Implantation and placentation , and overview

Implantation and formation of placenta is an essential developmental process during human embryogenesis as it marks the connection between maternal and fetal blood, a condition specific to mammals more precisely eutherians. It works as a passage of required nutrients to the growing embryo and collection of its waste. It also discusses various types of placenta that are seen in mammals.

1. IMPLANTATION
&
PLACENTATION
Pranjal Gupta
Bsc(H) Zoology, Ramjas College

2. OVERVIEW
Human embryo cleavages and blastulation
Human implantation
Human basic gastrulation
Extra-embryonic membranes in birds
Extra-embryonic membranes in mammals
Classification of placenta
Human placental physiology

3. HUMANEMBRYOCLEAVAGES
1st cleavage occur in first 30h; Upper oviduct
Next within 40hrs after fertilization
Third about 3days after fertilization, i.e. 8celled
embryo.
By the end of 3
rd
day, 8-16 celled morula reaches
uterus
Holoblasticcleavage
Enclosed within zona pellucida

5. BLASTOCYSTFORMATION
Uterine milk from endometrium nourishes
morula
Growth of embryo increase, outer peripheral cell
enlarge and flatten to form trophoblast(Later
form extra embryonic membranes.
Secretion of trophoblast create blastocoel
Cell layers separated in trophoblast and
embryoblast(inner cell mass).
ICM give rise to embryo hence also called
embryonal knob & determines animal pole
Cells of Rauber-trophoblast cell in contact with
knob
Zona pellucida till implantation avoids ectopic
pregnancies

6. IMPLANTATION
Anchoring or embedding of the blastocyst into
endometrium of uterus.
7
th
day post fertilization, and a 3 day long
process.
Zona hatching
Trophoblast not exposed till proper site reached
Implantation allows the ICMregion to be
engravedinside endometrium
Localendometrial lysisby trophoblastic enzymes
Formation of Chorionic villi from trophoblast.

9. Embedded embryo
inside endometrium

10. Trophoblast’s been divided into syncytiotrophoblast(STB)and
cytotrophoblast(CTB).
Endometrium entirely encloses the embryo now
Implantation involves events of bothblastocyst and the uterine
wall.
Decidua of pregnancy formed(nourished,vascularized
endotmetrium)
Regions of
decidua
Decidua basalis
Portion of endometrium b/w
chorion and myometrium of
uterus. Become maternal
placenta
Decidua capsularis
Potion between the embryo
and uterine cavity
Decidua parietalis
Portion of modified
endometrium that lines
entire pregnant uterus,
except of area of placenta

11. Decidua of pregnancy-three layers

12. CHANGES INPOSITIONS DURING
PREGNANCY

13. ECTOPICPREGNANCIES

14. GASTRULATION
By morphogenetic movements three germ layers are
separated
Trophoblast divided into two, and CTB directly cover
the ICM while STB spreads in endometrium.
CTB give rise to extra-embryonic mesoderm(EEM).
EEM diff. to outer or parietal or Somatopleuric EEM
and inner Splanchnopleuric EEM.
ICMdifferentiated to epiblastand hypoblast, both
form a disk called embryonic disk.
Epiblastdivides to amnion and embryonic ectoderm.
Chorionformed by Somatopleure inside and
trophoblast outside
Later chorion becomes essential part of placenta.
Hypoblast give rise to EE endodermal cells lining
primary yolk sac.
Yolk sac become smaller to form secondary yolk sac

17. EXTRAEMBRYONIC MEMBRANES
It is an adaptation to terrestrial mode of life.
Situated outsideboundaries of embryo hence so called.
4 major membranes-Chorion. Amnion, Allantois and Yolk sac.
In birds
Amnion and chorionarises from two folds that grow to surround
embryo.
Amnion, inside surround embryo and suspend it in amniotic fluid
Chorionis in contact with the shell and separated from other
membranes through EE coelom
Yolk here is utilized for nourishment unlike mammals
Allantoisis derived as out pouch of gut and store uric acid excreted.
Allantois later expands to form a sac that fuses with chorion under
eggshell, a functional unit of embryonic blood vessels inside allantois
is formed.
Allantois now in direct contact with the porous shell act as ‘lung’ for
chick embryo.

19. In mammals
Embryonic membranes arise from trophoblast.
First prior to implantation trophoblast form chorion
Chorionhas great role in placentation. Made of
Trophoblast outside and Somatopleure inside
Yolk sac here is not involved in nutrition for long run only
initial vitelline circulation. Made of endoderm inside and
splanchnopleure outside
Allantoiscontributes blood vessels to structure that forms
the umbilical cord. Endoderm inside and splanchnopleure
outside.
Amnion, consist of trophoblast inside and somatopleure
outside. It cover the entire embryo. Shock absorber and
avoid desiccation.
Umbilical cordis formed of stalk of yolk sac and allantois.

23. PLACENTATION
3 month
7week4 week
4 month

24. PLACENTATION

25. Zonary placenta
Diffuse placenta
Discoidal placenta
Metadiscoidal placenta
Cotyledonary placenta

29. PLACENTAWITHTRIPLETS.

30. FUNCTIONSOFPLACENTA

31. Formation of twins
and
placenta partitioning