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1. Impediments to Human Acts IR-4

2. Human actions though naturally a product of will and reason, are sometimes influenced by certain factors, which are called impediments to human actions .

3. When individuals face the reality of life, their decisions and actions are eventually affected by certain psychological and physical factors that determine whether their actions are morally acceptable or not.

4. The impediments affect the quality of human acts.

5. 1. Ignorance Pertains to the lack of pertinent information as to the nature, circumstances and effect of a certain action. Either in commission or omission, the willful lack of initiative to properly understand the whole picture of the circumstance affects the moral quality of an action.

6. Usually this takes place when someone unconsciously violates certain rules and regulations.

7. This is a clear manifestation on how ignorance directly alters the moral quality of an action.

8. Shall an individual be made an accountable for something he/she did not know?

9. Some actions done with ignorance can reduce moral responsibility.

10. However, there are things that everyone should know even if they say they're unaware of them. In other words, ignorance isn't always an excuse .

11. “The Word of God is a light for our path. We must assimilate it in faith and prayer and put it into practice. This is how moral conscience is formed.” (CCC 1802)

12. Ignorance is classified into: Invincible Ignorance Vincible Ignorance Affected ignorance Supine or Crass Ignorance

13. Invincible Ignorance There is invincible ignorance when an individual lacks pertinent information as to the moral quality of the action since he/she fails to realize his/her state of ignorance. Total ignorance to the matter.

14. Invincible Ignorance This may also apply to circumstances where there is effort and diligence exerted to know the moral quality of the action but still the person fails.

15. St. Thomas Aquinas’ example A hunter in the woods thinks he is shooting a deer and has taken every precaution to make sure he is making the right decision to shoot. But he shoots and kills a man which he would not have done had he known it was a man and not a deer.

16. Invincible Ignorance The hunter is responsible for the death of another but his responsibility is minimized because he could not have known it was a man beforehand. Thus, responsibility is diminished or minimized by lack of knowledge.

17. Vincible Ignorance This occurs when the lack of required knowledge to determine the goodness or badness of a certain action can be dispelled or learned through ordinary efforts, conscientiousness and proper diligence.

18. Vincible Ignorance Ignorance is vincible if it can be dispelled by the use of normal “moral diligence.” If a person makes an effort to study, investigate and ascertain the goodness or badness of an act.

19. Vincible Ignorance Some people don't want to be convinced even when they have the facts calmly and succinctly explained to them. Some people prefer their emotional outrage rather than the facts.

20. St. Thomas Aquinas’ example In this case, the hunter does not bother trying to find out if the object is a deer or a man and he shoots anyway. In killing the man, the hunter’s responsibility is increased because he could have put in the effort to find out if it was in fact a deer he was shooting or not.

21. St. Thomas Aquinas’ example His will was not fully informed, but he did not allow this to alter his decision, therefore, he is more responsible for the killing.

22. Two forms of Vincible Ignorance

23. Affected ignorance Is the willful act of an individual to assert and pretend his/her ignorance to plead his/her innocence to a charge of guilt in doing or not doing an act.

24. Affected ignorance Naturally, any action performed under affected or pretended ignorance does no excuse a person. In fact, it increases his/her moral responsibility.

25. ii. Supine or Crass ignorance Happens when a person exerts little effort to know something.

26. 2. Concupiscence It is a sexual desire/sexual driven. Results from giving in to inordinate passion that hinders one to exercise correct reasoning. For Christians, it is the tendency to sin.

27. Concupiscence In theology, it is the proneness of a person to commit sin due to his/her desire of things. Cravings that lead us to sin.

28. Concupiscence An action fueled by negative passion, such as lust, heightens the moral responsibility of an individual. It only seeks to accomplish morally bad actions.

29. Concupiscence In Morality The bodily appetites or tendencies or simply passions. In Theology The proneness of sin in man’s nature due to the fall of Adam and Eve

30. Two types of CONCUPISCENCE Antecedent Concupiscence Consequent Concupiscence

31. Antecedent Concupiscence When passions spring into actions. Therefore, they without any stimulation are moral or influence by the will. Less culpable Example: Sudden feeling of joy, hatred, pity, grief, anger, etc.

32. Consequent Concupiscence Deliberately aroused by the will to ensure a more prompt and willing operation. Example: Gluttony, Watching Porn

33. Principles of Concupiscence

34. First Principle “Antecedent concupiscence lessens the voluntariness of an act”

35. Second Principle “Antecedent concupiscence does not destroy the voluntariness of an act”

36. Third Principle “Consequent concupiscence, however, great, does not lessen the voluntariness”

37. 3 rd Impediment

38. FEAR Impairs moral responsibility since the individual is threatened by impending danger. The presence of danger and intimidation affects his/her thought-processes in determining the goodness or badness of an action.

39. A human act done with fear or in spite of fear is considered as voluntary.

40. Since acts done with fear are voluntary, an individual is morally responsible for his/her own actions.

41. However, for a human act done from or through fear or because of fear, the individual is threatened and performs an action that may be considered involuntary.

42. Acts done from fear or through fear, in certain case are involuntary because the agent is obligated to choose to avoid the greater evil.

43. 4. VIOLENCE

44. Violence Is the application of physical force upon a resisting person to compel him/her to do or not to do an act. It endangers the life and well-being of the person, and forces him/her to perform an action in order to protect himself/herself.

45. 5 th impediment