39 and 11 d, respectively, before the normal commercial harvesting of the fruits. Fruit peel was immediately sampled for anthocyanin concentration . Air delivery system for increasing the temperature

17. Anthocyanin concentration of new zealand apples ‘Royal Gala’ and spain apples ‘Mondial Gala’ with the time Result: The different growing conditions had a dramatic effect on skin anthocyanin concentrations. At the final tree ripe time-point, Spanish ‘Mondial Gala’ accumulated anthocyanin at under 20 nmol cm −2 , while New Zealand ‘Mondial Gala’ showed a fivefold greater accumulation to reach over 100 nmol cm −2   ( Fig. b ). The low rate of anthocyanin accumulation resulted in many Spanish-grown apples appearing green/yellow with a slight blush ( Fig ii ), while others showed low pigmentation. In contrast, the least pigmented New Zealand-grown apples were still darker than the most highly coloured apples from Spain ( Fig i ). Occurrence and biosynthesis of anthocyanins in apple peel under two climatic conditions. Mature ‘Mondial Gala’ apples orchard grown in New Zealand (a, i ) or ‘Royal Gala’ grown in Spain (a, ii) showing extremes in skin anthocyanin content during the last 10 weeks of maturity in the two climatic areas

18. Increased temperature causing disorders Early water core of apple cultivars where in sorbitol accumulation was increased by high temperature above 30◦C during the summer (Yamada et al., 2004). Sunburn is a physiological disorder caused by the exposure of the fruit to excessive high solar radiation and temperatures. Fig. Sunburn in grapes, apple, citrus and pear respectively Water Core of Apple

19.   Sunburn and fruit cracking in litchi are major problems in litchi due to global warming due to high light intensity and temperature . Internal browning: Higher concentrations of CO2 in storage atmosphere result in greater incidence and severity of internal browning. Sunscald damages the cells of the exposed surface in pineapple. Source: University of california Sunburn and cracking in litchi Internal browning of pear Sunscald in pineapple

20. Temperature Impact on Life Cycles Geographic Expansion Overwintering Survival Changes in Precipitation Patterns CO₂ Levels Drought Stress Humidity and Rainfall Plant Growth Plant Nutrition Insect pests under Climate change

21. In hot & humid situation, the incidence of insect- pests and diseases are more in fruit crops like  in Guava the attack of Fruit fly  is more in such conditions. Grapevine black foot ( Ilyonectria / Dactylonectria  spp.) increase in severity with the increase in the length and frequency of drought. On the other hand, drought reduced the severity of kiwifruit sclerotinia rot ( S. sclerotiorum ) ( wakeline et al., 2018) . Guava fruit fly Grapevine black foot disease Souce : university of california Souce : Down to earth Souce : Bayer crop sciences Kiwifruit sclerotinia rot

22. Source: Stephen, 2012 Drought Prone areas in india Drought and its impact on fruit quality Cell Expansion Turgor Pressure Stomatal Closure Nutrient Deficiency Fruit Size reduction The size of highbush blueberries ( Vaccinium corymbosum ) decreased under drought stress (Lobos et al., 2018). Many studies reported that moderate drought stress improved fruit quality (e.g. increasing the sugar and acid content) in peaches ( Prunus persica  L. Batsch ) ( Miras -Avalos et al., 2013 ).  In contrast, the sugar content of Rangpur lime ( Citrus limonia   Osbeck ) (a drought-tolerant citrus rootstock) was decreased by severe water deficit ( Silva et al., 2023 ). 

23. Source: The Times of India Source: The Times of India The avocado fruits should not be harvested if more than 5mm of rain has fallen within the previous 24 hours, as this level of rainfall should be sufficient to increase the cell turgor. High fruit turgidity has been shown through in vivo experiments to increase the susceptibility of lenticles to handling damage (Everett et al., 2001) Rainfall variations due to climate change causing damage to fruits

24. Fruit and vegetable crops are generally cooled after harvest and before packing operations. Cooling techniques have been used since the 1920s to remove field heat from fresh produce, based on the principle that shelf-life is extended 2- to 3-fold for each 10 C decrease in pulp temperature. Rapid cooling methods such as forced-air cooling, hydrocooling and vacuum cooling demand considerable amounts of energy (Thompson, 2002). Therefore, it is anticipated that under warmer climatic conditions, fruit crops will be harvested with higher pulp temperatures, which will demand more energy for proper cooling and raise product prices (Moretti et al., 2010). Hydrocooling Market Price

25. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/global-warming/7-fold-surge-in-indians-at-risk-due-to-sea-level/articleshow/71834564.cms Source: Times of India India Close to equator Salt Water intrusion in the coastal areas of India Source: Prusty et al., 2020

26. Nitrate to Nitrite (catalyzed by Nitrate Reductase, NR): NO3−​+2H++2e−→NO2−​+H2​O Nitrite to Ammonium (catalyzed by Nitrite Reductase, NiR ): NO2−​+8H++6e−→NH4+​+2H2​O glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamate synthase (GOGAT) Salt Stress Reduced activity of nitrate reductase (NR), glutamine synthetase (GS), and glutamate synthase (GOGAT) Induce changes in the composition of N-containing compounds, especially of proteins and free amino acids (FAA) (phenylalanine ( Phe ) and tyrosine (Tyr) etc. ). Changes in amino acids may also be relevant for taste. For example, glutamate is correlated with taste and has been described as ‘umami’ or delicious taste (Sato et al., 2006). A bitter taste can be caused by larger amounts of phenylalanine ( Phe ) and tyrosine (Tyr). Modifications due to salt stress may also determine the acceptance and palatability of fruit, especially in strawberry ( Keutgen et al., 2007). NH4+ (Ammonium) No3- (Nitrate)

27. Climate Change Good Bad Significant increase in total polyphenol, flavonoid, anthocyanin and antioxidants. Rise in sugar content in some fruits Increase in fruit weight Fruit softening Color degradation Modifications in taste of the fruits Insects pest and diseases Disorders Decrease in fruit size Climate change effects depends on fruit specific environment conditions requirements and even depends on the varieties of the same fruits.

28. Mitigation strategies Efficient Water Management Selection of Climate-Resilient Varieties Improved Orchard Management Practices Integrated Pest and Disease Management (IPDM) Climate-Smart Farming Practices Breeding for Resilience

29. Conclusion In conclusion, the potential impacts of climate change on fruit quality are profound and multifaceted, affecting the food security on a global scale. Elevated temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, and increased frequency of extreme weather events collectively contribute to significant changes in the physical, chemical, and sensory attributes of fruit crops although climate change do show some beneficial effects too but a major challenge when we see a bigger picture. The selection of climate-resilient varieties, coupled with improved orchard management and integrated pest and disease management, can further bolster the ability of fruit crops to withstand the challenges posed by climate change.

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