Importance of biochemistry.ppt

Importance of Biochemistry

1. Dr. Vinod Kumar
Assistant Scientist (Biochemistry)
CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
Email:[email protected]

2. BasicBiochemistry
Biochem-501 (3+0)
2
Theory
UNIT-I:Scopeandimportanceofbiochemistryinagriculture;acidbase
conceptandbuffers;pH;hydrogenbonding,hydrophobic,electrostaticand
vanderWaalsforces;generalintroductiontophysicaltechniquesfor
determinationofstructureofbiopolymers.
UNIT-II:Classification,structureandfunctionofcarbohydrates,lipids,amino
acids,proteins,andnucleicacids;biomembranes.
UNIT-III:Fundamentalsofthermodynamics;Enzymes:classification,factors
affectingenzymeactivity,enzymekinetics;structureandbiologicalfunctions
ofvitaminsandhormones.
UNIT-IV:Metabolismofcarbohydrates,lipids,proteinsandnucleicacids;
mitochondrialelectrontransportchainandoxidativephosphorylation;DNA
replication,transcriptionandtranslation;recombinantDNAtechnology.

3. Biochemistry:-biochemistryisabranchofsciencewhich
dealswithchemicalbasisoflifeinplantsandanimals.
Biochemistryingeneraldealswithbodysubstancelike
enzymes,hormones,carbohydrates,aminoacids,fats,
proteins,DNA,RNA,pigmentsetc.

4. All the chemical reactions happening at molecular
level in a living cell or living being.
Theroleofbiochemistryanditsimportanceinvariousfieldsisas
describedbelow:
ImportancesofbiochemistryinMedicine:
Physiology:helpsoneunderstandthebiochemicalchangesandrelatedphysiological
alterationinthebody.Pathologyofanydiseaseisstudiedthroughbiochemicalchanges.
Pathology:Basedonthesymptomsdescribedbythepatient,physiciancangetclueonthe
biochemicalchangeandtheassociateddisorder.
Forexampleifapatientcomplainsaboutstiffnessinsmalljoints,thenphysicianmaypredictit
tobegoutandgetconfirmedbyevaluatinguricacidlevelsintheblood.Asuricacid
accumulationinbloodresultsingout.

5. Nutritiondeficiency:Inthepresentscenario,manypeoplerelyin
takingmultivitamin&mineralsforbetterhealth.Thefunctionandroleof
vitamininbodyisdescribedonlybybiochemistry.
Hormonaldeficiency:Therearemanydisordersduetohormonal
imbalanceinespeciallywomenandchildren.Theformation,roleof
hormonesinthenormalbodyfunctionistaughtinbiochemistrybywhich
thephysiciancanunderstandtheconcernedproblemduringtreatment.
IMPORTANCE OFBIOCHEMISTRY INNURSING
Thediagnosisofanyclinicalconditioniseasilypossiblebybiochemical
estimationssuchas:
Kidneyfunctiontest:Forexampleinkidneydisorders,other
chemotherapy
treatmentetcurinetesthelpunderstandtheextentofexcretionofdrugs
orothermetabolites,thechangeinpH,thecolourofurineetc.

6. Bloodtest:Indiabetes,biochemicalanalyticaltestforblood
glucoselevel(above150mg/deciliterhelpsoneunderstand
theseverityofdiabetesdisorder.Anotherbiochemicaltestfor
ketonesbodiesinurinealsoindicatesthestageofdiabetes.
Appearanceofketonebodiesorketoneureaismostlylast
stageofdiabetes.
Liverfunctiontests:-helpsunderstandthetypeofdisease
ordamagetoliver,theeffectofanymedicationonliveretc.
Serumcholesteroltest:Evaluationofbloodcholesterollevel
andotherlipoproteinshelpsunderstandthepronenessofthe
patienttocardiovasculardiseases.

7. IMPORTANCE OFBIOCHEMISTRY INAGRICULTURE
Inagriculturebiochemistryplaysavaluableroleinfarming,fishery,
poultry,sericulture,beekeepingetc.
Preventdiseases:Ithelpsforprevention,treatmentofdiseasesand
also
increasetheproductionoryield.
Enhancegrowth:Biochemistrygivesanideaofhowuseoffertilizers
canincreaseplantgrowth,theiryield,qualityoffoodetc.
EnhanceYield:Somehormonespromotegrowth,whileother
promoteflowering,fruitformationetc.Infisheries,useofsubstances
topromotefishgrowth,theirreproductionetccanbeunderstood.
Adulteration:Eventhecompositionoffoodmaterialproduced,their
alterationoradulterationforexampleinhoneycanbefoundby
biochemicaltests.Biochemistrytestshelppreventcontamination.

