In vitro fertilization

In vitro Fertilization- IVF is a form of assisted reproductive technology (ART).In this special medical techniques are used to help a woman become pregnant. IVF, coupled with embryo transfer, in humans is aimed to enable couples suffering from certain types of sterility to have children.
Babies developed from this approach are known as "test-tube babies."

1. In-vitro fertilization and Embryo Transfer SUBMITTED BY – Kritika Joshi                                                                   MSc Biotechnology                                                                   3rd Sem                                                               Roll no-    201632 This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-ND .

2. COMMON TERMS FERTILIZATION -  defined as the union of two haploid gametes, the spermatozoa and the oocyte, to restore the diploid state and form a zygote through the process of egg activation and a series of mitotic divisions that results in cell differentiation and embryo development. INFERTILITY -    a disease of the male or female reproductive system defined by the failure to achieve a pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular unprotected sexual intercourse . IN-VITRO FERTILIZATION -  In vitro fertilization (IVF) is the union of a woman's egg and a man's sperm outside the female body, in a laboratory dish or a culture vessel. This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND .

3. Causes of Infertility that can be treated by IVF - This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND .

4. IN-VITRO FERTILIZATION  IVF is a form of assisted reproductive technology (ART). In this  special medical techniques are used to help a woman become pregnant. IVF, coupled with embryo transfer, in humans is aimed to enable couples suffering from certain types of sterility to have children. Babies developed from this approach are known as "test-tube babies." The first Test Tube baby was born on July 25, 1987 and was named as Loise Joy Brown. Since its introduction in the U.S. in 1981, 1.9% of all babies in the U.S. are born through IVF. This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-SA .

5. STEPS OF IN-VITRO FERTILIZATION The In-Vitro Fertilization process includes five key steps-

6. 1- Ovarian stimulation Whether you are using your eggs or an egg donor, doctor will prescribe injectable hormones or other medications to stimulate the ovaries to produce several eggs instead of just one egg that normally develops each month (superovulation) . Different fertility medication like clomiphene to stimulate ovarian follicles ranging from a follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), that help eggs mature and prepare the lining of your uterus to hold the fertilized egg , HCG for preventing the inhibition of luteinising   hormone, etc are used. Typically occurs over 10 days before your eggs are ready for collection. Regular monitoring should be done. ADVANTAGE OF SUPEROVULATION-    helps increase the chances of having at least one viable embryo to use during the IVF procedure.  DISADVANTAGE- increased risk of abnormal pregnancy. IVF procedure.  This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC .

7. 2- Egg retrieval/Collection of oocytes Critical to determine the time of ovulation precisely before egg retrieval. Time of ovulation is estimated on the basis of temperature chart, change in cervical mucus score , level of Oestrogen and LH in blood or urine and by determination of follicle size. Oocytes can be collected by laproscopic equipment that permits visualization of ovary by monitor, aspiration of follicular fluid having oocyte and surgical manipulation of ovaries. ADVANTAGES OF LAPROSCOPY - minimum surgical intervention, very little damage to ovary and is convenient. This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-ND .

8. 3-  Insemination/ Collection of Sperms   The semen is collected about 60-90 min prior to fertilization, liquefied and centrifuged. The sperm pellet so formed is resuspended in culture medium and incubated for 30-60 min at 37 °C. A sample is taken from the surface of medium for fertilization  The man's sperm is placed together with the best quality eggs. The mixing of the sperm and egg is called insemination. 10,000-50,000 sperms are added to 100 micro litre to 1ml of culture media. In case of oligospermia and azoospermia , sperm may be collected from donor. This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-ND .

9. 4- In-Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Culture- Oocytes are identified and incubated for 5-10 hour, depending on time of their maturation. Mainly used media for oocyte incubation, IVF and culture- modification of Ham's F10 medium, Earl's solution, modified Whitten's medium, Whittingham's T6 medium. After introduction of sperms the oocytes are examined after 12-13 hours for detection of- Number of pronuclei and polar bodies Granulation of oocytes Shape of oocytes 1st division in zygote occurs about 24-30hours after insemination. Subsequent division takes about 10-12 hours.  If oocyte fails to divide by about 30 hours after insemination, it is not used. Normally fertilized oocyte (zygote) has 2 pronuclei and 2 polar bodies.  Any departure from this , presence of granulation or change in shape are indications of abnormalities , such zygotes are rejected. This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND .

10. 5- Embryo Transfer In vitro fertilized embryos of 1-16 cells are transferred into uterus  Best stage for transfer is 2-4 cell stage. Embryo is transferred into uterus through cervical canal by teflon catheter. Small amount (about 10 microlitre ) of culture medium is transferred along with embryo. A prolonged in vitro culture of embryos reduces their survival rate, while younger are less likely to survive in uterine environment. Transfer of multiple embryos in single uterus increases the chances of survival but may lead to multiple pregnancy. In case the uterus of female desiring to have a baby is nonfunctional or absent , surrogate mother may be used. This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-SA .

11. Major points/factors  affecting  success rate of IVF-   The Quality of Egg, Sperm, and Embryo Collection of oocyte and embryo transfer should be done with extreme care to avoid fallopian tube pregnancy and the expulsion of transferred embryo from uterus. Correct stage of menstrual cycle should also be monitored. Incubation of oocyte and semen should be done properly. Couples who have a high risk of passing a genetic (hereditary) disorder to a child may consider pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD).  Controlled Ovarian Stimulation Protocol Uterine or Endometrial Receptivity This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-ND .

12. ADVANTAGES- Can overcome both male and female infertility. Assist Women Who Have Had Premature Ovarian Failure IVF helps to maximize the chance of conceiving among older patients No human intervention in fertilization. Safe Track Record        DISADVANTAGES- Side Effects and Risks Associated With IVF. Women Can Have A Slightly Higher Chance Of Ectopic Pregnancy. IVF Is Not Always A Success. Costly Involves laproscopic surgery.

13. REFRENCES- https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007279.htm www.wikipedia.com Biotechnology Expanding Horizons by B.D.Singh https://myfertilitycare.com/ https://www.webmd.com/infertility-and-reproduction/guide/in-vitro-fertilization https://www.babycenter.com/ https://infertilityanswers.com/

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