8. Biochemicaltestsforthepesticideresiduesorothertoxicwastein
plant,foodgrainandsoilcanbeevaluated.Henceduringimportand
exportoffoodgrainsabiochemicalcheckofthetoxicresiduesis
donetofixthequality.
Inanimalhusbandry,thequalityofmilkcanbecheckedby
biochemicaltests.Italsohelpsdiagnoseanydiseaseconditionin
animalsandbirds.
Infisheries:-thewaterqualityisregularlymonitoredbybiochemical
tests.Anydrasticchangeinwaterchemistry&compositionof
fisherypondscanleadtovastdeathoffishesandprawns,hence
thetestsaredoneonregularbasistoseesaltcontent(calcium
content),pH,accumulationofwasteduetonotchangingwaterfor
longetc.

9. .
In nutrition, biochemistry describes the food chemistry.
Many biochemicals like macro, micro nutrients, vitamins, minerals, essential fatty
acids & water is necessary.
Foodchemistrygivesanideaofwhatweeat,i.e.it’scomponentslike
carbohydrates,protiens,fats,etc.andalsothepossiblephysiologicalalteration
duetotheirdeficiency.
Role of nutrients: Due to biochemistry the importance of vitamins, minerals,
essential fatty acids, their contribution to health were known.
Thenutrientsvalueoffoodmaterialcanalsobedeterminedbybiochemical
tests.Physiciancanprescribetolimitusageofcertainfoodlikeexcesssugarfor
diabetics,excessoilforheart&lungproblempronepatientsetc.Asthese
carbohydrateandfatbiochemicalcaninhibittherecoveryratefromsaiddisorder.
Thisknowledgeisduetotheirideaonfoodchemistryandrelated

10. IMPORTANCE OFBIOCHEMISTRY INPHARMACY
Inapharmacy,manydrugsarestoredforregulardispensing.
DrugConstitution:Biochemistrygivesanideaoftheconstitutionof
thedrug,itschancesofdegradationwithvaryingtemperatureetc.
Howmodificationinthemedicinalchemistryhelpsimproveefficiency,
minimizesideeffectsetc.
Thehalflife:Thisisatestdoneonbiochemicaldrugstoknowhow
longadrugisstablewhenkeptatsoandsotemperature.
Drugstorage:Thstorageconditionrequiredcanbeestimatedby
biochemicaltest.Forexamplemanyenzymes,hormonesarestored
fordispensing.Thesegetdeterioratedovertimeduetotemperatureor
oxidation,contaminationandalsoduetoimproperstorage.

11. Drugmetabolism:Italsogivesanideaofhowdrugmoleculesaremetabolized
bymanybiochemicalreactionsinpresenceofenzymes.Thishelpstoavoid
drugswhichhavepoormetabolismorthosewithexcessivesideeffectsfrom
beingprescribedordispensedtothepatient.
Biochemicaltests:Thesetestshelpsfixthespecifichalflifeordateofexpiry
fordrugs.
IMPORTANCE OFBIOCHEMISTRY INPLANTS
Biochemistryofplantsgavewaytobreakthroughofhowfoodissynthesizedin
themandthereasonwhytheyareautotrophsi.e.notdependentonotherliving
beingsforfood.Biochemistryinplantsdescribes
:-
Respiration:Byuseofabovephotosynthesispathway,plantsleaveoutOxygen
whiletakingupCarbondioxidefromair.
Plantssecondarymetabolites:Biochemistryalsodescribeshowtheplant
productslikegums,tannins,alkaloids,resins,enzymes,phytohormonesare
formedinsidetheplants.

12. Photosynthesis:Thisdescribeshowcarbohydratesaresynthesizedbyuse
ofsunlight,CO2andwaterinthegreenleavesofplants.Itgoesontoexplain
aboutdifferentcomplexenzymesinvolvedintheprocesstocombinethe
energyofsunwithinthemoleculesH2O+CO2intheformofcarbohydrates.
Differentsugars:Biochemistrydefinesdifferenttypesofcarbohydrates
formedinplantsliketrioses(3carbonsugarsi.e.glyeraldehyde),tetroses
(4),pentoses(5),hexoses(6=glucose),heptuloses(7)etc.Heptulosesare
thecarbohydrateswhichgoontoformthenucleicacidsi.edeoxyribonucliec
acid(DNA),ribonucleicacid(RNA).
Other functions: It also describes how plants fruits get ripened, how plant
seed germinates, the respiration process inside the plant cell, how amino
acidsand proteinsare formed on rough endoplasmic reticulum and fats are
formed on smooth ER.

13. SYMBOL OF TRUST